英语语法_第五章2_被动语态的翻译.ppt

1、第五章 第二节 被动语态的译法,退出,2,语态转换译法 Translation of Passive Voice,语态转换译法指主动语态和被动语态的互译，即把英语的被动语态的句子转译成汉语的主动语态的句子, 或把英语的主动语态的句子转译成汉语的被动语态的句子, 使译文显得地道自然，符合汉语习惯。语态转换译法是一种十分常见的翻译方法和技巧。,3,英语中，尤其是科技英语中, 凡是不说出动作执行者（施事者），或无从说出动作执行者或者为了连贯上下文，使前后分句的主语保持一致，为了使叙述的重点突出，语意连贯，语气流畅，常用被动语态。在科技文章中，着力所写的是事物、物质或过程，而不是动作的执行者。在一般英

2、语文体中，也常用被动语态，有的是出于礼貌，有的是要使措辞婉转圆通，有的则是为了着重事实真相和客观情景，而避开动作执行者的身份等。,4,例如：As oil is found deep in the ground its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain

3、area contain oil, a “drilling rig” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called “a derrick”.,译文：因为石油深埋地下，所以单靠研究地面还不能确定有无石油储量。因此，必须对地下岩层结构进行地质勘测。如果认为某地域岩层含有石油，那就在该处安装“钻机”。钻机中最显眼的部件叫做“井架”。,5,科技英语频繁使用被动语态，除了语言结构上的原因之外，还有语义价值。总是把事物的名称作为主语放在突出的位置上，用被动语态表述有关的动作或状态，突出表述客观事实，结构简练。 汉语中习惯多用

4、主动语态，大量使用无主句、形式主动意义被动的句子以及判断句等。虽然由于文化的交流，受西方语言的影响，被动语态的使用比过去有所增加，但仍很有限。英译汉时，有一些仍需要保持被动语态，而在很多情况下决不能总是恪守原句的语态，必须摆脱这种局限性，译成主动语态句。这样才能使译文既在内容上忠实于原文，又在语言形式上通顺自然，符合汉语表达方式。,6,所谓“被”字句，就是在汉语的动词前面加上一个“被”字来表示被动的句子。主要表示这个动作不利于受事者或这个情况有点特殊，或者出乎意料。加上“被”字以引起读者的注意。一般情况下，动作执行者（施事者）不出现，译文按“动作接受者+被+动词”的顺序排列。表示“被”这一动作

5、是动作接受者（受事者）不乐意或不情愿接受的。,1. 顺译法 (Translation in Original Order),既保留原文的主语，又要使译文主要成分的顺序和原文大体一致的翻译方法就叫顺译法。,1. 1 顺译成被动句,A. 译成 “被” 字句,7,例1：Vitamin C is destroyed when it is overheated. 【译文】 维生素C受热过度就会被破坏。 例2：She thought all was fair and legal, and never dreamt she was going to be entrapped into a feigned u

6、nion with a defrauded wretched, already bound to a bad, mad, and imbruted partner! (Charlotte Bront: Jane Eyre) 【译文】她以为一切都是公正合法的，做梦也没想到过自己竟会被诱入欺诈婚姻的圈套，跟一个骗子、疯子、十足的坏蛋缔结姻缘。,8,“挨”仅用于翻译该动作是对动作接受者（受事者）不利或不好的句子。 例1：The boy was criticized yesterday. 【译文】这孩子昨天挨了一顿批评。 例2：I was caught in the downpour. 【译文】我在大

7、雨中挨浇了。,B. 译成 “挨” 字句,9,例1：Our clothes were soaked with sweat. 【译文】我们的衣服给汗水湿透了。 例2：The crops were washed away by the flood. 【译文】庄稼给大水冲跑了。 例3：Your car was towed away by a towing truck from Lewis Company. 【译文】路易斯公司的一辆拖车把你的汽车给拖走了。,C. 译成 “给” 字句,“给”也是用于翻译该动作对动作接受者（受事者）不愉快或不愿接受的句子。,10,例1：You have been wette

8、d in the rain. 【译文】你叫雨淋湿了。 例2：The -rays are not affected by an electric field. 【译文】射线不受电场影响。,D. 译成 “叫、让、由、受、遭到、受到、予、予以、加、加以、引以、为所、经所” 等字句，用以加强说话、表达语气。,11,例3：A lot of houses and buildings, roads and bridges were damaged in the seaquake. 【译文】许多房屋建筑、道路桥梁在这次海啸中遭到破坏。 例4：It must be dealt with at the appro

9、priate time with appropriate means. 【译文】这件事必须在适当的时候用适当的手段予以处理。,12,例1. The novel I had thrown away was chosen by the Book Society. 【译文】我一度扔掉的那部小说后来被书社选中。 例2. The sun and the earth are in a great group of stars；it is called the galaxy. 【译文】太阳和地球处于一个巨大的星群之中，这个星群叫做银河系。,课堂练习：顺译成被动句,13,例3Premier Zhou is r

10、espected and loved by the people of the whole country. 【译文】周总理受到全国人民的尊敬和爱戴。 例4It need not be said that all factors must be taken into consideration. 【译文】不用说，所有因素都必须考虑在内。,课堂练习：顺译成被动句,14,例1：Love can not be forced. 【译文】爱情不能强求。,1. 2 顺译成主动句,A. 顺译成形式是主动，意义是被动的句子,把英语句子顺译成主动句，其形式是主动，但从意义和逻辑关系上看还是被动句。,15,例2：

11、My holidays afternoons were spent in ramble about the surrounding country. (Washington Irving) 【译文】每逢假日的下午，我总要漫步周围的乡村。 例3：Illness must be correctly diagnosed before they can be treated with medicine. 【译文】疾病必须先确诊，再用药。,16,例1：The teacher was satisfied with the answer. 【译文】老师对回答感到满意。 例2：I am told you ar

12、e careless. 【译文】听说你很粗心大意。 例3：The long river is originated from that high mountain. 【译文】这条大河发源于那座山。,B. 改变原文的谓语动词，顺译成主动句,17,例1：That ridiculous idea was put forward by his brother. 【译文】这个怪念头是他哥哥想出来的。 例2：The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872. 【译文】美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首

13、先实施的。,C. 顺译成 “是的” 结构,18,例3：Poetry was chanted to the accompaniment of the lyre. 【译文】诗歌吟唱时是由七弦琴伴奏的。 例4：The left ear is controlled by the right side of the brain. 【译文】左耳是由大脑的右侧控制的。,19,例1：The quality of our products has been greatly improved. 【译文】产品质量有了很大的提高。 例2：A bald head is soon shaven. 【译文】光头好剃。/光头

14、剃起来快。 例3：The story was based on the information from a reliable source. 【译文】这事信息来源可靠。,课堂练习：顺译成主动句,20,例4：He is greatly attached to his work. 【译文】他非常热爱自己的工作。 例5：In this sense, bad thing can be turned into good things. 【译文】从这一点上说来，坏事也可以转变成为好事。 例6：Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small d

15、rops of water in the sky. 【译文】彩虹是阳光透过天空中的小水滴时形成的。,课堂练习：顺译成主动句,21,2. 倒译法 (Translation in Reverse Order),倒译法就是将英语被动句的主语汉译成宾语的翻译方法。倒译法又分完全倒译法和部分倒译法。完全倒译法不仅可将原文by后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语，还可将原文其它介词的宾语倒译成汉语的主语；部分倒译法译出的汉语句子常是无主句。,22,2. 1 把 by 后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语,例1：Yet, only a part of this energy is used by man. 【译文】然而，人类只利用

16、了这种能量的一部分。 例2：We are brought freedom and happiness by socialism. 【译文】社会主义给我们带来了自由和幸福。 例3：Light and heat can be given to us by the sun. 【译文】太阳供给我们光和热。,23,例4：Heat is removed from the body during sweating. 【译文】出汗时人体散发热量。 例5：Abundant exercises and problems are provided in this reference book. 【译文】这本参考书提

17、供了大量的练习和问题。,24,例1：Quality of products must be guaranteed first. 【译文】首先要确保产品的质量。 例2：The goods are urgently needed. 【译文】急需此货。,2. 2 倒译成汉语的无主句,将原文主语倒译成汉语的宾语，译出的汉语句子常是无主句。有时也会译成动宾词组作主语的句子，这种译法更符合汉语习惯，通顺自然。对于原文中未提及动作执行者（施事者）的句子常可采取这种翻译方法。,25,例3：Smoking is not allowed here. 【译文】此处禁止吸烟。 例4：Children should b

18、e taught to speak the truth. 【译文】应该教育儿童讲真话。 例5：You are supposed to pay right after the books are delivered. 【译文】书到后应立即付款。,26,课堂练习：倒译法,例1：Table tennis is played all over China. 【译文】中国到处都在打乓乒球。 例2：You have been told so many times not to mention this. 【译文】已经告诉你多少遍不要再提这件事了。 例3：A decisive battle was foug

19、ht near this city. 【译文】在这座城市附近，进行了一次决定性的战役。,27,3. 分译法 (Splitting Translation),把原文的主语部分或被动式谓语动词从原文中分出来，单独译成一个带主语或不带主语的分句，放在句首，剩余部分再译成一句或几句，跟在其后。,28,原句的主语是先行代词It，翻译时添加“有人，人们，大家，我们”等作主语，常用于下列结构中：,3. 1 “It + be + V.-ed + that-cl. ”结构,It is asked that 有人会问 It is asserted that 有人主张 It is felt that 有人感到；人们

20、认为； It is preferred that有人建议 It is recommended that 有人建议；有人推荐 It is suggested that 有人建议 It is stressed that 有人强调说,29,It is regarded that 人们认为 It is noticed that 人们注意到；有人指出 It is noted that 人们注意到；有人指出 It is sometimes asked that 人们有时会问 It was told that 人们曾说 It is supposed that 人们猜测 It is expected that

21、 人们希望 It is hoped that 人们希望 It is still to be hoped that 我们仍应希望 It is generally considered that 大家认为 It is well known that 众所周知,30,例1：It is pointed that there may be as many as 100,000 different sorts of proteins in a mans body. 【译文】有人指出人体内不同种类的蛋白质可多达10万种。 例2：During the enquiry, it was discovered th

22、at her death had not been an accident. 【译文】在调查中，人们发现她并非死于意外事故。,31,例3：It is well known that laughter has a tonic effect on the mind and body, suffusing the body with a feeling of well-being. 【译文】人们知道，笑具有健身作用，身心皆宜，它可以使人体充满一种愉快的感觉。,32,S + be known to-V 大家知道， S + be held to-V 人们认为， S + be considered to-

23、V 我们认为， S + be found to V 人们发现， S + be thought to-V 有人认为，,3. 2 “S + be + v.-ed + to-v.”结构,原句的主语是名词或人称代词，翻译时添加“有人，人们，大家，我们”等，译成分句，其余部分分层译出。此结构如下：,33,例1：Little Derick was found at his book in the reading room. 【译文】有人看见小德里克在阅览室看书。 例2：The existence of oil wells has been known for a long time. 【译文】人们很早就知

24、道油井的存在。 例3：She was much run after in her youth. 【译文】她年轻时，有许多人追求她。,34,S + be said to-V 据说 S + be reported to-V 据报道 S + be stated to-V 据称 S + be known to-V 据了解,3. 3 译成“据”字句,原句的主语也是名词或人称代词，翻译时常把被动的部分译成“据”，然后再按主谓顺序译出其余部分。常见于下列句型结构。,35,例1：The area is known to be rich in natural resources. 【译文】据了解，这个地区有丰富

25、的自然资源。 例2：The coming physics examination is said to be rather difficult, so we get well prepared for it. 【译文】即将举行的物理考试据说相当难，所以我们必须做好充分准备。,36,S + be now thought to-V 现在认为， S + have been found to-V 已经发现， S + should be pointed out that 应当指出 S + may be safely said that 可以有把握地说,3. 4 译成汉语的无主句,原句的主语是名词或人称代词，翻译时常把被动的部分提出来根据时态、语气、语义