科技英语翻译1.ppt

1、科技英语翻译,EST TRANSLATION,翻译的标准,翻译：把一种语言文字所表达的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来的一种语言交流活动。 信达雅 （严复）：信达雅(faithfulness, expressiveness,elegance) the translation conforming to the original in meaning on the basis of smoothness, the extent to which the translation presents should try to conform to the original “ya” requires a

2、 translation to be pleasing and agreeable, it is target text-oriented 信达切（刘重德）：信达切(faithfulness, expressiveness,closeness) It is because elegance means gracefulness, and in fact it is only one of various styles. Evidently, we should not make all our translations elegant in style. The original style

3、must be exactly reproduced as it is. The word “closeness” is a neutral term which may be applied to all kinds of style.“qie” calls for a version that is “to be as close to the original style as possible”,Alexander Tytler (1)the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the origin

4、al work (2)the style and the manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original (3)the translation should have all the ease of the original composition Nida: Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source message，fir

5、st in terms of meaning and second in terms of style” “翻译就是在译语中用最为贴切自然的对等语再现原语的信息首先是就意义而言，其次是就风格而言”。 dynamic equivalence He thinks that the traditional principles of translation are mainly oriented toward formal equivalence，which focuses upon producing the formal and stylistic features of the origina

6、l language and cultureIn the new principle，the old focus is shifted from the form to the receptorS responseHence，when a translator translates or evaluates，the first element he should keep in mind is：who will be the reader of the translation and can he understand the translation correctly?Then, the g

7、oal of translation is to elicit from the TL(target language)reader the same response as that of the source language reader to the original message 忠实、通顺（普遍观点）,科技英语文章特点：(well-knit structure;tight logic;various styles)结构严谨，逻辑严密，文体多样 科技翻译的标准：准确规范，通顺易懂，简洁明晰 1）准确规范 所谓准确，就是忠实地，不折不扣地传达原文的全部信息内容。 所谓规范，就是译文要

8、符合所涉及的科学技或某个专业领域的专业语言表达规范。 要做到这一点，译者必须充分理解原文所表达的内容，其中包括对原文词汇，语法，逻辑关系和科学内容的理解）,Velocity(速度) changes if either the speed or the direction changes。 假如力的大小或方向改变了，速度跟着要变化 如果（物体运动的）速率和方向有一个发生变化，则（物体的）运动速度也随之发生变化。,We shall mention here two temperature scales, namely, the Fahrenheit scale and the Centigrade

9、 scale. 这里我们将提及两种温度计：华氏表和摄氏表。 这里我们将提及两种温标：华氏温标和摄氏温标。,Oil and gas will continue to be our chief source of fuel. 油和气体将继续是燃料的主要源泉。 石油和天然气将继续是燃料的主要来源。,The power plant is the heart of a ship. The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp（horsepower） induction motor(感应电动机).,动力装置是船舶的心脏。,驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台

10、50马力的感应电动机。,2）通顺易懂 译文的语言符合译语语法结构及表达习惯，容易为读者所理解和接受。 A. When a person sees, smells, hears or touches something, then he is perceiving. 当一个人看到某种东西，闻到某种气味，听到某个声音或触到某物时，他是在察觉。 当一个人看到某种东西，闻到某种气味，听到某个声音或触到某物时，他是在运用感官在感受。 B. A material object cannot have a speed greater than the speed of light. 一个物体不会有一个大于光

11、速的速度。 一个物体的速度绝不会超过光速。,Semiconductor devices(半导体装置), called transistors(晶体管), are replacing tubes in many applications. Cramped(狭窄的) conditions means that passengers legs cannot move around freely. All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space.,半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。,我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。,空

12、间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。,3）简洁明晰 简洁明晰是科技问题的特点。同样，在翻译过程中，译文的简洁明晰也是科技英语翻译的最基本要求之一。所谓简洁明晰，就是译文要简洁精练，一目了然，要尽量避免繁琐和不必要的重复。,It is forbidden to dismantle it without permission so as to avoid any damage to its parts. 为了避免损坏设备的零件，未经许可不得拆卸该设备。 严禁乱拆，以免损坏该设备的零件。 All living things must, by reason of physiological limita

13、tions, die. 由于生理上的局限性的原因，一切生物总是要死亡的。 由于生理上的局限，一切生物总是要死亡的。,The removal of minerals from water is called softening（软化）. It should be realized that magnetic forces and electric forces are not the same.,去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。,应该认识到，磁力和电力是不同的,1.2 对译者的要求,英语水平 汉语水平 专业知识 翻译知识 翻译经验,科技英语文体的特点,第三人称句多 被动语态多 专业名词、术语多 非谓语

14、动词多 长句多,1）无人称句多 这是由于科技文体的主要目的在于阐述科学事实，科学发现，实验结果等，而不是介绍这是这些结果，理论或现象是由谁发明或发现的。 In this section, a process description and a simplified process flowsheet are given for each DR process to illustrate the types of equipment used and to describe the flow of materials through the plant. The discussion does

15、not mention all the variations of the flowsheet which may exist or the current status of particular plants. In the majority of the DR processes described in this section, natural gas is reformed in a catalyst bed with steam or gaseous reduction products from the reduction reactor. Partial oxidation

16、processes which gasify liquid hydrocarbons, heavy residuals and coal are also discussed. The reformer and partial oxidation gasifier are interchangeable for several of the DR processes. 本部分将介绍直接还原法的工艺过程及简单的工艺流程，以此来阐述所用的设备和工厂的原料流程。该部分不对可能存在的所有不同的流程或某些钢铁厂的具体流程进行介绍。在本部分介绍的多数直接还原法中，天然气是在催化床内与来自还原反应器的水蒸气

17、或气体还原产物转化而形成的。同时本文也介绍了液态的氢氧化合物、重残渣和煤产生气化的部分氧化过程。转化炉和部分氧化气化炉在这几种直接还原法中是可以互换的。,2) 被动语态多 科技英语的主要目的是表达科学发现、科学事实、实验报告和各类说明等，以客观陈述为主，因此科技英语大量使用被动语态。如： It is essential that the overall program strategy be completely mapped out before any of the detailed programming actually begins. The way the programmer c

18、an concentrate on the general program logic, without becoming bogged down in the syntactic details of the individual instructions. In fact, this entire process might be repeated several times, with more programming detail added at each stage. Once the overall program strategy has been clearly establ

19、ished, then the syntactic details of the language can be considered. Such an approach is often referred to as ”top-down” programming. 在任何详细的变成实际开始之前，首先要完整地设计出全面的编程策略。这样，程序员可将注意力集中在总的程序逻辑上，而不会陷入各条指令的句法细节中。事实上整个过程可能重复若干次，而每个阶段都要加入更多的编程细节。一旦清楚地制定了全面的编程策略，便可以考虑该语言的句法细节。这种方法常常称作“自顶而下”的程序设计法。,三、专业名词、术语多 科

20、技英语专业性强，文体正式，使用大量的专业名词和术语。如： Most a. c. motors operate at constant speed and speed control can be obtained by varying the frequency of the applied voltage. In many cases the magnitude of the applied voltage will also be varied in direct proportion to the frequency in order to maintain the flux in th

21、e machine at a constant value. In general, a static power converter producing a variable frequency, variable magnitude polyphase output voltage from fixed polyphase a. c. mains is required and this can be achieved in one of the two ways. Firstly, a direct conversion (d. c. to a. c.)can be made using

22、 the so-called cycloconverter principle. The second and more common way is to convert the fixed a. c. to variable d. c. and then reconvert this d. c. voltage to the required variable a. c. system; such a method used a d. c. link. In this case negative anode cathode voltage does not occur matually in

23、 the d. c. to a. c. thyristor converter and the process of forced commutation must be used. Two basic methods of forced commutation inverters, the so called parallel inverter and the pulse-width modulated inverter are in common use. 多数交流电机以常速运行，其速度控制可有改变应用电压频率来实现。许多情况下，为了维持机器中磁通量为常值，应用电压的值也要与频率成正比变化

24、。一般来说，必须使用一种静电功率变频器从固定多向交流干线中产生变频及可变多相输出电压值，有两种方法可达到此目的。一种是使用所谓的环状变频器直接完成转换（从交流道直流）。另一种，也是更为常见的一种，即先将固定交流转换为可变直流，再将该直流电压重新转换为所要的可变交流系统，该方法使用直流连接。在此情况下，在直流到交流的硅控整流管变频器中不能自然产生负的阳极-阴极电压。因此，必须使用强制整流过程。常用的两种强制蒸馏逆变器是所谓的并行逆变器和脉宽调至逆变器。,4) 非谓语动词多 科技英语力求简洁明了，大量使用非谓语动词。如： Radial Keratotomy(RK)and Photorefracti

25、ve Keratectomy(PRK)are other refractive surgeries used to reshape the cornea. In RK,a very sharp knife is used to cut slits in the cornea changing its shape. PRK was the first surgical procedure developed to reshape the cornea, by sculpting, using a laser. Often the exact same laser is used for LASI

26、K and PRK. The major difference between the two surgeries is the way that the stroma, the middle layer of the cornea, is exposed before it is vaporized with the laser. In PRK, the top layer of the cornea, called the epithelium, is scraped away to expose the stromal layer underneath. In LASIK, a flap

27、 is cut in the stromal layer and the flap is folded back. 其他用于角膜重新塑性的外科手术还有放射状角膜切开术（RK）和光型折射角膜切削术（PRK）.放射状角膜切开术使用锋利的刀在角膜上割开狭长的切口来改变其形状。光型折射角膜切削术使用激光塑形，它是最早的重塑角膜的外科手术。通常激光辅助原位屈光性角膜成形术和光性射角膜切削术使用的激光完全一样。这两种手术的区别主要在于，在激光蒸发基质角膜的中间部分之前，基质显露的方式不同。光性射角膜切削术使用的方法是削去角膜的顶层，又称上皮层，来显露下面的基质层。而激光辅助原位屈光性角膜成形术使用的方法是

28、切入基质层，创建一个折边，再将折边反转过来，露出基质层。,5)长句多 这是因为在阐述科学事实，科学现象等事物的内在联系和解释一些科技术语或名词时，需要大量使用各种从句以及介词短语、形容词短语、分词短语或副词等做后置定语，分词短语表示伴随情况等。,Nanotechnology has become a buzz word in the popular press. The roots of this phenomenon reach back to a marvelously inventive and engaging book,Engines of Creation,written by K

29、.Eric Drexler in 1985.The center notion here is that it will one day be possible to construct a“universal assembler”which can be programmed to build,quite literally,anything that is composed of atoms and consistent with the rules of chemical stability.Drexler imagines that each of these assemblers i

30、s a micron-scale robot with nanoscopic manipulator arms that are capable of picking up individual atoms,and sticking them together in any fashion programmed in its internal memory. 纳米技术已经成为大众新闻的热点话题。这一现象的根源可以追溯到1985年由K.埃里克德雷克斯勒撰写的颇具奇思异想且魅力无穷的创新发动机一书，其中心思想就是，将来某一天可能会造出一种“万能装配手”，它能很严格的按程序构建由原子组成并且符合化学

31、稳定原则的任何东西。德雷克斯勒设想这种万能装配手都是微米大小的机器人，并装有纳米尺寸的操作臂，可以抓起单个原子并将它们按内部存储器中程序设定的任何一种方式拼装在一起。,翻译的过程,一、 理解阶段 1.理解语言现象 ： John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 他既忠诚又懂规矩。 2.理解逻辑关系 The 20 th century will not be remembered as the era when space was conquered or the power of the atom harnessed b

32、ut that in which were made the first machines having intelligence. 如果在20世纪不能制造出首批智能机器，我们就不会称20世纪为征服宇宙世纪或利用原子能世纪。 3.理解原文所涉及的事物 The elevator boys ooze（渗出，显出） the spit and polish of West Point cadets（学员） and in polite English remind you that you must not smoke inside their lifts. 开电梯的人像西点军校学生那样衣着整洁,劲头十

33、足,并用彬彬有礼的英语提醒乘客不得在电梯内吸烟。 spit and polish (陆,海军等)过分注意整洁和闪亮的仪容,二、表达阶段 采取直译、意译等方式表达,翻译的一般方法,一、 直译和意译（literal translation it is slightly flattened at the poles. In each round of operation the particle picks up energy from the oscillating electric field.,锭子同时绕两个互相垂直的轴旋转。（介词）,粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场获取新的能量。（名词）,地球并非

34、完全是圆的，它的两极略扁平。（形容词）,An electron is an extremely small corpuscle with negative charge which rounds about the nucleus of an atom. Her waist measures forty inches round.,电子是绕原子核转动且带有负电荷的极其微小的粒子。（动词）,她腰围40英寸。（副词）,第1节 翻译练习2,Rate of penetration was found to be proportional to the net pressure applied by t

35、he tool. Scientists are constantly striving to find fast and convenient way of obtaining quantitative data. To find the area of a square or oblong, you merely multiply its length by its width. Certain isotopes are not found in nature.,人们发现钻孔速度与工具所受的净压力成正比。,求一正方形或长方形的面积，你只需将其长度乘以宽度。,科学家们总是力求找到快速而简便的方

36、法获得定量数据。,有些同位素在自然界中并不存在。,New fibers find expanding applications in engineering and industry. Kangaroos are found in Australia. This plant is found in the sea near the mouth of rivers. Microcomputers have found their application in the production of genius sensors. Plastics find wide application in o

37、ur daily life.,大袋鼠产于澳大利亚。,这种植物生长在近河口的海中。,新发明的纤维在工程和工业领域得到越来越广泛的应用。,微型计算机已经应用于智能传感器的生产中。,塑料在我们的日常生活中得到广泛应用。,第1节 翻译练习3,low damping low brake low limit low shot low current low order low access low key low brass,弱阻尼,低速制动器,下限,低位,仰视拍摄,低强度电流,慢速存取,低音调键,下半轴瓦,solid angle solid bearing solid body solid line s

38、olid borer solid color solid crankshaft solid gold solid measure solid circuit solid injection solid lubricant solid pole,钻头,单色,实心曲轴,固态电路,赤金,体积,无气喷射,润滑脂，固体润滑剂,磁极,实线,固体,整体轴承,立体角,第1节 翻译练习4,apron (n.): 机械行业 造船业 建筑业 地质 运输业 航空业 军事,护床,船头护船木,（皮带）运输机,护墙，挡板,冰川前的沙砾层,停机坪,（炮的）口罩，伪装天幕,2.2 词义的引申,技术性引申 修辞性引申 具体化引申

39、 抽象化引申 第2节 翻译练习1,第2节 翻译练习1,The cause of rolling resistance is the deformation of mating surfaces of the rolling element and the raceway on which it rolls. Traditionally, NC programming has been performed offline with the machine commands being contained on a punched tape. The occurrence of large mat

40、s of floating algae may result in the death of many fish from lack of oxygen.,滚动阻力的起因在于滚动体的配合面和它滚动的滚道的变形。（技术性引申）,通常，数控机床的编程是脱机完成的，指令载于穿孔带上。（技术性引申）,大片大片漂浮的藻类的出现导致很多鱼因缺氧而死亡。（修辞引申）,The splitting of the uranium or plutonium nucleus is accompanied by the release of very considerable amount of energy. The

41、 major contributors in component technology have been in the semiconductor. The distance between the two plates is small compared with their linear dimensions. Just as different solids and liquids vary in density, so do gases and vapors.,元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。（具体化引申）,两板之间的距离相对于其宽度和长度而言比较小。（具体化引申）,随着铀核和钚

42、核的裂变，会有极其巨大的能量释放处理。（修辞性引申）,正像不同的固体和液体的密度不同一样，不同的气体和蒸汽的密度也不同。（具体化引申）,The Curies believed that there was something in nature that gave out radiation. Obviously, there is much room for the improvement in the structure. At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant. The facts have been set do

43、wn in black and white.,显然，其结构还有较大的改进余地。（抽象化引申）,目前，煤是火电厂最常用的能源。（抽象化引申）,居里夫妇坚信，自然界中有一种物质能放出辐射能。（具体化引申）,这些事实已经清清楚楚地记录下来了。（抽象化引申）,2.3 词类的转换,转译为动词 n. v. adj. v. adv. v. prep. v. 转译为名词 第3节 翻译练习1 v. n. pron. n. adj. n. adv. n. 转译为形容词 n. adj. adv. adj. v. adj. 转译为副词 第3节 翻译练习2 adj. adv. v. adv. n. adv.,第3节 翻

44、译练习1,Each time a sample was drawn for color determination. What is certain is that the oil spill has delivered a devastating blow to the ecology of the Persian Gulf. We should get familiar with different systems of units.,每次取一个标本测定颜色。,可以肯定，这场石油泄漏事件对波斯湾的生态是个惨重的打击。,我们应该熟悉各种（计量）单位制。,These decision-maki

45、ng processes are applicable to the entire field of engineering design- not just to mechanical engineering design. Hydrogen instead of air is frequently used for cooling large turbogenerators. When the war was over, it was discovered that the Germans were nowhere near success in developing nuclear we

46、apons.,常以氢气代替空气来冷却大型汽轮发电机。,第二次世界大战结束后，人们发现德国人在研制核武器方面离成功还很远。,这些判定过程可以应用于工程设计的整个领域，而不仅仅限于机械工程设计。,Various precautions have been taken against leakage. Once inside the oven, panels are subjected to a temperature of 365F. Value is defined as a numerical ratio, the ratio of the function, or performance,

47、to the cost. This new model should appeal to potential buyers.,一旦进入烘干炉，板材就处于365华氏度的温度条件下。,价值的定义是功能或性能与成本的数值比。,已采取了各种措施防止渗漏。,这种新式样对潜在的买主肯定有吸引力。,Galileos experiments are not difficult, nor is there any evidence that he performed them with exceptional skill. Sometimes a scientist observes an object and

48、 its features, for example a star or a bird; sometimes he observes an event, which is something that happens at a particular time. Earthquakes are generally more destructive of life than volcanic eruptions.,有时科学家观察一物体及其特征，例如一颗星或一只鸟；有时科学家观察某一事件，即在一特定时间所发生的事。,地震对于生命的破坏通常大于火山爆发。,伽利略的实验并不难，也没有证据表明他是以非凡的

49、技能来做实验的。,Heat should be applied slowly to avoid localized overheating. How rapidly a fuel burns depends on how thoroughly it is mixed with oxygen or air. This is why a coil is often referred to as an inductor.,一种燃料燃烧的速度有多快，取决于它与氧气或空气混合的均匀程度。,这就是线圈常被叫做电感器的原因。,应当慢慢加热，以避免发生局部过热现象。,第3节 翻译练习2,Practically

50、 all of the useful properties of materials are strongly dependent on their internal structure. The metal casts well. A wire for conducting electric current is covered with plastic; the plastic is insulation round the wire.,几乎材料的一切有用特性都与其内部的结构有密切的关系。,这种金属有良好的铸造性能。,传导电流的导线包有塑料，该塑料便是导线周围的绝缘材料。,There ar

51、e many ways of determining the distribution of the magnetism about a magnet. Good lubrication keeps the bearings from being damaged. Safety in a power plant is of great importance. Most modern transmitters employ solid state circuits.,安全在电厂是非常重要的。,现代发报机大多采用固体电路。,有许多方法来确定磁场周围的磁力分布状况。,润滑良好可保护轴承不受损伤。,E

52、-Chemmerce now offers two main levels of online business intelligence on chemical, plastic and energy e-commerce. These images tend to exaggerate the robots similarity to human anatomy and behavior. Aluminum remained an expensive rarity till the discovery of the electrolytic process for reducing alu

53、minum in 1886.,这些概念常常夸大了机器人与人类在形体和行为方面的相似之处。,电子化工商务目前主要提供两个层次的有关化学、塑料和能源电子商务的在线商务信息服务。,直到1886年人们发现电解法还原铝之前，铝一直是一种昂贵的珍品。,Since some materials are not damaged easily as others, the possibility exists of developing radiation-resistant parts.,由于有些材料不像另一些那样容易被损坏，所以有可能研制出防辐射的零件。,2.4 词的增译,增译名词 增译动词 增译形容词 增

54、译副词 增译代词 第4节 翻译练习1,增译量词 增译表示名词复数的词 增译时态词 增译概括性的词 增译连接词 增译转折词 第4节 翻译练习2,第4节 翻译练习1,This action externally appears like the discharge of a capacitor. Once out of the earths gravity, an astronaut is affected by still another problem- weightlessness. By minimizing the microscopic imperfections scientists

55、 are making far stronger ceramics.,这一作用从外表上看来像电容器的放电现象。,一旦离开了地球的引力范围，宇航员又遇到了另一个问题失重。,科学家们正通过最大限度地减小微观缺陷来制造强度高得多的陶瓷。,Atomic cells are small and very light, as compared to ordinary dry ones. Transistors can make previously large equipment much smaller. Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars to

56、o, which might have black holes as companions.,天文学家有证据表明，还有其他一些恒星也可能有黑洞作为伴星。,和普通电池相比，原子电池体积小、重量轻。,晶体管能使原先体积大的设备变得小得多。,The key to the new materials is researchers increasing ability to manipulate substances at the molecular level. The largest and most expensive products cannot, because of their size,

57、 be testable in the factory. Cold rolling enables the operators to produce rolls of accuracy and uniformity, and with a better surface finish.,最大最贵的产品，因为体积大，在该工厂里是不能检验的。,开发新材料的关键在于研究人员不断提高在分子一级上处理物质的能力。,冷轧可使操作工生产出精确度高、均匀度好的轧制件，并具有更好的表面光洁度。,All these factors play a key role in formulation of the mode

58、l. PCs are not the most stable, and with video editing you have to be extra careful. This method makes it easy to identify the various components.,在拟订模型时，所有这些因素都将起到关键性的作用。,这个方法使人们很容易识别各种不同的构成成分。,个人电脑一般并不太稳定，所以，进行视频编辑时需要加倍小心。,第4节 翻译练习2,It was estimated that the power of an average horse is equal to 5

59、00 feet-pounds per second. Panel patch is one gauge heavier than thickness of original skin. Studies have shown that information can be communicated to people many times faster in a graphic form than in written form.,据估计，一匹普通马的功率等于500英尺-磅力/秒。,补块比原板的厚度大一号。,众多研究表明，以图形表示的信息被人们接受的速度比以文字表示的快许多倍。,The chemist is making an analysis of the poison. It appears that the construction of the dam has had a considerable effect on the ecology of the region. The receiver will operate reliably no matter what happens.,无论发生什么情况，这台接