111 The Third Knight27s Speech.ppt

1、Lesson 12 The Third Knights Speech,T. S. Eliot,About the Author Thomas Stearns Eliot,Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888 1965) was an American publisher, playwright, literary and social critic and one of the twentieth centurys major poets.” Born in the United States, he moved to the United Kingdom in 1914 (a

2、t age 25) and was naturalised as a British subject in 1927 at age 39. The poem that made his name, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (普鲁弗洛克的情歌，1915) is seen as a masterpiece of the Modernist movement, and was followed by some of the best-known poems in the English language, including The Waste Lan

3、d (荒原，1922), The Hollow Men (1925), Ash Wednesday (圣灰星期三，1930) and Four Quartets (四个四重奏，1945). He is also known for his seven plays, particularly Murder in the Cathedral (大教堂谋杀案，1935). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948.,2020/8/12,2,The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufruock,The Love Son

4、g of J. Alfred Prufrock, commonly known as Prufrock, begun in February 1910 and published in Chicago in June 1915. Described as a drama of literary anguish, it presents a dramatic interior monologue, and marked the beginning of Eliots career as an influential poet. With its weariness, regret, embarr

5、assment, longing, emasculation, sexual frustration, sense of decay, and awareness of mortality, Prufrock has become one of the most recognized voices in modern literature.,2020/8/12,3,Murder in the Cathedral,Murder in the Cathedral is a verse drama that portrays the assassination of Archbishop Thoma

6、s Becket in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170, first performed in 1935. Eliot drew heavily on the writing of Edward Grim, a clerk who was an eyewitness to the event. The play, dealing with an individuals opposition to authority, was written at the time of rising Fascism in Central Europe, and can be take

7、n as a protest to individuals in affected countries to oppose the Nazi regimes subversion of the ideals of Christianity. Some material that the producer asked Eliot to remove or replace during the writing was transformed into the poem Burnt Norton“ (the first poem of Four Quartets).,2020/8/12,4,Note

8、s,Reginald Fitz Urse,One of the four knights who murdered Thomas Becket, the Archbishop. He was the leader of the action.,2020/8/12,6,the underdog (L. 3),a person, team etc. that is weaker than the others, that is always expected to be unsuccessful, and that is often treated badly,2020/8/12,7,fair p

9、lay (L. 4),(in sports) play that follows the rules; fairness; treatment that is fair and just,2020/8/12,8,Queen Matilda (L. 14),Queen of England (1102 67), daughter of English King Henry I. Henry I married her to the German Emperor Henry V. She returned to England after her husbands death in 1125. W

10、hen the Kins only legitimate son died, Matilda was appointed the successor to the English throne. She was the first female ruler in the Kingdom of England, though the length of her effective rule was brief. In 1128 she married Geoffrey IV of Anjou (安茹), to whom she born three sons, the eldest being

11、the future Henry II.,2020/8/12,9,The unhappy usurper Stephen (LL. 14 15),Stephen of the Blios (布卢瓦), Matildas cousin who seized the throne in 1135 on the death of Henry I. In 1139 Matilda, aided by her half brother Robert, captured Stephen and recovered the throne. She was elected “Lady of the Engli

12、sh”. In 1154, Henry II became the King upon his mothers withdrawal. usurper n. 篡夺者,2020/8/12,10,Becket (L. 25 ),Becket (1118 1170), the archbishop of Canterbury, who was first appointed by Henry II as Chancellor. In 1162 the King proposed that Becket should unite the offices of Chancellor and Archbi

13、shop. Becket, who accepted the post of Archbishop, immediately gave up his chancellorship. The King, in a passion, made use of hasty words which led four knights to start for Canterbury and murdered Becket on December 29, 1170. Beckets shrine then became the most sacred place in Christendom. In 1173

14、 he was canonized and his festival is observed on July 7.,2020/8/12,11,a union of spiritual and temporal administration (L. 31),(An almost ideal state is) a social form which combined spiritual and temporal administrations together. “Spiritual” here stands for “religious”, while “temporal”, secular

15、(世俗的).,2020/8/12,12,he ostentatiously and offensively adopted an ascetic manner of life (LL. 37 38),He adopted a life that denied any bodily pleasures in a showy and aggressive way in order to let everybody know his sacrifices. 他故意炫耀，带着挑衅意味地选择了苦行僧式的生活方式。 ostentatiously adv. 夸耀地，卖弄地 ascetic adj. 苦行的，

16、过极简朴生活的,2020/8/12,13,It is only with the measures we have had to adopt that you take issue. (LL. 45 47),The only thing that you dont agree with is the method we are forced to adopt to correct the current situation. 你们只是对我们纠正这一问题所不得不采取的手段存在异议。（为了拨乱反正，我们不得不采取你们不喜欢的非常手段。） take issue with sb. (about / o

17、n / over sth.) idm. to disagree or argue with someone about something,2020/8/12,14,if you have now arrived at a just subordination to the welfare of the State (LL. 54 56),If you have arrived at the conclusion that the pretensions (interests) of the Church should be subordinated to the welfare of the

18、 State 如果你们认为教会的权力应该从属于国家的利益 ,2020/8/12,15,remember that it is we who took the first step. you must share it with us. (LL. 56 60),请记住，是我们采取了第一步。为了实现你们所赞同的国事，我们成为了工具。我们是为你们服务的，我们应该获得你们的赞许。如果我们有什么罪过的话，你们也逃脱不了责任。,2020/8/12,16,Text Comprehension,Outline,Beginning of the speech, with flattery to disarm a

19、nd please the audience. (Para. 1) Argument (para. 2 3) syllogism (para. 2 3) Conclusion: the murder of Becket is necessary, so it is justified. (para. 3),2020/8/12,18,Text Analysis,Way of Reasoning,Deduction The third Knight argues deductively. Beginning with certain general principles, he infers fr

20、om them a conclusion that, in his own mind at least, justifies the assassination of Becket. In the following part, his method remains one of deductive reasoning, although here and there, he adduces facts to support some of the premises of his logic.,2020/8/12,20,Reader and Purpose,The knight is aimi

21、ng his logic at the solid, bourgeois, English middle class people who are moneyed and have some education. They are emotional about the murder of Becket. They do not want chaos and division, but an ordered, unified, rational, reliable and strong central government to protect their interests. The pur

22、pose of the speech is to arouse resonance for the audience, so as to justify their assassination action.,2020/8/12,21,Organization,Flattery （恭维、奉承）,In paragraph 1 the Knight very skillfully does three things: he flatters his audience, sets the tone of his argument, and establishes the lines along wh

23、ich he will proceed. He flatters his audience first by saying “ you are Englishmen, and therefore your sympathies are always with the underdog”, “you are hard-headed sensible people, as I can see, and not to be taken in by emotional clap-trap.” He is wise to begin with flattery and to end with setti

24、ng up because flattery at the beginning of a speech can disarm his audience, get the audience on his side, make them amenable to his argument, and to avoid offending those who are probably still on Beckets side. In this way his argument might be more easily accepted.,2020/8/12,23,He establishes the

25、lines along which he will proceed at the end of the paragraph: “ what were the Archbishops aims? And what are King Henrys aims? In the answer to theses questions lies the key to the problem.”,2020/8/12,24,Syllogism,The argument in paragraph 2 and 3 is essentially a syllogism, or rather linked syllog

26、isms, which the paragraphing is used to separate. Paragraph 2 develops the first, the major premise: the Church must be subordinated to the State. The Knight offers some evidence to justify his principle: The church must be subordinated to the state. He remarks that when the power was divided there

27、was utter chaos: there were three kinds of justice and three kinds of courts, and that in order to have an ideal state there must be a union of spiritual and temporal administration under the central government.,2020/8/12,25,The minor premise is Becket was upsetting this proper order. “The moment th

28、at Becket had been made Archbishop, he resigned the office of Chancellor, he openly abandoned every policy that he had heretofore supported; he affirmed immediately that there was a higher order than that which our King had for so many years striven to establish”. The Conclusion: Becket must be remo

29、ved.,2020/8/12,26,Enthymeme (省略三段论法),An enthymeme is a syllogism is which one of the premises is implicit. In the third Knights Speech, the bones of its logic are well hidden in the enthymemes in which it develops. In paragraph 3, there is a missing term in the syllogism. The major premise, which is

30、 the very conclusion of the previous syllogism in paragraph 2, is: Becket must be removed. The minor premise is missing though, which is: Violence is absolutely necessary for such removal. The argument then develops to the conclusion: Therefore Becket must be killed, and his murder is justified.,202

31、0/8/12,27,Outline of the Total Logic,When the power was divided, there was utter chaos. It is necessary to unite the kingdom to restore order. To achieve the unity of England, the church and the government must be united. The church must be subordinated to the central government. Becket refuses to j

32、oin the offices of Chancellor and Archbishop. Becket is upsetting this proper order. Becket must be dismissed as a traitor. Violence is necessary to remove a traitor. Therefore, Beckets assassination is justified. Fallacies: In the argument, the Knight did not tell us why Becket refused to hold two

33、posts, he might have had good reasons. Therefore, it doesnt necessary result in his being a traitor. Besides this, he did not explain why the present situation was so urgent that violence is the only way to solve the problem.,2020/8/12,28,Sentences,Sentences Structures,The Knight is an able speaker,

34、 he adopts different sentence structures throughout his speech. In paragraph 1, the sentences are short and straight-forward, and therefore easy for listeners to follow. Such a style also helps to create a general impression of the Knight as a frank, honest, intelligent, sensible and vigorous man.,2

35、020/8/12,30,In paragraphs 2 and 3, short and conclusive sentences are given first. Long complicated sentences are used to illustrate the general statements. However, his speech is still easy to follow with the help of the following methods: Punctuation: Colons: L. 2, L. 16, L. 19, L. 23, L. 30, L. 4

36、5 Semicolons: L. 28, L. 32, L. 39, L. 41, L. 59 Dashes: L. 26, L. 42 Enumeration: LL. 19 20 Parallel Structures: LL. 20 21, LL. 27 29, LL. 36 41 Similar Structures: “there are times at another time, And at a later time still ” (LL. 48 53),2020/8/12,31,In the last three sentences (LL. 54 56), the del

37、iberate repetitions of “We have” bind the passage into unity. They also present the audience with a “fait accompli” (accomplished fact) which cannot be undone, shaking off possible blame to the audience if there is any. It conveys the idea of noble-mindedness, working on others behalf at the risk of

38、 being called murderers. The final sentence is emphatic because it is a periodic sentence (掉尾句) which creates suspense in the audiences mind, and when the audience are not prepared, the possible blame is shifted to the audience.,2020/8/12,32,Diction,Ad Populum （诉诸群众）,“Ad populum” (appealing to peopl

39、e) is a common method used in argument to flatter and please people so as to disarm them, get them on the writers or speakers side. It is a method often used by politicians. In his speech, the Knight seeks to move men by appealing to their self-esteem and to their prejudices as well as to their mind

40、s. Thus in paragraph 1 he flatters his audience. In paragraph 3, too, he uses such flattering words as “agree with me”, “the instincts of a people like ours”, “I have your approval”, “I see in your faces, only with the measures that you take issue”, “instrumental”, and “serve your interests”.,2020/8/12,34,Prejudice,“Prejudice” means to cause to have unfair, unfavourable feelings or opinions not based on facts or reason. In paragraph 3, there are some words used in attacking Becket personally: “interference” “offends” “condemn as a traitor”,2020/8/12,3