consants.ppt

1、,Consonants,English Consonants,Stops,The stop consonants are made by completely stopping the airflow at some point in the mouth and then, for most productions, releasing it into the sound that follows.,Six stops in English,/p/ and /b/ are formed by the lips /t/ and /d/ are made on the gum ridge behi

2、nd the upper teeth /k/ and / occur at the back of the mouth where the tongue makes a weal with the soft palate /p/, /t/, /k/ are voiceless stops as they are not accompanied by vibration from the larynx while /b/, /d/, / are the voiced stops,/p/ and /b/,You pronounce the /p/ and /b/ by stopping the a

3、irstream with you lips, building up pressure and suddenly releasing the air. They can be used at the beginning, middle and end of words. The following are some of the allophonic variations of /p/ and /b/.,Ex.1 pick pack park pork peace pause harp top ripe heap tip pipe hope bit bat big bark but boug

4、ht cab rib rob rub herb robe bribe pea-be pat-bat park-bark pot-bought cap-cab rip-rib cupcub rope-robe,/t/ and /d/,You pronounce /t/ and /d/ by blocking the air stream with the tongue and upper gum ridge, building up air pressure and suddenly releasing it.,Ex2 tea tip tell tap top taught took tool

5、heat hit wet eat cart hot foot boot deep dip debt damn dark dog dawn doom red hid said card rod cord food bet-bed late-laid set-said heart-hard sight-side eight-aid feet-feed at-add bit-bid pot-pod,/k/ and /,You produce /k/ and / by blocking the breath-stream with the back of the tongue and soft pal

6、ate, building up the pressure, and suddenly releasing it. The hard-c, as in cat, and the letter k account for most of the spellings of /k/, but there is also a silent-k in words such as know and knight.,The spelling of / is consistent in English, although there is a silent version in words such as g

7、nash and gnat. Both /k/ and / can occur at the beginning, middle, and end of words in English. The following are some of the allophonic variations of /k/ and /,Ex3 Key king kept cat cost court could come seek sick neck sack bark lock look wake go get gas guard God gun girl gate league vague rogue pi

8、g-pick bag-back dog-dock log-lock dug-duck league-leak beg-beck,Lengthening the vowel before the voiced stops will aid in the perception of a voiced final stop. /i:/ in need: usually a little bit longer than /i:/ in neat when they are in similar phonetic contexts.,Tips,Ex.4,Peter is picking plumps a

9、nd apples. The robber broke into the bank, but was caught by the police. The cart got stuck in the mud. Too many teenagers tend to waste their time watching television. Dicks daughter Diana doesnt like dancing.,Fricatives and affricates,if the stops completely block the airstream for a time in the p

10、ronunciation, the fricatives only partially block it, thus causing the friction-like noise characteristic of these sounds. The term affricate means blend, in this case, consisting of a stop and a fricative.,/f/ and /v/,/f/ and /v/ are labio-dental sounds. /f/ is voiceless and /v/ is voiced. They are

11、 fricative sounds that you produce by forcing the breath stream between you upper teeth and lower lip. They can be used at the beginning, middle and end of words.,舌位图 /f/ we say an apple, but we say a pear, a watermelon and a yam. All three approximants are important linking sounds in connected spee

12、ch.,Characteristics /w/ A labio-velar semi-vowel. The tongue is in the position of a close back vowel (similar to /u/). The soft palate is raised. The sound glides quickly to the following vowel. /w/ is voiced. /j/ A palatal semi-vowel. The tongue is in the position of a close front vowel (similar t

13、o /i/). The soft palate is raised. The sound glides quickly to the following vowel. /j/ is voiced.,舌位图/,舌位图/,Ex.171. Words in comparison.,/w/ weaver / river /j/ yard / yawn / year / yearn / yellow / usual few / queue / educate / suit / measure / vision / pleasure / television / leisure /I/ live / wi

14、th / university / lady / very / silly/ minister limit / district / rich,Ex.18 2. Phrases /w/ enjoy world-wide fame ; wear away know the whereabouts ; a weekly magazine wet behind the ears ; share weal and woe welcome the visitors ; wage freeze /j/ at the back yard; your yesterday all these years; ye

15、aning for fame stop yawning; green and yellow year in and year out; a yes-man,Ex.19 3. Sentences Thats a good wine. They became aware of it. No sweet without seat. He works for the union. Lets try something new. It is her usual behavior. Yesterday I heard a beautiful tune.,Ex.20 4. Tongue twisters A

16、. How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood? B. Walter was wailing, worrying and watching the wet weather and the wet wind. C. Who that in youth no virtues uses, in age all honor him refuses. D. Unique New York. Unique New York. Unique New York.,5. Rhymes A. The Hills Are Green The hills are green; The w