Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology.ppt

1、Chapter 1,Computer Abstractions and Technology,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 2,The Computer Revolution,Progress in computer technology Underpinned by Moores Law Makes novel applications feasible Computers in automobiles Cell phones Human genome project World Wide Web Search Engines

2、Computers are pervasive,1.1 Introduction,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 3,Classes of Computers,Desktop computers General purpose, variety of software Subject to cost/performance tradeoff Server computers Network based High capacity, performance, reliability Range from small servers t

3、o building sized Embedded computers Hidden as components of systems Stringent power/performance/cost constraints,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 4,The Processor Market,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 5,What You Will Learn,How programs are translated into the machine lan

4、guage And how the hardware executes them The hardware/software interface What determines program performance And how it can be improved How hardware designers improve performance What is parallel processing,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 6,Understanding Performance,Algorithm Determin

5、es number of operations executed Programming language, compiler, architecture Determine number of machine instructions executed per operation Processor and memory system Determine how fast instructions are executed I/O system (including OS) Determines how fast I/O operations are executed,Chapter 1 C

6、omputer Abstractions and Technology 7,Below Your Program,Application software Written in high-level language System software Compiler: translates HLL code to machine code Operating System: service code Handling input/output Managing memory and storage Scheduling tasks & sharing resources Hardware Pr

7、ocessor, memory, I/O controllers,1.2 Below Your Program,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 8,Levels of Program Code,High-level language Level of abstraction closer to problem domain Provides for productivity and portability Assembly language Textual representation of instructions Hardwar

8、e representation Binary digits (bits) Encoded instructions and data,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 9,Components of a Computer,Same components forall kinds of computer Desktop, server,embedded Input/output includes User-interface devices Display, keyboard, mouse Storage devices Hard d

9、isk, CD/DVD, flash Network adapters For communicating with other computers,1.3 Under the Covers,The BIG Picture,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 10,Anatomy of a Computer,Output device,Input device,Input device,Network cable,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 11,Anatomy of a

10、 Mouse,Optical mouse LED illuminates desktop Small low-res camera Basic image processor Looks for x, y movement Buttons & wheel Supersedes roller-ball mechanical mouse,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 12,Through the Looking Glass,LCD screen: picture elements (pixels) Mirrors content of

11、 frame buffer memory,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 13,Opening the Box,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 14,Inside the Processor (CPU),Datapath: performs operations on data Control: sequences datapath, memory, . Cache memory Small fast SRAM memory for immediate access to

12、 data,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 15,Inside the Processor,AMD Barcelona: 4 processor cores,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 16,Abstractions,Abstraction helps us deal with complexity Hide lower-level detail Instruction set architecture (ISA) The hardware/software inte

13、rface Application binary interface The ISA plus system software interface Implementation The details underlying and interface,The BIG Picture,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 17,A Safe Place for Data,Volatile main memory Loses instructions and data when power off Non-volatile secondary

14、 memory Magnetic disk Flash memory Optical disk (CDROM, DVD),Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 18,Networks,Communication and resource sharing Local area network (LAN): Ethernet Within a building Wide area network (WAN: the Internet Wireless network: WiFi, Bluetooth,Chapter 1 Computer Ab

15、stractions and Technology 19,Technology Trends,Electronics technology continues to evolve Increased capacity and performance Reduced cost,DRAM capacity,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 20,Defining Performance,Which airplane has the best performance?,1.4 Performance,Chapter 1 Computer A

16、bstractions and Technology 21,Response Time and Throughput,Response time How long it takes to do a task Throughput Total work done per unit time e.g., tasks/transactions/ per hour How are response time and throughput affected by Replacing the processor with a faster version? Adding more processors?

17、Well focus on response time for now,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 22,Relative Performance,Define Performance = 1/Execution Time “X is n time faster than Y”,Example: time taken to run a program 10s on A, 15s on B Execution TimeB / Execution TimeA= 15s / 10s = 1.5 So A is 1.5 times fa

18、ster than B,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 23,Measuring Execution Time,Elapsed time Total response time, including all aspects Processing, I/O, OS overhead, idle time Determines system performance CPU time Time spent processing a given job Discounts I/O time, other jobs shares Compri

19、ses user CPU time and system CPU time Different programs are affected differently by CPU and system performance,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 24,CPU Clocking,Operation of digital hardware governed by a constant-rate clock,Clock (cycles),Data transferand computation,Update state,Cloc

20、k period,Clock period: duration of a clock cycle e.g., 250ps = 0.25ns = 2501012s Clock frequency (rate): cycles per second e.g., 4.0GHz = 4000MHz = 4.0109Hz,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 25,CPU Time,Performance improved by Reducing number of clock cycles Increasing clock rate Hardwa

21、re designer must often trade off clock rate against cycle count,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 26,CPU Time Example,Computer A: 2GHz clock, 10s CPU time Designing Computer B Aim for 6s CPU time Can do faster clock, but causes 1.2 clock cycles How fast must Computer B clock be?,Chapter

22、 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 27,Instruction Count and CPI,Instruction Count for a program Determined by program, ISA and compiler Average cycles per instruction Determined by CPU hardware If different instructions have different CPI Average CPI affected by instruction mix,Chapter 1 Comput

23、er Abstractions and Technology 28,CPI Example,Computer A: Cycle Time = 250ps, CPI = 2.0 Computer B: Cycle Time = 500ps, CPI = 1.2 Same ISA Which is faster, and by how much?,A is faster,by this much,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 29,CPI in More Detail,If different instruction classes

24、take different numbers of cycles,Weighted average CPI,Relative frequency,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 30,CPI Example,Alternative compiled code sequences using instructions in classes A, B, C,Sequence 1: IC = 5 Clock Cycles= 21 + 12 + 23= 10 Avg. CPI = 10/5 = 2.0,Sequence 2: IC = 6

25、Clock Cycles= 41 + 12 + 13= 9 Avg. CPI = 9/6 = 1.5,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 31,Performance Summary,Performance depends on Algorithm: affects IC, possibly CPI Programming language: affects IC, CPI Compiler: affects IC, CPI Instruction set architecture: affects IC, CPI, Tc,The BI

26、G Picture,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 32,Power Trends,In CMOS IC technology,1.5 The Power Wall,1000,30,5V 1V,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 33,Reducing Power,Suppose a new CPU has 85% of capacitive load of old CPU 15% voltage and 15% frequency reduction,The power w

27、all We cant reduce voltage further We cant remove more heat How else can we improve performance?,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 34,Uniprocessor Performance,1.6 The Sea Change: The Switch to Multiprocessors,Constrained by power, instruction-level parallelism, memory latency,Chapter 1

28、Computer Abstractions and Technology 35,Multiprocessors,Multicore microprocessors More than one processor per chip Requires explicitly parallel programming Compare with instruction level parallelism Hardware executes multiple instructions at once Hidden from the programmer Hard to do Programming for

29、 performance Load balancing Optimizing communication and synchronization,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 36,Manufacturing ICs,Yield: proportion of working dies per wafer,1.7 Real Stuff: The AMD Opteron X4,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 37,AMD Opteron X2 Wafer,X2: 300mm

30、 wafer, 117 chips, 90nm technology X4: 45nm technology,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 38,Integrated Circuit Cost,Nonlinear relation to area and defect rate Wafer cost and area are fixed Defect rate determined by manufacturing process Die area determined by architecture and circuit de

31、sign,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 39,SPEC CPU Benchmark,Programs used to measure performance Supposedly typical of actual workload Standard Performance Evaluation Corp (SPEC) Develops benchmarks for CPU, I/O, Web, SPEC CPU2006 Elapsed time to execute a selection of programs Negligi

32、ble I/O, so focuses on CPU performance Normalize relative to reference machine Summarize as geometric mean of performance ratios CINT2006 (integer) and CFP2006 (floating-point),Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 40,CINT2006 for Opteron X4 2356,High cache miss rates,Chapter 1 Computer Abs

33、tractions and Technology 41,SPEC Power Benchmark,Power consumption of server at different workload levels Performance: ssj_ops/sec Power: Watts (Joules/sec),Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 42,SPECpower_ssj2008 for X4,Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 43,Pitfall: Amdahls Law,Improving an aspect of a computer and expecting a proportional improvement in overall performance,1.8 Fallacies and Pitfalls,Cant be done!,Example: multiply accounts fo