chapter 1 and 2.ppt today.ppt

1、,Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics,Design features of Language,Arbitrariness Duality Creativity Displacement,The definition of design features,Design features: the distinctive features that distinguish human language from the communicative system of other species. Bertrand Russell,Arbitrariness(任

2、意性),It refers to the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. There are different levels of arbitrariness. a. the sound of a morpheme and its meaning ( flower, 花; ) b. arbitrariness at the syntactic level c. arbitrariness and convention (idioms),What is a morpheme?,A

3、morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. eg. unladylike, dogs, technique, etc.,Some idioms,There are plenty of fish in the sea. The same knife cuts bread and fingers. The proof of the pudding is in the eating. Dont trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. Even Homer

4、sometimes nods. Accidents will happen.,He was an ancient Greek epic poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey,Trojan War .,Explain these three sentences:,He came in and sat down. He sat down and came in. He sat down after he came in.,Duality（二重性）,Language

5、is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the basic level there is a structure of sound, which are meaningless by themselves. Sounds can be grouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system. That is words.,creativity/pro

6、ductivity,Language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness.(循环性) Its potential to create endless sentences. eg: He bought a book which was written by a teacher who taught in a school which was known for its graduate who,displacement （移位性）,Human language enable their users to symboliz

7、e objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. We can talk and think in abstract terms.,Origin of language,The “bow-wow” theory (the primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls.) The “pooh-pooh” theory (to express pain, ang

8、er, etc such as interjections) The “yo-he-ho” theory (the rhythmic grunts made when people are working),Functions of language,Informative（信息功能） Interpersonal function （人际功能） Performative(行事性功能) Emotive function （感情功能） Phatic communion （交感性谈话） Recreational function （娱乐功能） Metalingual function （元功能）,S

9、ome examples:,The way people address others and refer to themselves. eg: Dear Sir, yours, Dear Professor. Every year be safe and happy. (岁岁平安) Oh, boy! Man! Hurrah. Have you eaten something? a babys babble,People establish and maintain their status in a society,This function is concerned with intera

10、ction between addresser and addressee in the discourse situation and the addressers attitude toward what he speaks or writes about. e.g. Dear sir, yours, your obedient servant, etc. Japanese women use a lot of honorifics(敬语).,Language marks our identity, physically in terms of age, sex and voiceprin

11、ts; geographically in terms of accents and dialects,to change the social status of persons,Marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony.,God, Damn it, What a sight, Oh, Wow,It refers to the social interaction of language. eg

12、: Good morning, Nice day, I must go home now, or my husband will beat me.,The use of language for the sheer joy of using it. eg: song dueling poetry writing a chanters chanting,Language can be used to talk about itself. Whats the difference of these two sentences? The lion chased the unicorn all aro

13、und the town All around the town the lion chased the unicorn,Main branches of linguistics,Phonetics (语音学) Phonology（音系学） Morphology （形态学） Syntax （句法学） Semantics （语义学） Pragmatics （语用学）,What is phonetics?,Prof. Zheng Chao: Phonetics is the science of speech sounds, which aims to provide the set of fea

14、tures or properties that can be used to describe and distinguish all the sounds used in human language. Prof. Hu Zhuanglin: Phonetics is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making, especially those sounds used in speech and provides methods for their description, classificat

15、ion and transcription.,Branches of Phonetics,Articulatory Phonetics: (发音语音学) -studies speech production by the speech organs Auditory Phonetics: （声学语音学） -studies perception of speech sounds in the human auditory and cognitive system Acoustic Phonetics: （听觉语音学） -studies physical properties of speech

16、sounds,As linguistics became interested in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication, they developed another branch of study related to sounds called phonology. Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the sh

17、ape of syllables.,Morphology studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes.,Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences. e.g. The children watched the firework from the hill. The chicken is too hot to eat.,Semantics examines how mea

18、ning is encoded in a language. Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context.,fill in the blanks:,A subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language is called_. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called_. _is t

19、he study of language in relation to mind.,4. “A person can refer to Shakespeare even though he died many years ago.” this shows that language has the design feature of _. A duality B creativity C arbitrariness D displacement 5. “Dont end a sentence with a preposition.” This is an example of _ rules.

20、,Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle_. A arbitrariness and creativity B generations and abstractions C interpersonal relationship D performative function,Important distinction in Linguistics,Descriptive vs. Prescriptive Synchronic vs. Diachronic Langue it refers to

21、the naturally occurring language events. It varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.,What are linguistic competence and performance?,N. Chomsky proposed this：,Competence is the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this kno

22、wledge in linguistic communication. It is the actual use of the language by individuals in speech.,when the baby see an apple.,The apple looks lovely,It must be delicious,I want to eat it,Apple want!,The key points of Chapter One,The design features of language The functions of language The main bra

23、nches of linguistics The main distinctions in linguistics,Chapter TwoSpeech Sounds,Speech organs The IPA (国际音标) Consonants and Vowels From Phonetics and Phonology Phonological Processes, Phonological Rules and Distinctive Features Suprasegmentals,The articulatory apparatus(发音器官),The pharyngeal cavit

24、y-the throat The oral cavity-the mouth The nasal cavity-the nose,Diacritics(变音符号) As some speech sounds produced differ only in some detailed aspects, the IPA provides its users with another set of symbols called diacritics. e.g. leaf feel build health clear /l/ dark /l/ dental/l/,Broad and narrow t

25、ranscriptions （宽式和严式标音）,Broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.,Consonants and Vowels,If the air, once out of the glottis, is allowed to pass freely through the resonators, the sound

26、 is a vowel; If the air, once out of the glottis, is obstructed, partially or totally, in one or more places, the sound is a consonant. The line between vowels and consonants cannot be clearly drawn; a continuum exists between the two extremes. There are also intermediate instances, such as the semi

27、-vowels.,Definitions,_ are modifications of the voice-sound that involve no closure, friction, or contact of the tongue or lips. (Bloomfield) A _ is defined as a voiced sound in forming which the air issues in a continuous stream through the pharynx and mouth, there being no audible friction.,The description of consonant,Manner of articulation(发音方法) stop爆破音/ nasal鼻音 / fricative 摩擦音/ approximant通音 / lateral边音/ trill颤音/ tap触音/ affricate塞擦音 Place of articula