argumentative essay.ppt

1、Cause and Effect,Seeing movies is a good way to know about life and the world. Movies offer us a chance to see different peoples and cultures. For example, from movies we know how western people have their wedding ceremonies in church and how they spend their Christmas. In movies we travel to many p

2、laces that we cannot in real life. We go to Rome, Paris, Moscow, New York and so on. From movies we also learn about the past of the world. Gone with wind show us what happened during the American civil war. We get to know how the Chinese people fought against Japanese invaders and Jiang Jieshis tro

3、ops from numerous Chinese war movies. In short, we stay at home, but learn about this world through movies.,Cause and Effect,Seeing movies is a good way to know about life and the world. First of all, movies offer us a chance to see different peoples and cultures. For example, when we see the movie

4、Brave Heart, we can get a fragment of Scottish lifestyle and Scottish people with strong spirit. Secondly, in movies we travel to many places that we cannot in real life. Lets say Avatar, you can see many beautiful scenery and grand suspended mountains. Last but not the least, from movies we also le

5、arn about the past of the world. Take Founding of a Republic for an example, one must be deeply impressed with the hardships of establish a country and learn something from it.,Cause and Effect,Seeing movies is a good way to know about life and the world. Firstly, we have chance to see different peo

6、ples and cultures. For example, we can have a better understanding of American peoples and cultures, so that we can compare them with ours. Secondly, we can travel to other planets by seeing the movie of “Avatar”, which is quite interesting and fantastic. Finally, we can learn about the past of the

7、world. For example, it can offer us more information about the history of China and cultivate our patriotism through the movie of “City of Life and Death”.,15-13 :内容-观点明确,切题;论证充分 组织 结构符合逻辑,信息连贯 语言 基本无语言错误 文体文体非常得当 1210 : 有观点, 切题; 有论证 结构合理, 信息连贯 少量不严重的语言错误 文体合适性尚可 9-7:基本切题,内容偶有不相关,不一致,或缺乏论证 结构尚可,有些地方

8、思路不清晰 语言错误较多,且有些错误影响了意义表达 大部分地方文体合适性尚可,6-4: 有很多地方相关性差,前后不一致,缺乏论据 结构尚可,很多地方思路不清晰 比较多的,较严重的语言错误 几乎无文体合适行可言 3-0: 看不出观点, 不切题 无组织结构和连贯可言 几乎所有的句子有错误, 且多为严重性错误 无文体合适性可言,Unit 8 Persuading by Argument,Introduction to the persuasive paragraph State a strong personal opinion for the purpose of influencing its

9、reader,Introduction to the persuasive paragraph Before writing, we should make sure Whom we will address What the purpose of our persuasion is We should place ourselves in a proper position,Organize the paragraph,Introduction to the persuasive paragraph Before writing, we should make sure Whom we wi

10、ll address the object of persuasion Different addressee , different method of persuasion, different evidence e.g. Sample 1-2 P157,Before writing, we should make sure b. What the purpose of our persuasion is To present an opinion to the reader To explain, clarify and illustrate the opinion To persuad

11、e the reader that your opinion is valid, correct, is at least worth considering,Problems in students writing : vagueness, inaccuracy and inappropriateness of expressions and styles - Examine the models (P158) and underline the expressions that are weak, hesitating and inappropriate in the poorly-wri

12、tten passage, and the expression that articulately and forcefully show the writers opinion,Introduction to the persuasive paragraph Before writing, we should c. place ourselves in a proper position proper attitude in persuasion confident, state the opinions with effective proof to persuade readers,P

13、aragraph development Topic sentence It should include both the subject and the attitude and show the purpose of the persuasion.,Paragraph development 2) Supporting details a. Kinds of evidences available to the writer - personal observation - experiences of the writer - knowledge of the writer - int

14、erviews with authorities on the topic - research materials including statistics,2) Supporting details b. guidelines for choosing evidence- Evidence should be logical. Try to avoid logical fallacies - avoid using evidence that comes from outdated, incomplete, or biased source - avoid using reasons th

15、at are overly emotional or sentimental,2) Supporting details b. guidelines for choosing evidence- Evidence should be logic. Try to avoid logical fallacies - avoid making hasty generalization- - False conclusion - Misplace causes and effects Exercise 3,Argumentative method: Two Ways: - set up our tar

16、get at the beginning, then refute that idea , last write a conclusion - state our idea with the support of the evidence at the beginning, then mention the opponents idea, last attack it with good evidence,Persuading by argument argumentative method How to attack? Demonstrate that our opponents argum

17、ent is completely wrong Show that our opponents argument is weak Agree that our opponents argument is valid but show our points of support are more compelling,The writer states his opinion at the beginning of the paragraph. He supports his opinion with cause and effect method. Then he sets up a targ

18、et opponents argument In refuting his opponents argument, he first admits it is partially true, but then attacks it with other evidence.,Ex 4,Points to emphasize: Know your audience Support an argument or proposal with valid evidence Use the method to develop the paragraph (comparison or contrast, c

19、lassification, cause/effect, .),Introduce the argumentation exposition with the additional purpose of convincing or persuading The purpose of argumentation is to convince: to make the reader agree with the point of view and support it, to persuade the reader to change his or her mind or behavior,Arg

20、umentative essay,Organization of argumentation I. two elements 1. The proposition an arguable statement, or a point of discussion, debate, or public concern. The proposition should a. be debatable b. not be vague or contain vague words.,Cars are the main cause of pollution. College courses have no r

21、elation to real life.,Improved,Are these good propositions?,Gasoline-powered cars are the main cause of air pollution. Required courses such as American history and health education are of no use to me as a computer science major.,II. Proof evidence to convince the reader to support the proposition

22、Facts: Statistics Examples Personal experience or common knowledge References to or quotations from authorities,III. Methods of paragraph organization and argumentative methods comparison/contrast, cause/effect, definition, classification, exemplification, .,Two ways to deal with the oppositions in

23、argumentative essays: 1. set up the opposition at the beginning of the essay, then refute that idea to support our own ideas, last write a conclusion 2. state our ideas with the support of the evidence at the beginning, then mention the opponents idea, and attack it with good evidence, last write a

24、conclusion,IV. Conclusion Dont present any new arguments in the conclusion.,IV. Steps in writing the argumentative essay: Study the issues Decide which side to take and write the thesis statement to show the proposition Consider opposing viewpoints, and then qualify or refute accordingly Test our ar

25、gument for fairness and effectiveness avoid fallacies, vague words or expressions,Two ways to deal with the oppositions in argumentative essays: 1. set up the opposition at the beginning of the essay, then refute that idea to support our own ideas, last write a conclusion 2. state our ideas with the

26、 support of the evidence at the beginning, then mention the opponents idea, and attack it with good evidence, last write a conclusion,Samples: How to deal with the oppositions in the argumentative essays? Should school tighten administration on examination?,School should tighten administration on ex

27、amination. There are three reasons responsible for supporting our opinion. First of all, it can offer an equal competition stage. Whats more, it can stimulate students desire for study. The last but not least, it can cultivate the awareness of honesty. Suppose the student can be allowed to cheat on

28、examinations, they will lose the interest in study and motivation to compete. To the industrial students, its unequal because their efforts are not well paid. In addition, cheating on exams can develop the character of dishonesty, which will do harm to the society in future. All in all, we firmly su

29、pport the idea that school should tighten administration on exams.,Its very reasonable for school to tighten the administration on examination, which is an useful way to evaluate the real study level of students and select the elites. However, someone is strongly against this policy of school, which

30、 is completely wrong. If school dont take serious actions on the management of examination, cheating will become a common phenomenon. Whats worse, it will defeat the positive attitude to study and affect the learning quality. In order to improve the personality of students and foster schools quality

31、, the more tightening administration on examination is necessary. The atmosphere of study will be stronger than before if the policy is carried out.,Some people argue that school neednt tighten administration on examination because they think students are self-disciplined. Taking steps to administra

32、te them is not necessary. For my part, it may cause many problems. We should tighten administration on examination. There are several reasons behind my opinion. For one thing, . For another, . In conclusion, we should tighten administration on examination.,Some people think the school should not tig

33、hten the administration of examinations based on the following consideration. First, it will result in examination jitters, which can make good students under performance. Next, it will waste a lot of time and energy and most importantly, it shows that the school doesnt trust students. These aspects

34、 are true to some extent, but I strongly support tightening the administration. Jitters are a fact of life and students should learn to cope with nervousness all through their life. Secondly, the time and energy devoted to administration is well worth if students can behave themselves after graduati

35、on. Finally, it doesnt mean distrust because the society must run in some order, so does a school. In short, the administration of examination benefit both the school and students.,Should schools tighten administration on examinations,A sample essay,Should schools tighten administration on examinati

36、ons 1/5,As a main way of measuring achievements in studies, examination is widely used in the educational system. And if it is well administrated it is an effective way for both teachers and students to get the reliable feedback on teaching and learning. According to some reports from newspapers and

37、 magazines, it seems that the situation of cheating in examinations is getting more serious. In order to pass the exam, of get a higher mark,Should schools tighten administration on examinations 2/5,for gaining some qualifications, some students commit cheating in tests. They may even bribe the teac

38、her in charge of the examination. That is not fair for those students who are honest and hardworking. In my opinion, schools should administer examinations strictly, so that all students are to act in fair competition and, stimulated to try their best in study. To put into effect of the regulations

39、for the examinations may also help students formation of good,Should schools tighten administration on examinations 3/5,characters, like honesty and awareness of discipline. And, teachers might be more responsible while carrying out their teaching task. Yet, some people would say tightening administ

40、ration on test might cause many inconveniences and create lots of extra work. For example, teachers might have to take extra trouble in arranging seats, or providing different versions of test papers. But I believe,Should schools tighten administration on examinations 4/5,teachers who are responsibl

41、e in their work would not mind those inconveniences. Still, some may argue that the strictly administered exam would affect the students, they might be more nervous when seeing two or three supervisors standing like police in the classroom. This might be possible for those students who lack in confi

42、dence when they start at exams. Students well prepared for the test would worry little about it.,Should schools tighten administration on examinations 5/5,Although there might be some drawbacks for exams to be administered strictly, I still firmly hold on my view that schools should pay more attenti

43、on to the administration on tests. Thus, the school may maintain her reputation, and the students will get real benefit from it.,Directions: it can be seen that Chinese parents are paying much attention to their children. More and more of them make their kids begin formal schooling at an early age.

44、Whats your opinion about it? Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: Should Children Begin Their Formal Schooling at an Early Age?,Notes 格式: 要求日期写在右上角，以下写法均可： May 20th, 2008; 20 May, 2008; May 20, 2008 20/5/2008, 5/20/2008 称呼写在日期下一行左侧：Dear Jane, Dear Jane: Jane, Jane: 结束语写在右下方: Truly yours, Yours truly, . 日期，称呼和结尾不符合正确格式或要求均扣一分。结束语和签名在同一行，人名没写或用XX表示等扣一分，格式最多扣两分。 日期，称呼，正文，结束语，签名全左对齐也可以。,Notes 内容：要求涵盖所有内容，少一点扣一分，最多扣三分 语言：要求语法，词法正确 严重词法，句法错误扣1分，一个句子或同类错误扣1分，拼写等小错误两个扣1分，最多扣四分 语言得体性：1分 总字数要求50-60字，包括格式部分，少于4