《航空基础英语》PPT课件.ppt

1、Aviation Basic English,航空基础英语,201408281447353715248,Module I Terminology Project I Aviation Terms Unit 1 Aircrafts Type Unit 2 Aircrafts Structure Unit 3 Aircrafts System,1. A vehicle which can fly is classified as follows: aircraft 飞行器 lighter-than-air aircraft 轻于空气的飞行器 balloon 气球 airship 飞船,(2) ro

2、torcraft 旋翼式飞行器 helicopter 直升机 gyroplane 旋翼机 (3) glider 滑翔机 (4) airplane 飞机,2. An airplane can be divided into the following groups according to the types of aircrafts engine. (1) propeller-driven aircraft 螺旋桨式飞机 piston propeller-driven aircraft 活塞螺旋桨式飞机,turboprop aircraft 涡轮螺旋桨式飞机 (2) jet aircraft

3、喷气式飞机 turbojet aircraft 涡轮喷气式飞机 turbofan jet aircraft 涡轮风扇喷气式飞机,3. An airplane can be divided into the following groups according to the aircrafts flight velocity. (1) supersonic aircraft 超音速飞机 Supersonic aircraft travels faster than the speed of sound. (2) hypersonic aircraft 高超音速飞机 Hypersonic airc

4、raft travels much faster than the speed of sound.,(3) transonic aircraft 跨音速飞机 Transonic aircraft travels approximately equal to the speed of sound. (4) subsonic aircraft 亚音速飞机 Subsonic aircraft travels slower than the speed of sound but also very fast.,4.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroups

5、accordingtotheaircraftsairrange.(1)short-rangeaircraft/short-haulaircraft近程飞机Theairrangeisshorterthan2400kilometers. (2) medium-haul aircraft 中程飞机 The air range is longer than 2400 kilometers but shorter than 4800 kilometers. (3) long-range aircraft / long-haul aircraft 远程飞机 The air range is longer

6、than 4800 kilometers.,5.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowing groupsaccordingtothetypesoflandinggears.(1)landplane陆上飞机Alandplaneisanairplanethatcantakeofffromor landonland.(2)seaplane/hydroplane水上飞机Aseaplaneorhydroplaneisatypeofairplanethat cantakeofffromorlandonwater.(3)amphibianmfbn 水陆两用飞机Anamphi

7、bianisanairplanewhichcanlandonboth landandwater.,6.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtothenumberofwings.(1)monoplane单翼飞机Amonoplaneisanairplanewithasinglepairof wings.(2)biplane双翼飞机 Abiplaneisan old-fashionedtypeofairplanewithtwopairsofwings, oneabovetheother.(3)multiplane多翼飞机Amult

8、iplaneisanairplanewithmorethantwo pairsofwings, say, threeorfourpairs.,7.Anairplanecanbedividedintothe followinggroupsaccordingtothepositionsofthewingrelativetothefuselage.(1)lowwingairplane下单翼飞机Alowwingairplaneisanairplanewhosewingis belowthecabin.(2)midwingairplane中单翼飞机Amidwingairplaneisanairplane

9、whosewingis anywherebetweenthefuselage. (3) high wing airplane 上单翼飞机 A high wing airplane is an airplane whose wing is above the cabin.,8.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtoits mission.(1)militaryaircraft军用飞机(2)civilaircraft民用机,Module I Terminology Project I Aviation Terms Unit 1

10、 Aircrafts Type Unit 2 Aircrafts Structure Unit 3 Aircrafts System,1. Airframe (1) fuselage 机身 The fuselage (or body) of the airplane holds all of the parts together and carries the passengers or cargo. (2) wing / airfoil 机翼 The wings generate most of the lift necessary for flight., aileron 副翼 Ailer

11、ons are parts of the wing which are used to roll the aircraft. At the trailing edge, its an aileron. leading edge slat 前缘缝翼 trailing edge flap 后缘襟翼 Flaps and slats are parts of the wing which are used during take off and landing to increase lift and drag., spoiler 扰流板 Spoilers are parts of the wing

12、which are used to roll the aircraft and to decrease lift and increase drag during landings. Between the leading and trailing edges, its a spoiler. (3) empennage / the tail assembly 尾翼 vertical stabilizer 垂直安定面、垂直尾翼, rudder 方向舵 A rudder is a control surface connected to the vertical stabilizer and is

13、 used to yaw the aircraft. horizontal stabilizer 水平安定面、水平尾翼 elevator 升降舵 Elevators are control surfaces connected to the horizontal stabilizer and are used to pitch the aircraft. stabilator 全动式水平尾翼 Stabilators are control surfaces which provide both horizontal stability and pitch control for the air

14、craft.,(4) landing gear / undercarriage 起落架 Airplanes require landing gear for taxiing, takeoff and landing. (5) powerplant 动力装置 Most modern aircraft are powered by gas turbine, or jet engines.,2.Four Forces on the Aircraft (1) lift 升力，浮力 Lift is a mechanical force generated by a solid object moving

15、 through a fluid. (2) gravity / weight 重力 Weight is a force that is always directed toward the center of the earth.,(3) thrust 推力，拉力 Thrust is a mechanical force generated by the engines to move the aircraft through the air. (4) drag 阻力 Drag is a mechanical force generated by a solid object moving t

16、hrough a fluid.,3. Fuselage Construction cabin / passenger cabin 客舱 cargo / cargo compartment 货舱 cockpit / flight compartment 驾驶舱 bulkhead 隔板 former 隔框 wing attachment points 机翼安装处 firewall 防火墙 stringer 长桁 stressed skin 耐压蒙皮 semi-monocoque 半硬壳式结构,4.Wing Components wing tip 翼梢 rib 翼肋 spar 翼梁 fuel tan

17、k 油箱 stringer 长桁 skin 蒙皮 aileron 副翼,5.Empennage Components vertical stabilizer 垂直安定面 rudder 方向舵 horizontal stabilizer 水平安定面 elevator 升降舵 stabilator 全动式水平尾翼 trim tab 配平调整片,6.Landing Gear Components nose landing gear 前起落架 main landing gear 主起落架 wheel (起落架)轮 conventional landing gear 传统起落架 tail wheel 机

18、尾(起落架)轮 tricycle landing gear 三轮式起落架 nose wheel 机头(起落架)轮,7.PowerPlant Compartment engine 发动机，引擎 propeller 螺旋桨 cowling kal 引擎罩，整流罩 firewall 防火墙,8. Fastener 紧固件 structural joint 结构缝 shank 轴 cotter 开口销 washer 垫圈 hinge 铰链 wrench 扳钳 bearing 轴承 bolt 螺栓，螺钉 rivet 铆钉 swage 接头锁紧螺母 nut 螺母，螺帽 pin 销钉 screw 螺丝,9.

19、Implement 工具 milling machine 铣床 boring machine 镗床 punching machine 冲床 turning machine 车床 sawing machine 锯床 routing machine 特形铣床,Module I Terminology Project I Aviation Terms Unit 1 Aircrafts Type Unit 2 Aircrafts Structure Unit 3 Aircrafts System,Aircrafts System,1. Hydraulic System 液压系统 Among the u

20、nits commonly operated by hydraulic systems are landing gear, wing flaps, speed and wheel brakes, fixed-wing and rotary-wing folding mechanisms and flight control surfaces.,There are three types of hydraulic fluids currently being used in civil aircraft：,The phosphate ester base fluids are used in h

21、igh performance piston engines and turboprop aircraft.,reservoir 液压油箱 filter 过滤器 accumulator 蓄压器 check valve 单向阀 hand pump 手动泵 power-driven pump 动力驱动泵 pressure regulator 压力调节器 pressure gage 压力表 relief valve 减压阀，安全阀 actuating unit 动力传动装置 piston 活塞 cylinder 汽缸 actuating cylinder 作动筒,A basic hydraulic

22、system includes:,1. reservoir 2. power-driven pump 3. filter 4. pressure regulator 5. accumulator 6. check valve 7. hand pump 8. pressure gage 9. relief valve 10. actuating unit 11. cylinder,2. Fuel System 燃油系统,The aircraft fuel system stores fuel and delivers the proper amount of clean fuel at the

23、right pressure to meet the demands of the engine. A well designed fuel system ensures positive and reliable fuel flow throughout all phases of flight, which include changes in attitude, violent maneuvers and sudden acceleration and deceleration.,The indicators such as fuel pressure gages, warning si

24、gnals and tank quantity gages are provided to give continuous indications of how the system is functioning. Gasoline（汽油） and kerosene（煤油） are the two most widely used aviation fuels（航空燃料）.,Two types of jet turbine engine（涡轮喷气发动机） fuel in common use today are: kerosene grade turbine fuel 煤油涡轮燃料 a ble

25、nd of gasoline and kerosene fractions 汽煤混合馏分燃料,The integral fuel tank（整体油箱） in a jet airliner has： fuel tank 油箱 main tank 主油箱 reserve tank / auxiliary tank 储备油箱 center tank 中央油箱 trim tank 重心调整油箱 vent surge tank 通风(防震动)油箱 horizontal stabilizer tank (on some aircraft),Two types of fuel feed system are

26、 used to supply the fuel to the engines. They are: gravity feed system 重力式供给系统 pressure feed system 压力式供给系统,The gravity feed system is the simplest type which is still in use on many low-powered airplane, while the pressure feed system is much complex in construction and operation.,manifold cross-fe

27、ed system 总管交输系统 firewall shut-off valve 防火墙关断活门 tank 油箱 filter 过滤器 manifold valve 总管阀 auxiliary tank 储备油箱 fuel manifold 燃油总管 refueling receptacle 燃油加注接头 booster / boost pump 增压泵 tank shut-off valve 油箱关断活门 engine-driven fuel pump 发动机驱动燃油泵,3. Flight Control System 飞行操纵系统,Flight control is the action

28、taken to make the aircraft follow any desired flight path. When an aircraft is said to be controllable, it means that the aircraft responds easily and promptly to the movement of the controls. Moving the control surfaces on an aircraft changes the airflow over the aircrafts surface.,The flight contr

29、ol surfaces are hinged or movable airfoils designed to change the attitude of the aircraft during flight. These surfaces may be divided into three groups, usually referred to as the primary group and auxiliary group.,The primary group includes the ailerons, elevators and rudder. They are used for mo

30、ving the aircraft about its three axes. The ailerons and elevators are generally operated from the cockpit by a control stick on single-engine aircraft and by a wheel and yoke assembly on multi-engine aircraft. The rudder is operated by foot pedals on all types of aircraft.,The auxiliary group inclu

31、des spoilers, speed brakes, slats and flaps. The auxiliary group may be divided into two sub-groups: the lift augmenting devices and the lift decreasing devices. The lift augmenting devices are trailing edge flaps and leading edge slats. The lift decreasing devices are speed brakes and spoilers.,The

32、 flight control systems may be divided into two major parts: the primary control systems and the auxiliary control systems. The primary control systems are used to control the primary group of control surfaces, while the auxiliary control systems are used to control the auxiliary groups of control s

33、urfaces.,(1) control surface 操纵面 primary control surface 主操纵面 aileron 副翼 rudder 方向舵 elevator 升降舵 auxiliary control surface 辅助操纵面 trim 调整片 flap 襟翼 speed brake 减速板 horizontal stabilizer 水平安定面,(2) primary control system 主操纵系统 (3) auxiliary control system 辅助操纵系统 (4) control stick 操纵杆 (5) foot pedal 脚蹬 (

34、6) control column 驾驶杆 (7) control wheel 驾驶盘 (8) push-pull rod 推拉杆,Different control surfaces are used to control the aircraft about each of the three axes. (1) vertical axis / yaw axis 垂直轴 yaw 偏航 The nose of the aircraft swings from side to side. (2) lateral axis / pitch axis 横轴 pitch 俯仰 The nose of

35、 the aircraft moves up and down. (3) longitudinal axis / roll axis 纵轴 roll 滚转 The wings of the aircraft move up and down.,4. Landing Gear System 起落架系统,The landing gear of a fixed-wing aircraft consists of main and auxiliary units, either of which may or may not be retractable. The auxiliary landing

36、gear consists of tail or nose wheel installations, outboard pontoons（浮筒）, skids（刹车）, etc., with necessary cowling and reinforcement.,The main landing gear forms the principle support of the aircraft on land or water and may include any combination of wheels, floats, skids, shock-absorbing equipment,

37、 brakes, retracting mechanism with controls and warning devices, cowling, fairing（整流罩） and structural members necessary to attach any of the foregoing to the primary structure.,inboard retracting main gear 向内收起式主起落架 forward retracting nose gear 向前收起式前起落架 tail wheel gear 后三点式起落架 tricycle gear 前三点式起落架 landing gear ba