词素结构PPT精选文档

1、1,Chapter 3 Morphological structure of English words,2,Objectives: Discuss morphemes, their classification and identification; Explain the relationship between morphemes and word-formation Teaching focus: Definition of morphemes Definition of allomorphs Types of Types of morphemes free morpheme boun

2、d morpheme Definitions of root, stem and base,3,1. Morpheme,What is a morpheme？ It is the minimal meaningful unit of language. Or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小的构词单位,4,2. Morph and allomorph,The definition of morphs： The phonetic or orthographic

3、 strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed morphs. 语素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。 Morphs are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. 形素是口语中最小的意义载体。,5,What is an allomorph?,An allomorph is one of the variants of the same morpheme. 语素/形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。,For example,6,When the plural marker s is added

4、 to cat, dog, and horse, it is pronounced differently as /-s, -z, -iz/ and thus has three phonological forms; the three forms are just the variants of the same morpheme s, i.e. the allomorphs of morpheme s.,7,3. Classifications of morphemes,Free vs. bound morphemes in terms of their capacity of occu

5、rring alone Derivational vs. inflectional morphemesapplying to affixes only Content / lexical vs. grammatical morpheme on a semantic and syntactic basis,8,Free vs. bound morphemes自由语素与粘着语素,Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselve

6、s and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. 自由语素是能独立运用的语素，它有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。 E.g., man, wind, open, tour,9,Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function. 粘着语素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他语

7、素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。,10,Free morphemes are all roots /free roots, which are capable of being used as words or as word-building elements to form new words. 自由语素都是词根, 也叫自由词根, 能用作词或作为构成新词的构词要素。 Bound morphemes consist of either roots (bound roots) or affixes. 粘着语素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。 E.g., bound root: -dict-, -

8、ced- affix: -ion, -ist, -ic,11,A multitude of words made up of merely bound morphemes, eg: ante-ced-ent. -ced- 是词根，接近， ante- 是前缀，在前， -ent 是后缀，人，物，,12,Derivational vs. inflectional morphemes派生语素与屈折语素,What are derivational and inflectional morphemes?,13,Derivational morphemes are used to derive new wo

9、rds when they are added to another morpheme. In English derivatives and compounds are all formed by such morphemes. 派生语素附着于其它语素可派生出新词。英语中派生词和合成词都是由这样的语素构成的。,14,Inflectional morphemes indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. Inflectional morphemes are co

10、nfined to suffixes. 屈折语素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，屈折语素只限于词缀。,15,Whats the difference between them?,Inflectional Doesnt change meaning or part of speech of the stem. (workworks) Indicates syntactic relations between different words in a sentence. ( grammatical meaning) Occurs with all members of some large clas

11、s of morphemes. Occurs at margins of words. (radioradios),Derivational Changes meaning or part of speech of the stem.( like-dislike, sleepasleep) Indicates semantic relations within the word. (specific lexical meaning，e.g., un-) Occurs with only some members of a class of morphemes Occurs before any

12、 inflectional suffixes added.,16,Content / lexical vs. grammatical morphemes,Lexical 词汇/ content实义 morphemes are morphemes used for the construction of new words as in compound words (blackbird is coined on the basis of 2 lexical morphemes: black and bird.), and derivational morphemes such as ship,

13、-ize. Grammatical morphemes function primarily as grammatical markers. They encompass both inflectional affixes(-books) and free morphemes ( in, and, do, have, theyfunctional words),17,3.4 Identifying Morphemes,How to identify morphemes? They should be identifiable by their forms, meaning and distri

14、bution. e.g., mono-morphemic: sky double-morphemic: chill + y, boy + ish triple-morphemic: un+dress+ed, care+less+ness four-morphemic: un+fruit+ful+ness over-four-morphemic: un+gentle+man+li+ness,18,In what situation do morphemes mismatch between form and meaning?,1) Inconsistent in form and meaning

15、: singer ( one who) er clearer ( the comparative degree) eraser (one object) 2) Meaningless in isolation but meaningful in some words cran- huckle- berry boysen- 3) Difficult to define the meaning -ceive in conceive/perceive/receive,19,3.5 Morpheme and Word-formation,In word-formation, morphemes are

16、 labeled root, stem, base and affix. 在构词法中, 语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。,20,Affix,Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. All affixes are bound morphemes. 词缀都是粘着语素，依附在词根上构成新词或表示词的语法意义。 Two types of affixes: Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes 屈折词缀和

17、派生词缀,21,Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. 表示词的语法意义的是屈折词缀。 They express the following meanings:,22,Plurality名词复数 The genitive case 名词所有格 The comparative and superlative degrees 形容词/副词比较级、最高

18、级 The verbal endings 动词词尾变化,e.g. -s in chairs, pens; -es in boxes, tomatoes; -en in oxen e.g. s in boys, childrens e.g. -er in words like smaller; -est in words like smallest. a. -(e)s in words like eats, teaches shows the third person singular present tense. b. -ing in words like eating, shows the

19、present participle or gerund. c. -(e)d in words like worked shows the past tense or past participle.,23,Derivational affixes or derivational morphemes They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.,24,(1) Prefixes are affixes before the root. e.g.， unjust, rewrite. As a rule, most prefixes

20、modify the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech. (2) Suffixes are affixes after the root By the addition of the suffix, the word is usually changed from one part of speech into another, e.g. liberation, modernize.,25,Root, stem, base词根、词干、词基,A root is that part of a word form that remains

21、 when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. 词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。,26,A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。,27,A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem. 词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。,28,词根、词干、词基,词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。 词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。 词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。 它与词根有区别，因为它是可以从派生角度进行分析的形式，在上面可以加上派生词缀。但是词根则不容许