华盛顿大学压力管理.ppt

1、Stress Management Allan Sanders, MN, ARNP ,Objectives,Explore the biological, psychological, and social aspects of the human stress response. Describe the difference between adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies. Understand coping strategies that increase resilience to promote pr

2、oductive living and healthy aging.,Common Stress Associated Diseases,Diminished Immunity Headache Fatigue Weight gain Dyslipidemia Hypertension Heart Disease Psoriasis/Eczema Digestive problems,Anxiety Depression Alcoholism Substance abuse Insomnia Irritable bowel syndrome Fibromyalgia Decreased sex

3、 drive,Overview of Terminology,Stress: A state of disharmony or a threat to homeostasis Physiological changes increase alertness, focus, and energy Perceived demands may exceed the perceived resources Coping: The ability to maintain control, think rationally, and problem solve Resilience: Resistant

4、quality that permits a person to recovery quickly and thrive in spite of adversity,Stress,Eustress Manageable Stress can lead to growth and enhanced competence Distress Uncontrollable, prolonged, or overwhelming stress is destructive. Acute Stress Immediate response to a threat or challenge Chronic

5、Stress Ongoing exposure to stress, may seem unrelenting,Causes of Stress,External causes Family, work, economics, work, school, major life changes, unforeseen events, etc. Internal causes Worry, uncertainty, fear, attitudes, unrealistic expectations, etc.,Sources of Clinical Stress,For patients,Unce

6、rtainty Fear Pain Cost Lack of knowledge Risk for harm Unknown resources,For nurses,Poor patient outcomes Risk of making an error Unfamiliar situations Excessive workload Inadequate resources,Stages of the Stress ResponseGeneral Adaptation Syndrome of Hans Selye (1907-1982),Alarmwhen one feels threa

7、tened Activation of the fight or flight reaction Resistancemobilization of resources to solve the problem Continued stress causes adaptation Exhaustion Adaptation fails and level of function decreases,ALARM: Activation of Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis,Catecholamines,Increases cardiac output Di

8、lates airways Dilates pupils Mobilizes glucose Causes vasomotor changes Decreases digestion Enhances coagulation,Cortical Steroids,Elevates glucose Increases amino acids Increases NA resorption Increases extracellular fluid volume Inhibits histamine and bradykinin Suppresses the immune response,Resi

9、stance,Adaptation occurs Activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis continues The stressor may be resolved The body returns to homeostasis May progress to exhaustion Stress continues as resources are depleted,Exhaustion,Occurs when the demands of the stress exceeds the persons ability to

10、adapt. Functioning declines May result in health problems Physical symptoms Mental symptoms,Signs & Symptoms of Stress,Cognitive Decreased concentration, comprehension, & memory Behavioral Irritability, withdrawal, violence Emotional Fear, anxiety, depression, fatigue Physiological Increased BP, HR,

11、 Respirations, etc Somatic symptoms Decreased immune response,Genetics & Development,Genetics,Genes control the stress response Individuals have different responses to stress There is a genetic component to: fearful behavior anxiety disorders Neurobiological response,Development,Life experiences can

12、 affect a persons stress response Social support Strong support is protective Early life stress Increases stress reactivity as an adult,Coping & Resilience,Coping,Ability to control emotions Ability to perceive reality Ability to think rationally Ability to problem solve Culturally defined,Resilienc

13、e,The ability to bounce back The positive capacity to cope with stress Provides resistance to negative events Hardiness, Resourcefulness,Coping,Adaptive Coping Contribute to resolution of the stress response Maladaptive Coping Strategies that cause further problems Active Coping Actively seeking res

14、olution to the stress,Promote Adaptive Coping,Realistic expectations Set realistic goals Planning Anticipate problems, have a backup plan Reframing Change the way you look at things Relaxation Learn relaxation techniques, take time-out for leisure Discuss the problem Utilize existing social supports

15、 to problem solve,Promote Adaptive Coping,Training Prepares for stressful events Nutrition Eat healthy, avoid skipping meals Exercise Include regular exercise Sleep Get adequate sleepavoid fatigue,Avoid Maladaptive Coping,Blurring of boundaries Avoidance/withdrawal Negative attitude Anger outbursts

16、Alcohol/Drugs Hopelessness Negative self-talk Resentment Violence,Promote Resilience Factors,Positive Role Models Optimism Humor Moral Compass Altruism Religion & Spirituality Social Support,Positive Role Models,Transmit: Attitudes Values Skills Patterns of thoughts and behaviors,Optimism,Positive B

17、eliefs Associated with well being Cognitive reframing Positive thinking Refute the negative thinking Believe in a meaningful cause It is important to acknowledge relevant negative factors,Humor,Highly effective Mature coping mechanism “Another of the souls weapons for the fight for self-preservation

18、, it is well known that humor, more then anything else in the human makeup, can provide an aloofness and the ability to rise above any situation, even for a few seconds.” Viktor Frankl,Moral Compass,Conduct a moral inventory “Look not for any greater harm then this, destroying the trustworthy, self-

19、respecting, well-behaved man within you.” Epicetus Maintain your integrity “Between stimulus and response there is a space. In that space is our power to choose our response. In our response lies our growth and our freedom.” Viktor Frankl,Altruism,Unselfish regarding the welfare of others Believe in

20、 a meaningful cause Mutual cooperation Activates of the brains reward center,Religion & Spirituality,Associated with psychological and physical well being Guards against despair Provides social support Provides positive role models Provides a positive mission,Social Support,Social support has a prof

21、ound effect on life expectancy Patients have better outcomes with strong social support Isolation and poor social support are associated with a poor stress response Few hardy individuals “go it alone”,Signature Strengths,Recognize skills and talents Inventory strengths Use your strengths and talents

22、 Decide what works Actively cope Apply concepts to enable active coping.,Review,Stress is part of everyday life It can promote growth and competency If unrelenting or overwhelming it can cause adverse effects Adaptive coping enhances resilience Maladaptive coping causes additional problems Enhanced

23、coping increases resilience while diminishing the adverse affects of stress, thus promoting health,Review: Practical Tips,Set realistic expectations Exercise regularly Eat healthy Get adequate sleep Maintain a work-leisure balance Positive Reframing & optimism Enhance social support,Internet Resourc

24、es,Building resilience: Diet, exercise, stress and the immune system: /disorders/chronic_fatigue_syndrome/hic_diet_exercise_stress_and_the_immune_system.aspx Exercise: Rev up your routine to reduce stress: Positive thinking: Reduce stress, enjoy life more: Stress manageme

25、nt for patient and physician: Stress management: Understand your sources of stress: Stress reduction techniques: A must for a healthy lifestyle: ,Learning Exercise,List your current sources of stress. Conduct an inventory of coping strategies that you use or have used in the past. Include maladaptiv

26、e strategies List your signature strengths and factors that may enhance your resilience. While considering the above, develop a personalized stress management plan to enhance your coping and resilience.,References,Ahern, N., Ark, P., Byers, J. (2001). Resilience and coping strategies in adolescents.

27、 Paediatric Nursing. 28(10). Beckmann-Murray, R., Proctor-Zentner, J., & Yakimo, R. (2009). Health promotion strategies through the life span. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Bhui, K., King, M., Dein, S., & OConor, (2008). Ethnicity and religious coping with mental distress. Journal of Mental Health. 12(2). Copstead, L. C. & Banasik, J. L. (2010). Pathophysiology: Biological and behavioral perspectives (2nd ED.) USA: W. B. Saunders Company Fielding, R (Undated) Retrieved September 25, 2