汉英语言对比(具体策略见书本).ppt

1、英汉语言对比Comparative Studies of English and Chinese Languages,2,不同语言间的差异不仅表现在语言、词汇和语法这些语言形式上，而且表现在语言文化特征上。语言文化特征不仅涉及到一种语言所代表民族的心理意识、风土人情、宗教信仰和历史传统等因素，而且涉及到历史文化、地域文化、习俗文化、宗教文化等方面。 汉语和英语是世界上的两大语言，代表着中西两种文化。由于中西文化的不同，在语言、文化、生活、工作、习惯、风俗、行为、爱好、兴趣等各个方面都存在着差异。,3,若“要认识汉语的特点，就要跟非汉语比较，要认识现代汉语的特点，就要跟古代汉语比较；要认识普通话

2、特点，就要跟方言比较。无论语音、语汇、语法，都可以通过对比来研究” 。翻译是两种语际间的转换、是两种文化信息间的转换。语言不是静止不变的，是随着社会实践的不断发展而发展的。词的意义、语言表达也是如此。翻译也是这样。,4,在跨语言、跨文化的翻译交际过程中，难免会出现差异，探索语言、文化的差异性并分析其原因，有利于避免产生失误，提高翻译质量。语言的表达方式不仅与文化有着密切的关系，而且与思维及逻辑方式有着密切的关系。这种思维及逻辑方式的差异在语言表达方式上的表现既存在于语篇的思路和结构上，也存在于句子水平上。,5,Whats your first impression on the differe

3、nces between English and Chinese?,汉英语言对比,Chinese: 表意文字，构词，词法，句法篇章，修辞都不同于英语; “积字成句，积句成章”， 以神驭形，得“神”忘“形”（parataxis意合），是一种意境语言，重暗示，含蓄，可以说汉语是一种“ 联想语言” 、“ 意境语言” 、“ 艺术语言”和“ 文采语言”，朦胧中传达信息，疏放中透出美感，具有整体效应。 English: Indo-European language family; intonation language（语调语言),以形摄神， (Hypotaxis形合)，语言形式重逻辑、分析、写实，重视讲

4、究表达的逻辑性，一致性(consistency),6,7,Why?,汉英思维方式对比,(1)中国人注重伦理（ethics），英美人注重认知（cognition） (2)中国人重整体（integrity）、偏重综合性（synthetic）思维，英美人重个体（individuality）、偏重分析性（analytic）思维 (3)中国人重直觉（intuition），英美人重实证（evidence） (4)中国人重形象思维（figurative thinking），英美人重逻辑思维（logical thinking),Basic Differences between Chinese and Eng

5、lish,一、语系 汉语属汉藏语系（Sino-Tibetan Family），英语属印欧语系（Indo-European Family）。 二、文字 汉语是表意文字（ideographic script），英语是拼音文字（alphabetic script）。 三、语音 汉语是声调语言（tonal language），英语是语调语言（intonation language）。 四、词汇 五、句法(形合与意合) 六、篇章,10,英语重形合是指英语语言符号之间有较强的逻辑关系；汉语重意合是指汉语句子主要通过字词的意义连结起来。,英语重形合，汉语重意合,英语重形合,汉语重意合,跑得了和尚,跑不了庙。

6、 The monks may run away, but the temple cannot run away with him. 一个英国人,不会说中国话,有一次他在中国旅行。 An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China. 那太阳,整天躲在云层里,现在又光芒四射了。 The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in full splendor.,11,英语重形合,汉语重意合.,他不去我去。 Id like to go if he wouldnt.

7、 他不去我也去。 Id go there even if he wouldnt to with me. 他不去我才去。 Id go there only if he wont. 人穷志短 When a man is poor his ambition is not far-reaching. (Poverty stifles ambition.) 人穷志不短。 Though one is poor, he has high ambition. 人有脸,树有皮。 The face is as important to a man as the bark to a tree.,12,Please

8、translate the following:,你再说一个字，我马上走。 If you should say one more word, I would go at once. 你死了，我去当和尚。 If you should die, I would go and be a monk.,13,Chinese Meaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隐性连贯) Paratactic 语义型语言 (以意统形),English Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion （显性

9、联接） Hypotactic 形态型语言 (以形驭意),Contrast Between English and Chinese,14,小结,形合与意合是英汉在语言学上最重要的一个区别 英语：形合Hypotaxis ，长句多，强调结构的完整性和形态的严谨性，结构严密紧凑，主次分明，依靠代词、介词、连词建立骨架并将句子串起。造句时常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句，注重显性接应（overt cohesion），注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义。英语句中的连接手段和形式（cohesive ties）不仅数量大，种类多，而且用得十分频繁 汉语：意合Parataxis （形散），强调内容和

10、表意的完整性，常靠语意的逻辑将句子串起，连词介词都少于英语。汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段，注重隐性连贯(covert coherence)，注重逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以神统形。,15,16,One more example: Accomplishment is often deceptive because we dont see the pain and perseverance that produced it. So we may credit the achiever with brains, brawn or lucky break and let ourselves

11、 off the hook because we fall short in all three. 【译文】成就常常使人产生错觉，使人只看到功成名 就，却看不到成就的来之不易，和为之所付出的艰辛 困苦，总以为成功者之所以成功是因为人家身体棒、 脑子灵、运气好，从而为自己找借口开脱，说自己没 有获得成功是因为自己不具备上述这三条。,17,Assignment： And yet it almost provokes a smile at the vanity of human ambition, to see how they are crowded together and jostled in

12、 the dust; what parsimony is observed in doling out a scanty nook, a gloomy corner, a little portion of earth, to those, whom, when alive, kingdoms could not satisfy; and how many shapes, and forms, and artifices are devised to catch the casual notice of the passenger and save from forgetfulness, fo

13、r a few short years, a name which once aspired to occupy ages of the worlds thought and admiration.,18,【译文】现在这些伟人只是横七竖八地挤在一起，埋在黄土中；他们在世之时，堂堂英国却不足以供他们驰骋，如今却遵照经济的原则，他们只分得那么小的一块土地，那么黑暗而又贫瘠的一个角落；他们曾企图让声名占有世代人的思想，获得人人的敬羡。如今他们的坟墓却千方百计地雕出种种装饰，只是为了吸引游客偶然的一顾，免得在短短的几年中就把他们的名字匆匆忘怀。看了这些，想到人生的虚空，我又几乎忍不住要惨然一笑了。,1

14、9,具体VS抽象,一般来说，汉语用词倾向于具体化，常常以实得形式表达虚的概念，以具体的形象表达抽象的概念。与汉语比较，英语则喜欢使用大量的抽象名词用于表达复杂的思想和微妙的情绪，往往有一种“虚”的味道。,A) Abstraction and Concretization Concretization is to substitute the abstract words, phrases, idioms or sentences in the source language with the concrete ones in the course of translating for the

15、purpose of reducing information losses and ensuring the reproduction, in target language, of the similar effect of the source language text.,(1) Great in momentum and irresistible 声势浩大-不可阻挡-排山倒海之势 Accelerate the speed; speed up 快上加快-快马加鞭 be full of anxiety and worry 十分挂念,放不下心-牵肠挂肚 Very anxious to re

16、turn home 回家心切-归心似箭 have not cut off relations completely 没有彻底断绝关系-藕断丝连,(2) We should by no means neglect the evaporation of water. 译文: 我们决不能忽视水的蒸发作用。 (3) No one is satisfied with his favoritism in his work. 译文: 对他在工作中表现的徇私作风谁都 感到不满意。 (4) The dancing hall was filled with gayety. 译文:舞厅充满了欢乐气氛。,(5) Th

17、e black people were fighting against the segregation. 译文:黑人在同政府的隔离政策做斗争。 (6) The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area. 译文:政府正在竭尽全力来缓和那个地区的紧张局面。 (7) There had been too much violence in that region. 译文:那个地区发生了许多暴力事件。,Abstraction, just as the opposite way of concretization, is

18、to add or use some abstract words, phrases or sentences in the target language to render the one in the source language so as to fulfill the demands of translation: faithfulness and smoothness. (1) make fish of one and flesh of another. 厚此薄彼 Eat ones heart out 极度悲伤,jump out ones skin be driven from

19、pillar to post put ones cards on the table jump out ones skin 大吃一惊 be driven from pillar to post 到处漂泊 put ones cards on the table 表明观点,(2) I was practically on my knees but he still refused. 译文:我几乎是苦苦哀求,但他依然拒绝。 (3) He is a rolling stone. I dont think he can go far. 译文:他是个见异思迁的人，我想他不会有多大出息。 (4) By th

20、is means she cast in a bone between the wife and the husband. 译文:她用这种手段来离间这对夫妻。 (5) He thinks by all this fast talking and flattery he can pull the wool over her eyes, but she isnt deceived. 译文:他以为像这样花言巧语加上奉承就可以蒙蔽她,但她没有上当。 (6) He earns scarcely enough to keep body and soul together. 译文:他挣的钱几乎难以维持生活。

21、,(7)Man for the field and woman for the hearth; Man for the sword and for woman the needle. Man with the head and woman with the heart; Man to command and woman to obey. - Tennyson 译文: 男人适于农耕,女人适于家务; 男人宜于征战,女人宜于缝纫; 男人善于深思,女人富于感情; 男人发号施令,女人唯有服从。,28,to nibble 蚕食 with irresistible force; like splitting

22、 a bamboo; like a knife cutting through butter 势如破竹 in a frantic rush 手忙脚乱 to push the boat along with current; to make use of opportunity to gain ones end 顺水推舟,Exercises （翻译并判断A-C or C-A） 1.He has many hot potatoes to handle every day. 2.His newly employed servant woman was extremely lazy and ate a

23、 lot, no more than a white elephant. 3.Im not sure whether I can win the honour; its a bird in the bush. 4.This boy is too careless; all his books are dog-eared. 5.Dont count your chickens before they are hatched. The real difficulties still lay ahead. 6.We should never warm snakes in our bosoms. 7.

24、He used so many technical terms in his speech that the audience could make neither head nor tail of it. 8.As for the apples, lets go fifty-fifty with them. 9.I dont want to hang on my parents sleeves. 10.You should separate the sheep from the goats.,11.There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in

25、his nature. 12.Every life has its roses and thorns. 13.She sailed into the room. 14.We must keep our powder dry. 15.John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 16.That young man has great courage, indeed! 17.Thats a business of their own, between husband and wife. Why should you get i

26、nvolved in it? 18.You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families. You are really well informed. 19.I was extremely terrified by that news. 20.He had never expected that so many obstacles would stand in his way.,1) 他每天要处理许多棘手的问题。 2) 他新雇来的女佣人懒得出奇，饭量倒很大，真是 一个无用而又累赘东西。 3) 我不敢肯定我能赢得这个荣誉，这还

27、是未到手的 东西。 4) 这个男孩真粗心，他的书本都已经折角了。 5) 你不要过早乐观，真正的困难还在后头呢。 6) 我们决不能姑息坏人。 7) 他在演讲中用了许多术语，使听众听了莫名其妙。 8) 至于那些苹果，我们就对半分吧。 9) 我不想依靠父母过日子。 10) 你应该把好坏分清楚。,11.他的本性既残暴又狡猾。 12.每个人的生活都有甜有苦。 13.她仪态万方地走进屋子。 14.我们要时刻提高警惕。 15.约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又老实。 16.那位小伙子真是吃了豹子胆。 17.这是他们夫妻之间的事情，你去插一脚干吗？ 18.别人家里鸡零狗碎的事情你都知道得这么全，真是个顺风耳啊！ 19.

28、这消息让我出了一身冷汗。 20.他万万没想到在他前进的道路上竟会出现这么多拦路虎！,33,英语喜欢使用静态词汇，而汉语则多使用动态词汇，英译汉时常常把原文中表示动作意义的静态叙述转换成汉语的动态叙述。,静态VS动态,表示人或事物的动作、行为、发展、变化的词叫做动词(verb)。英汉对动词的概括意义是一样的。动词是最复杂的一种词类，也是最活跃的一种词类。英语的动词又比汉语的动词复杂。本节重点放在分析英汉动词的主要差别。由于篇幅所限，也只能提纲挈领地说明一下。,34,(一) 现代汉语以动词占优势，也就是说，在现代汉语中，一个句子不限于只用一个动词，可以连续使用几个动词，即所谓“动词连用”。动词连用

29、是现代汉语句法显著特征之一。英语每个句子中只能使用一个定式动词(finite verb)，唯一例外型式是并列句动词谓语。所以汉语动词翻成英语时，有时只需要用一个动词，其他动词被转换成英语的名词、介词、非谓语动词或其他词类。,35,我忘了带钥匙。 I forgot my key 我倒了一杯茶给他喝。 I offered him a cup of tea 他拿着枪，绕着屋子巡走。 He walked around the house with a gun 他跳起来，连忙跑到浴室的镜子前，拿掉了毛巾，细看他面颊上的伤口。 He jumped up and hastened to the mirror

30、 in the bathroom，taking away the towel to examine the cut upon his cheek.,36,大量的动词涌现在汉语句中，会不会引起动词臃肿和混乱呢?,答案是不会。因为汉语动词没有曲折的形态变化，形态十分稳定，使用时不受形态上的限制，比较方便。此外，每个动词都代表着一个动作。在一个具体情况下，都有动作发生的所在时间，因此几个动作的发生，必定有先有后，或同时。,37,试看药中的一段。 华大妈在枕头底掏了半天，掏出一包洋钱，交给老栓，老栓接了抖抖的装入衣袋，又在外面按了两下，便点上灯笼，吹熄灯盏，走向屋里去了。,38,The doctors

31、 extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery. 译文1.医生的迅速到达和非常仔细的检查使他很快就恢复了健康。 译文2.医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。 One after another, speakers called for the downfall of imperialism, abolition of exploitation of man by man, liberation

32、 of the oppressed of the world. 发言人一个接一个地发表意见，要打倒帝国主义，消灭人剥削人的制度，解放世界上一切被压迫人民。,39,关于静态与动态的更多例句,He is a good eater and a good sleeper. 他能吃又能睡。 The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector than human beings. 计算机比人检查得更细心、更勤快。,40,静态与动态,A英语多用介词 他迫使对方处于守势。 He drove his opponent into a defensive position. 我发现他在伏案工作。 I found him at his desk 他们组织工人加入了工会。 They have organized the workers into trade unions.,41,B英语多用形容词 他证明自己值得信赖。 He proved himself worthy of confidence 我们必须使