主谓一致1.ppt

1、主谓一致,一般情况下，主谓之间的一致关系由以下三个原则支配： 语法一致原则 (grammatical concord) 意义一致原则 (notional concord) 就近原则 (principle of proximity),（一）语法一致原则 用作主语的名词词组中心词和谓语动词在单、复数形式上的一致，就是语法一致。也就是说，如果名词中心词是单数，动词用单数形式；如果名词中心词是复数，动词用复数形式。例如： This table is a genuine antique. Both parties have their own advantages. Her job has someth

2、ing to do with computers. She wants to go home. They are divorcing each other. Mary was watching herself in the mirror. Susan comes home every week-end.,（二）意义一致原则 有时，主语和谓语动词的一致关系取决于主语的单、复数意义，而不是语法上的单、复数形式，这样的一致关系就是意义一致。例如： A barracks was attacked by the guerilla. Mumps is a kind of infectious diseas

3、e. The United States is a developed country. It is the remains of a ruined palace. This pair of trousers costs fifty dollars.,（三）就近原则 有时，谓语动词的单、复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语。 例如： Either my grandsons or their father is coming. No one except his daughters agree with him. Mary and her sisters are baking a cake. Neith

4、er Richard nor I am going.,非正式文体中：有时依“就近一致原则”，但也可依“意义一致原则”或严格地依“语法一致原则”。e.g.Neither she nor I were there (意义一致) 我和他当时都不在那儿。（非正式）Neither she nor I was there .（就近一致）（译文同上句）（正式）但是，如果依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相矛盾时，则常常认为是不太合符规范的。 e.g.No one except his own supporters agree with him .仅他自己的支持者同意他的意见。（依“就近”和“意义”一致的原则

5、；但语法上，“No one ”才是主语，谓语要改成“agrees”。“写作中”一般要依“语法一致”原则。,以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题 英语可数名词的规则复数形式是在词尾加-s或-es，但是有一些以-s结尾的名词并不是可数名词。它们用法多样，造成了实际使用上的困难，以下以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题。,（一）以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题 （二）以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题 （三）以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题 （四）以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题 （五）其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题,（一）以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问

6、题 以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题,如：arthritis,bronchitis,diabetes,mumps,phlebitis,rickets,这类以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。 例如： Arthritis causes great pain in the joints of the patient. The diabetes is a kind of chronic disease. Measles usually occurs in children. Phlebitis is a swollen condition of the blood vesse

7、ls.,（二）以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题 以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。 例如： Darts is basically a easy game. Marbles is not confined to children. Skittles is not fashionable nowadays. Draughts is not very difficult to learn.,但当Darts，Marbles等的意义为游戏器具而非游戏名称时，谓语动词通常用作复数。 例如： Three darts are thrown at each turn. All nine

8、 skittles were brought down by the good throw.,（三）以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题 某些以-s结尾的地理名称，如果是国名，如the United States，the Netherlands等，因其是单一政治实体，所以谓语动词用作单数。 例如： The United States was hit by the Great Depression in 1930s. In early January 1996 the Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1976.,但如果是群岛、山脉、海

9、峡、瀑布等地理名称作主语，谓语动词用作复数。 例如： The West Indies are commonly divided into two parts. The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant. The Straits of Gibraltar have not lost their strategic importance. The Niagara Falls are perhaps the most splendid waterfall in the world.,（四）以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题 某些以-

10、ics结尾的学科名称作主语时，如physics,mathematics,mechanics, optics, acoustics, politics statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics等, 谓语动词通常用作单数。 例如： Physics is a fundamental subject in science. The third world economics is promising. Acoustics studies the science of sound. Mathematics is an interesting subjec

11、t. Athletics is a required course for students of all grades.,但如果这类名词表示学科以外的其它含义，可作复数用。 例如： Athletics have been greatly encouraged at this college. The acoustics of the new concert hall are perfect. The economics of the project are still at issue.,（五）其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题 A.以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名称作主语 英语中有一些通常

12、以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名词，如glasses, pincers,pliers,scissors, shorts,suspenders,trousers等，这类名词做主语，如果不带“一把”、“一副”等单位词，谓语动词通常用复数。 例如： Marys glasses are new. Johns trousers are black.,如果带有单位词， 则由单位词决定动词的单、复数形式。 例如： One pair of pincers isnt enough. Two pairs of scissors are missing from my tool box.,B.其他以-s结尾的名词

13、英语中还有一些以- s结尾的名词，如archives，arms,clothes, contents, eaves, fireworks, goods, minutes, morals, remains stairs, suburbs, thanks,wages这类名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。 例如： The archives of the country are kept in the Department of Security. The contents of the book are most amusing. High wages often result in high pri

14、ces. My thanks are sincere.,单、复数同形或易混的词作主语时： 1.以“-ics”结尾的学科名词：指教育、科研的某一学科，作单数。e.g.Mathematics seems easy to me .我似乎觉得数学不难。但是，表“具体的学业、活动”等时，多用作复数。e.g.Her mathematics are weak . 她数学差。（指“学业成绩、能力”）What are your politiscs? 你的政治观点如何？,2. “works工厂，means方法，series系列，species物种，aircraft飞机”等名词单、复数同形，要从上下文判断其具体意义

15、来决定单、复数。e.g.This works was(These works were)built two years ago . 这（几）家工厂是两年前修建的。Every means has (All means have) been tried . 各种办法都试过了。这类名词通常还有“fish ,deer ,sheep ,headquarters (总部驻地),bellows(风箱), plastics, gallows (绞架), manners(礼貌) ,whereabouts (行踪), ”等。（但news（消息）是不可数名词，通常只作单数用。）,. the + 形容词/分词作主语时

16、：1. 指“一类”人或事物时，常用作复数用。e.g.The English speak English. 英国人讲英语。The rejected were heaped in the corner . 废品堆在角落里。2.指“某一个”人，或“抽象的”事物时，作单数用。e.g.The deceased was his father . 去世的是他父亲。The agreeable is not always the useful . 好看的不一定中用。The new and progressive always wins over the old . 新生、进步的事物总是要战胜旧的东西。,.专用名

17、词作主语时：1.“书名、剧名、报刊名、国家名”等通常作单数用。e.g.The United States was founded in 1776. 美国成立于1776年。The Arabian Nights is very interesting . 天方夜谭很有趣。2.“书刊名”有时作单数或复数两可，尤其是编成集子的书。e.g.Dickens Amerian Notes were (was ) published in 1842 .狄更斯所著的美国笔记出版于1842年。,“what等引导的从句”作主语时：1. 大多作单数用。e.g.What we need is more practice

18、. 我们需要的是更多的实践。What he says doesnt agree with what he does . 他言行不一致。2.若从句是含复数意义的并列结构、或“表语”是复数时，谓语动词常用复数。e.g.What you say and think are no business of mine . 你怎么说以及怎么想，不关我的事。What he bought were some books . 他所买的是几本书。,某些无生命的集合名词(表示物)做主语时，通常被看成不可数名词，谓语用单数。常见的此类集合名词有：aircraft, baggage, clothing, crockery

19、（陶器 ）, cutlery(刀剪，餐具), equipment, foliage(树叶), footwear（鞋类）, furniture, glassware（玻璃器具 ）, hardware, hosiery（针织物) , jewellery, luggage, machinery, merchandise, poetry, pottery（陶器）, silverware, stationery, underclothing, underwear, vegetation, weaponry等。,某些有生命的集合名词,本身无复数形式,做主语时,谓语通常用复数。常见的此类集合名词有：catt

20、le, clergy, faculty(教职工), herd, mankind, military, militia(民团 ，民兵), people, police, poultry(家禽), swine(猪), vermin, womankind等。,有些集合名词如crowd, family, team, group, government, committee, class, school, union, firm, staff, public, crew, jury, party, couple, board, gang, enemy, audience, mankind, youth

21、等，它们作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定。如果它们作为一个集体单位时，动词用单数形式，如就其中的各个成员来说，则谓语用复数形式。例如： 1）His family is going to move. 2）His family are very well.,把一个集体名词看作单数或复数，要注意前后一致。 如： The team is famous for its(不能用their）long history. 该对以历史悠久而闻名。 He has joined the football team who are (不可用which is）all famous footballers. 他参加

22、了一个队员全是著名足球选手的那个足球队。,注：如这类词后跟有定语从句时，定语从句的谓语动词也遵循概念一致的原则，强调具体成员时，谓语动词用复数，关系代词用who; 强调整体时，谓语动词用单数，关系代词用which。例如： 1）The government who were responsible for this event attempted to find a solution. 2）The government which was responsible for this event attempted to find a solution.,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,一, 并列结

23、构作主语时的主谓一致 1.由and 连接的两个单数名词作主语时,谓语动词一般根据语法一致的原则用复数. 如: A young man and a girl want to go there. 一个青年男子和一个姑娘想去那里. 但如果在意义上指同一个人,同一件事或同一个概念时,谓语动词要用单数形式.如: A needle and thread was found on the floor. 在地板上找到了针线(穿了线的针).,2. 当each .and each., every.and every., no.and no., many a.and many a .结构作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式

24、.如: No man and no animal is to be found on the moon. 在月球上没发现人和动物. Many a doctor and many a nurse is busy with their work. 许多医生和护士都忙于他们的工作.,3.一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰,表示两个不同的概念时,谓语动词一 般用复数.如: Ancient and modern history are the subjects we are studying. 古代史和现代史是我们目前学习的课程. 但如果表示的是同一概念时应用单数.如: The last and m

25、ost difficult lesson is lesson14. 14课是最后一课也是最难的一课.,4. 在正式文体中： 1.由下列词语连接的并列主语：there be句型; or ; either or；nor; neithernor；whetheror；notbut; not onlybut also ; 等。e.g. What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都与我无关。 Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。 Not you but your father is to blam

26、e . 不是你，而是你父亲该受责备。 Not only you but(also) he is wrong .不仅你错了，他也错了。,非正式文体 No one except his own supporters agree with him .仅他自己的支持者同意他的意见。（依“就近”和“意义”一致的原则；但语法上，“No one ”才是主语，谓语要改成“agrees”。“写作中”一般要依“语法一致”原则。,2. 在倒装句中：谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。e.g. In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of

27、the people . 在远处，能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。 There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。,就远原则:当句子的主语后面带有表示说明性的修饰语时，其谓语动词的形式和主语保持人称及数上的一致。这样的表示说明性的修饰语有 with, together with, along with, like, rather than, as well as, but, besides ，except, in addition to, apart from, including,no less than等词或短语时,谓语动词应与前面的名词或代词保持一致。我们可以把它们后面连接的名词和代词看成插入语。 Tom, as well as all his family members, is fond of foo