大学英语四级阅读讲座--怎样提高英语阅读技能

1、Enjoy English Reading,IF U C RD TH MSG U C BKM AN ARCLGST D GT A GD JB,If (yo)u c(an) r(ea)d th(e) m(e)s(sa)g(e), (yo)u c(an) b(e)c(o)m(e) an arc(haeo)l(o)g(i)st (an)d g(e)t a g(oo)d j(o)b. If you can read the message, you can become an archaeologist and get a good job.,怎样提高英语阅读技能,1. 学习阅读技能，提高阅读能力,2

2、. 提高阅读心理运动技能,3. 提高辩认词汇的能力,4. 提高理解句子的能力,6. 提高寻找具体信息的技能,7. 提高猜词悟意的技能,8.提高略读的技能,5. 提高理解段落中心思想的技能,9.提高查阅的技能,10. 提高阅读文章的能力,1. 学习阅读技能，提高阅读能力,阅读是传递信息的交际行为 语言能力是基本的阅读能力 阅读技能的基本要素 学习阅读技能，提高阅读能力,(1) 阅读是传递信息的交际行为,阅读：发送者-信息-接受者 交际行为：双方的积极的思维活动。 They are flying model planes.,(2) 语言能力是基本的阅读能力,阅读能力=知识（语言知识+语言交际功能的

3、知识）+能力（记忆+判断+推理） She is a beautiful dancer.,(3) 阅读技能的基本要素,速度、理解和词汇 阅读速度问题：W.P.M(words per minute) 阅读速度(w.p.m) = 总词数/时间（秒）60 目标：阅读速度150w.p.m 理解率70% 阅读理解问题 词汇问题,阅读理解问题,1)能识别英语文稿中的词汇和短语； 2)能用自己掌握的有关外在世界的知识预测和解释书面材料： 3)能迅速找出语篇中的主要思想和次要信息，即阐连细节，能看出部分与整体关系、时间关系、地点关系、并列与从属关系等，并摘取可用于总结的具体信息； 4)能根据上下文推测不熟悉的词

4、汇意义和用法，看出不影响理解的语言冗余现象； 5)能理解句子结构的功能意义，如请求、 命令， 祈使原因、结果、目的，时间关系等； 6)能识别语篇中的语言信号词的关系如therefore+conclusion，however+contrastthat is+paraphrase，eg，+example等：,7)能在没有语言信号词的情况下辨认段落的功能如时间，空间，分类、例证。比较，对比、因果、推理等； 8)能判断句子间的逻辑关系,理解句内语义关系，段内语义关系和篇章语义关系； 9)能在速读中获取文章主旨大意,并看出文章中的思想和组织关系等； 10)能理解信息的内涵和作者的风格； 11)能看出作者

5、的日的、态度、口气或语气和文章的基调； 12)能看出印刷版面、标题、目录、书写符号、斜体和脚注等的作用,(4) 学习阅读技能，提高阅读能力,掌握正确的阅读方法，提高阅读能力 掌握正确的思维方法，提高阅读能力 掌握正确的记忆方法，提高阅读能力,2.提高阅读心理运动技能,(1)眼与脑的协调作用 眼球的运动是跳跃(jerks)式的。 “眼停”“fixation pause)。 (2)注视点与识别幅 注视点技能训练 I read the dot watch the dot you read on the dot look at the dot everyone reads right on the d

6、ot look at the dot now all of us read it carefully on the dot think what it says 视读技能训练 识别幅技能训练,(3)眼睛自左至右的运动 阅读专家一般认为，阅读距离正常(33厘米)，视野角扩大到90度或100度，如果一行平均八个词，每秒可读三十二个词 .,3.提高辩认词汇的能力,配词法 待配词 选择词 1. money moneyed mummy mony money monkey 2. compose compass compose composed compress 同义法 测试词 同义词或词组 1 . wor

7、ry fret trouble anger annoy 2. enjoy lead live have experience 同异法 1. hate love 2. large small,选词法 honesty honest honestly dishonest dishonesty. a. The lady had an honest face. Honestly speaking, she appreciated your honest praise. b. His frank account of his best friends _ surprised some people. c.

8、 _ is a virtue that we seek in all people. 完形填空法 词汇分析法,4. 提高理解句子的能力,l. At the corner of his eyes, little wrinkles, like light pencil tracings, stretched outward in a fan shape. The wrinkles became larger as time passed. He was showing signs of old age. 2. Millions of years ago, when the earths crust

9、 was softer in this region , there might have been a force that pushed the flat ground into ridges and giant wrinkles. The wrinkles became larger as time passed. Eventually these hills were formed, and trees grew over them to make the forests you see today.,提高理解句子的能力,(1)英语基本句型 I love you. (2)句型的扩展 P

10、olitical candidates often explain what they intend to do, but rarely explain how they are going to do it. (3)语义的照应 Florence could not have been the lone romantic. When the family found a young man in the next village to be her husband , she stood tractably beside the best rooster , his proxy , and p

11、romised before they met that she would be his forever .,(1) 基本句型,1. subject + Verb (S+V) Tastes differ. 2. Subject + Verb + Object (S+V+O) Heavy rain raised the water level of the river. 3. Subject + Verb + Indirect Object+Object($+V+IO+0) Money cant buy you love. 4. Subject + Verb +Object i-Objecti

12、ve Complement (S+V+O+OC) She named her daughter Sandy . 5. Subject + Linking Verb +Noun (S+LV+N) Loyalty is virtue. 6 Subject + Linking Verb + Adjective (S+LV+A) The air is quite refreshing,4. Subject + Verb +Object i-Objective Complement (S+V+O+OC) She named her daughter Sandy . 5. Subject + Linkin

13、g Verb +Noun (S+LV+N) Loyalty is virtue. 6 Subject + Linking Verb + Adjective (S+LV+A) The air is quite refreshing,(2) 句型的扩展,1.修饰扩展 增加形容词修饰语 增加副词修饰语 增加介词短语修饰语 修饰名词 修饰动词 修饰形容词 增加不定式或不定式短语修饰语 增加分词或分词短语修饰语 现在分词或分词短语修饰语 过去分词或分词短语修饰语 增加关系分句修饰语 增加从属分句修饰语 增加独立结构修饰语,2替代扩展 1用不定式或不定式短语替代 An action speaks loud

14、er than words. To act speaks louder than words. 2.用动名词或动名词短语替代 Locating a suitable place for such a meeting will take some time. Living at home would save that student a tot of money. 3用完整的分句替代 That coffee grows in Brazil is well-known to us all. That he will marry her seems unlikely.,3并列扩展 1连接并列成分衰

15、示引伸和增补的含义并列连词有and，both.and, not only.but also (but.as well)，nor，neither，neither.nor等 2.连接并列成分表示选择的含义 表示选择的并列连词有or, eitheror，whether.or等 3连接并列成分表示转折的含义 表示转折的并列连词常见的有but，yet，still等 4连接并列成分表示对比的概念 表示对比的并列连词有but，while，whereas，rather than等 5连接并列成分麦示因果概念 衷示因果关系的并列连词常见的有for，so等,(3)语义的照应,掌握英语基本句型和基本句型的扩展方式是

16、提高理解句子能力的一个方面。提高理解句子能力的另一个方面是掌握语义照应关系。 语义照应(semantic reference)指的是句内词与词之间，段内句与句之间的照应关系。 照应关系可分为人称照应，指示照应和比较照应。,(l) The capital of Czechoslovakia is Prague. (2)The city is famous for its fine old buildings , cobbled streets and museums.(3) The place also has wonderful theaters, cafes and restaurants.

17、,5. 提高理解段落中心思想的技能,主题句与段落特点 (1) The American is, on the whole, open-handed, generous, and hospitable, (2) No other people pours so much money into clutches, schools, hospitals, and other charities; (3) No other has given so freely to help less fortunate people around the globe. (4) While it is true t

18、hat a system of tax exemptions makes it easy for Americans to be generous, it is suggestive that American tax laws are designed to encourage giving.,主题句的位置,主题句置子段首。 主题句置于段末。 段首主题句与段末概括句。 主题句置于段中。 段中无主题句。 主题句在段首第二句.,6. 提高寻找具体信息的技能,时间型段落 空间位置型段落 分类型段落 例证型段落 定义型段落 程序型段落 因果型段落 比较-对比型段落 推理型段落 综合型段落,时间型段落

19、带有时间信号词,(1)介词： by (+specific time，即+具体时间) from (+specific time) until (+specific time) during (+period Of time)即十一段时间) In (+year，month，season) On (+day，date) at (+specific time) after，before，since(+specific time) (2)付词： afterwards first then next later finally subsequently eventually soon immediatel

20、y,(3)形容词： following next (4)介词词组： at the same time in the meantime (5)从属连词： after before when while,空间位置的语言信号词,介词: above across against along around beneath beside in in front of in the center inside near on outside over under on the side of on top of surrounded by 等. 名词或形容词: back base bottom center

21、 corner diameter east edge south west north exterior facing front horizontal interior parallel perimeter section symmetrical top vertical,分类型段落的语言信号词,名词； types kinds groups classes sorts sources categories varieties clusters 等. 动词：classify divide break into 等,例证型段落一般有下列语言信号词,如for example，for instanc

22、e，such as, that is, sample，case，specifically，generally，as proof，as follows，to name a few, to be specific等,定义型段落语言信号词,被定义项 + refer to be referred to (spoken of)as mean denote be described as be defined as be thought of as be known as be called (named or formed) be taken to be 十定 义 项(种差+屑概念),程序型段落语言信号

23、词,Introduction (thesis) 导言(命题) Step 1(phase 1) 第一步. Step 2(phase 2) 第二步 Step 3(phase 3) 第三步 Step 4(phase 4). 第四步 Steps 5，6，7(Phases 5,6,7)第五、六、七步 Conclusion (summary) 结论(小结等),因果型段落的结构模式,导言(包括命题) 原因1 原固2 原因3 原因4、5、6 结果 结论(小结),比较对比型段落结构模式,Introduction (includes thesis，sets up comparison) 导(包括命题，建立比较点)

24、 Subject 1 对象1 Characteristic 1 特征1 Characteristic 2 特征2 Characteristic 3 特征3 Characteristic 4 特征4 Subject 2 对象2 Characteristic 1 特征1 Characteristic 2 特征2 Characteristic 3 特征3 Characteristic 4 特征4 Conclusion (summary) 结论(小结),Introduction (includes thesis, sets up comparison)导言(包括命题，建立比较点) Characteri

25、stic 1 特征1 Subject 1 对象1 Subject 2 对象2 Characteristic 2 特征2 Subject 1 对象1 Subject 2 对象2 Characteristic 3 特征3 Subject 1 对象1 Subject 2 对象2 Characteristic 4 特征4 Subject 1 对象1 Subject 2 对象2 Conclusion (summary)结论(小结),推理型段落,推理型段落可分演绎型(deduction)和归纳型(induction)两种。归纳型是从具体到一般的推理过程；演绎型是从一般到具体的推理过程,7. 提高猜词悟意的

26、技能,定义法 A taxicab is a public vehicle, usually equipped with meter, for carrying passengers. The Sumerians, an ancient Babylonian people of the 4th century. B.C. ,may have observed this supernova, a very large exploding star seen in the sky as a bright mass for a while.,同位法 The opprobrium, the deep p

27、ublic disgrace, of his treason stayed with him all the years of his life. Hausa, namely , a language of the Sudan , is widely used as a trade language throughout western Africa. The painting the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci is a prize possession of the Louvre.,反义法 Unlike her gregarious sister, Jan

28、e is a shy, unsociable girl who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends. Mary was jubilant, but Jane was sorrowful.,上下义法 Most animals have some methods of protecting themselves from predators. The porcupine, for example, can roll itself into a tight ball; its sharp spines discourage at

29、tack.,8. 提高略读的技能,什么叫略读 运用下列技巧： 1要利用印刷细节(typographical details)如书或文章的标题、付标题、小标题、斜体宇黑体字、脚注、标点符号等对书或文章进行预测略读(preview skimming)。预测略读要了解作者的思路，文章展开方式(模式)，以便把握大意、有关的细节及其相互关系。 2以一般阅读速度(200-250wpm)阅读文章开头的一、两段，力求抓住文章大意，背景情况、作者的文体风格。口吻或语气等。 3阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意，然后略去细节不读，以求得略读速度。 4注章转折词和序列词。转折词如however，m

30、orever，in addition等；序列词如in the first place，secondly等,9.提高查阅的技能,什么是查阅 读者应运用下列技巧： 1首先要利用资料的编排形式。 2利用章节标题和说明。 3抓提示词。,10. 提高阅读文章的能力,般包括三个部分：导言(introduction)，正文(body)和结束语(conclusion) 几种常见的文章的结构形式： 1.记叙(narration)型文章的结构形式： Introduction(time，place，persons)导言(时间、地点、人物) Event 1 事件1 Event 2 事件2 Event 3 事件3； E

31、vent 4 事件4， Climax 高潮 Conclusion 结束语,2.列举(enumeration)型文章的结构形式: Introduction (includes thesis)导言(包括命题) First (the first, one). 第一 Second (the second，two) 第二 Third (the thirdthree) 第三 Fourth (the fourth, four) 第四 Finally (the final，five). 最后 Conclusion (summary) 结束语(小结),3.分类(classification)型文章的结构形式：

32、Introduction (includes thesis and class words)导言(命题和分类词) Type 1 类型1 Type 2 类型2 Type 3 类型3 Type 4 类型4 Conclusion (summary) 结束语(小结),4.例证(exemplification)型文章的结构形式： Introduction (includes the generalization)导言(包括总括词) Example 1 例证1 Example 2 例证2 Example 3 例证3 Example 4 饲证4 Conclusion 结束语,5.定义(definition)

33、型文章的结构形式： Introduction (includes sentence definition)导言(包括定义句) Supporting details 阐述细节 Supporting details 阐述细节 Supporting details 阐述细节 Supporting details 阐述细节 Conclusion (summary) 结束语(小结),11. 作一些具体的分析,What I Have Lived For -by Bertrand Russell Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have g

34、overned my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. Three passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course; over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair.,I have sought love, first,

35、because it brings ecstasy-ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it next, because it relieves loneliness-that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomab

36、le lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and through it might seem too good for human life, this is what-at last-I have found.,With eq

37、ual passion I have sought knowledge, I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.,Love and knowledge, so far as

38、 they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people, a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain m

39、ake a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer. This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and gladly would live it again if the chance were offered me.,12. 阅读理解的应试思路,1文长题少，略读的方式先读一遍，然后带着问题去查阅。 2文短题多，则应仔细阅读该短文，再去做题。 3一段文章的中心思想，则应重点读

40、段首句和段末句. 4解答数字、人名、地名、时间等，则可直接用查阅的方法来寻求答案。 5. 解答词义、句义、上下文关系、判断推理引申及作者观点和态度时，则用精读的方法来解题。 6事实多、涉及面广，可采取抓关键词的办法，记住文章中所淡及的各个方面，从而判断选答问题。,阅读理解部分主要测试考生以下能力,1掌握所读材料的主旨和大意； 2了解用以阐述主旨的事实和有关细节； 3根据上下文判断某些词汇和短语的意义； 4既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的逻辑关系； 5根据所读材料进行一定的判断、推理和引申； 6领会作者的观点与态度。,Amtrak (美国铁路客运公司) was experiencing

41、a downswing in ridership (客运量) along the lines comprising its rail system. Of major concern to Amtrak and its advertising agency DDB Needham, were the long-distance western routes where rider ship had been declining significantly.,At one time, trains were the only practical way to cross the vast are

42、as of the west. Trains were fast, very luxurious, and quite convenient compared to other forms of transportation existing at the time. However, times change and the automobile became Americas standard of convenience. Also, air travel had easily established itself as the fastest method of traveling g

43、reat distances. Therefore, the task for DDB Needham was to encourage consumers to consider other aspects of trains travel in order to change their attitudes and increase the likelihood that trains would be considered for travel in the west.,Two portions of the total market were targeted: 1) anxious

44、fliers-those concerned with safety, relaxation and cleanliness and 2 ) travel-lovers-those viewing themselves as relaxed, casual, and interested in the travel experience as part of their vacation. The agency then developed a campaign that focused on travel experiences such as freedom, escape, relaxa

45、tion, and enjoyment of the great western outdoors. It stressed experiences gained by using the trains and portrayed western train trips as wonderful adventures.,Advertisements showed pictures of the beautiful scenery that could be enjoyed along some of the more famous western routes arid emphasized the romantic names o s