自考商务英语写作

1、商务英语写作,名词解释题,写作目的(writing purpose) 受众/读者(audience) 构思过程(thought process) 演绎式组织模式(deductive organizational patterns) 归纳式组织模式(inductive organizational patterns) 直接组织模式(direct organizational patterns) 间接组织模式(indirect organizational patterns) 写作修改的3个步骤(three distinct stages of revision: adding on; movin

2、g around; cutting out) 管理沟通(managerial communication) 组织沟通(organizational communication) 人际关系与团队建设(human relationships and team building) 销售沟通(sales communication) 商务文件(business documentation) 国际交流（跨文化交际）(international communication/ intercultural communication) 表达式写作(expressive writing) 沟通式写作(commu

3、nicative writing) 简洁风格(clarity) 简易风格(the plain style) 简明风格(concision) 附件说明信函(cover letters of rsum) 3类求职信函(three general types of cover letters for job applications: the application letter; the prospecting letter; networking letter ) 后续询问信函(follow-up letter) 致谢信函(thank-you letter) 谢绝工作回复(job rejecti

4、on letter) 接受工作回复(job acceptance letter) 辞职信函(resignation letter),名词解释题,告别信函(farewell letter) 常见履历表格式(common rsum formats)：按年月顺序(chronological rsum format) 按任职顺序(functional rsum format) 复合式(combination rsum format) 简短文件(short document) 信息咨询函(message to obtain information) 谈判便函(messages that negotiat

5、e) 说服沟通便函(persuasive messages) 商务便函的特征（8C）：清晰性（clarity）正确性（correctness）具体性（concreteness）完整性（completeness）周到性（consideration）礼貌性（courtesy）简洁性（conciseness）一致性（coherence） 商务备忘录版式(format of a business memo) 商务备忘录功能(function of a business memo) 信函结构(structure of a letter) 信件和信封格式(styles of letter and enve

6、lop) 会议纪要(minutes) 逐字记录(verbatim minutes) 决议记录(minutes of resolution) 陈述记录(minutes of narration) 记录内容版式(minutes content format) 会议议程(meeting agenda) 会议筹划(meeting preparations) 会议程序（3个环节）(meeting process: planning problem identified and defined; objective costs and timeframe estimated) 内部提案模式的内容版式(co

7、ntent format of internal proposal) 征集提案(Request for Proposal, RFP) 征集启示的基本要素(basic components of a RFP) 提案评估(proposal evaluation),引证信息(documenting information) 解析数据(interpreting data) 常规商务报告(routine reports) 任务报告(task reports) 条目清单功能 (itemized lists) 图表辅助功能(graphic aids) 标题的功能(headings) 协议的本质(essenc

8、e of a deal) 合同的修订(contractual modifications) 违约与补偿(breach of contract and remedy) 律师费用条款(attorneys fees clause) 合同免责(escape from contract) 第三方签字(third party signature) 合同追加条款(contract rider) 合同授权(authorization) 商务谈判(contract negotiation) 合同起草(contract drafting) 合同实施(execution) 合同终止(closeout) 合同(con

9、tract) 合同有效性(validity of contracts) 要约(offer) 接受(acceptance) 法定权力(capacity),Sales contracts 买卖合同 Contracts for supply of power ,water,gas or heat 供应电、水、气、热力合同 Contracts for loan of money 借款合同 Leasing contracts 租赁合同 Financial leasing contracts 承揽合同 Contracts for construction projects建设工程合同 Carriage c

10、ontracts运输合同 Technology contracts 技术合同 Safekeeping contracts 保管合同 Warehousing contracts 仓库合同 Agency appointment contracts 委托合同 Trading-trust contracts行纪合同 Brokerage contracts居间合同,Unit 1 Business Writing商务英语写作,一、学习目的与要求 本单元主要讲述商务英语写作的基本概念。学习本单元的目的是要了解商务英语写作的写作要求，写作形式与写作过程及步骤。在学习过程中，要注意下列问题：（1）商务英语写作的

11、目的； （2）商务英语写作的体裁形式与写作要求； （3）商务英语写作的进行步骤。,二、 考核知识点与考核目标,（一）商务英语写作的进行步骤 （重点） 识记：商务英语写作的步骤： （1）planning计划 （2）research调研 （3）organization组织 （4）composition起草 （5）revision修改 （6）editing and proofreading编辑及校对 （7）writing checklist列出注意事项 应用：1. 写作计划 2. 文章修改与校对,（二）商务英语写作的写作要求 （次重点） 识记：商务英语写作课程开设的意义 Business (incl

12、uding commercial, technical and official) correspondence is a vital factor in making the world of business run effectively and productively. No modern businesses could exist for long without letters and other forms of written communications. Outward business letters, documents and papers are reflect

13、ions of a companys image. A well-developed and prepared business document will allow you and your organization to build confidence, competence and trustworthiness in your suppliers, customers, community, financial circles, regulatory bodies and other public. Therefore, a good knowledge of written co

14、mmunications is crucial for the people involved in business. Your career success, from both a personal and professional stand point, will depend to a great extent on your ability to communicate. Regardless of your specific profession and responsibilities, your ability to think and writeprecisely, th

15、oroughly, originally-represents the most valuable contribution you can make to your organization. There are undoubtedly other men and women who can do what you do, perhaps not quite so well, but well enough to get the job done. But no one can duplicate your thought and writing processes. So anything

16、 you can do to improve your ability to think and write is additional success insurance. People evaluate you both formally and informally by your communication skills (We typically tend to gauge the intelligence of others and their ability to do a given job by their use of language and other communic

17、ation skills). Knowing your job responsibilities wont be enough for success on the job. You need to be able to get your ideas across to others especially in writing. 理解：1. 商务英语写作的基本要求 2. 商务英语写作的效用 3. 商务英语的写作风格,（三）商务英语写作的目的及重要性 （一般） 识记：1. 商务英语写作的重要性 2. 商务英语写作的目的 理解：高质量写作的益处,Key,Unit 1 1T2F3T4T5T 6F7T

18、8F9T10F 11F12T13F14T15T 16T17T18F19T20T,Expressive writing Expressive writing is mainly concerned with academic learning. It is personal and informal, employed to encourage comprehension and reflection on the part of the writer. Open-ended and creative, expressive writing is a good way to start lear

19、ning about a topic. The process of writing a restless cycle of inquiry, composition, and revision pushes students and learners toward the true goals of higher education: critical thinking, creativity, analysis, synthesis, and informed judgment. In this view, then, writing is primarily about thinking

20、 and learning, not showing off what you already know. If a writing task teaches you nothing, assignment has been a failure.,Communicative writing By contrast, communicative writing is analytic, formal and more or less impersonal. It presupposes that the writer already has considerable knowledge and

21、understanding of the topic, and is writing to inform or to persuade a reader. It demands adherence to established conventions of tone, voice, diction, evidence, and citation; these conventions will vary according to discipline and type (e.g. memo, E-mail, business report, plan, and proposal, lab rep

22、ort, history paper, legal brief). Writers communicate their thoughts to others in writing via proper application of methods of Persuading and Informing.,Business According to the lexical definitions, the term of business covers operations of all organizations, not just confined to the commercial org

23、anizations. Every organization or every business transaction (or dealing) requires communication a phone call, meeting, letter, memo, oral presentation, formal report, contract, complaint or claim and the success of the business dealings depends on the effectiveness of the oral and written communica

24、tions. One of the clichs in business is that nothing happens until somebody sells something. Communication is central in business because it is central in life: it establishes relationships, and makes human organization possible.,Business writing It goes without saying that “business” covers an extr

25、emely broad spectrum of entities and activities, and you probably also aware, at least intuitively, that “business writing” covers an equally broad spectrum of organizations and business activities. Therefore, when we talk about “business writing,” were talking about a great many different things. I

26、n other word, nobody reads business documents or writings for pleasure. Business writing differs from other writings in the following features: Purposeful It solves problems, conveys information, calls for actions, records events and so on; Transactional (result-oriented) Each writing or document mu

27、st accomplish one specific task. If not, the writing is meaningless; Reader-oriented - It focuses on the receiver, not the sender; Dynamic Business writers are writing in the dynamic and changing business environments; and Economical Time is money, and resources are limited. We must make full use of

28、 them, including time.,Writing process The writing process consists of series of steps (of planning, research, organization, composition, revision, editing be succinct. Keep your message short and to the point. Good writer build ideas from sentence to sentence. The simple declarative sentence is the

29、 easiest way to process information. Sentences that differ from that simple structure may cause readability problems. The trick is to use conversational tone for your business writing because language used in letters and emails was supposed to be modeled on everyday speech of well-educated person, w

30、ithout slipping into vulgarities.,Correctness Correctness is all about making it right. Letters filled with errors are distracting. Readers get so distracted by misspelled words and poor grammar that they miss the point. If you send a letter thats filled with mistakes, your real message is that you

31、are sloppy and careless. So, correctness is primarily concerned with the mastery of English grammar. This is no surprise. With a clear understanding of the fundamentals of grammar, one has a solid base on which to continually refine ones knowledge of grammar. Allied with this competence is the maste

32、ry of the mechanics of writing. Again, this is no surprise. The ability to form coherent sentences and paragraphs is essential for great writing. One can also develop powerful skills such as predominantly using action words, delimiting subject matter within each paragraph, editing ones writing so it

33、 read smoothly, and so on.,Concreteness Concreteness is about making it concrete rather than abstract. Concrete and abstract patterns of language reflect an authors word choice. Abstract words (for example, “wisdom,” “power,” “beauty” and “dedication”) refer to general ideas, qualities, or condition

34、s. They represent an abstract or intangible concept. Concrete words name material objects and items associated with the five senses words like “rock,” “computer,” “operating manual” and “basketball.” They are objects and substances that exist physically. Both abstract and concrete languages are usef

35、ul in communicating ideas. Generally you should not be too abstract in business writing. It is best to employ concrete words, naming things that can be seen, touched, smelled, heard, or tasted in order to support generalizations, topic sentences, or more abstract idea. Abstractions may be interprete

36、d somewhat differently from one reader to the next and therefore may not always be appropriate for business writing for external audiences. Concrete nouns, however, help to convey specific detail and communicate facts rather than impressions.,Completeness - Your responsibility as a communicator is t

37、o plan, shape and assemble your outgoing message and information so that it will be complete. The opposite side of complete message and information is incomplete. Lets assume in a case where your decision was made based the incomplete message and information, and then what would happen? You either m

38、ightnt get there or suffered a loss because of poor, deficient, distorted information and message. A complete message or information prevents a poor impressions and unwanted outcome, and saves time for the reader. Unnecessary letters add up to unnecessary time and costs.,Consideration Consideration

39、is all about adaptation (writing in you customers shoes). The styles of a memo and letter should be adapted to the reader and the subject. To superiors it should be respectful and deferential; to inferiors, courteous; to friends, familiar; to relations, affectionate; to children, simple and playful.

40、 On important subjects it should be forcible and impressive; on lighter subjects, easy and sprightly; in condolence, tender and sympathetic; in congratulations, lively and joyous. At some point in our lives, most of us have received an angry letter. Your letters may have come from a jilted lover, an

41、 ex-spouse and an angry relative, a creditor. What did you feel after reading those angry letters? You may feel ashamed, guilty and threatened, right? In business, letters filled with angry, blaming statements will alienate your customers, suppliers, any neutral decision-makers, mediators, hearing o

42、fficers, or judges. Sarcastic, threatening and intimidating letters will create negative emotions in your clients memory bank. So if youre tempted to fire off a letter, you may trigger a negative sympathy factor among your customers. It wont do good to you and your business at all. Remembering to co

43、nsideration requires business writers to write to be understood, not to overwhelm. This means you need to express ideas in a fashion your readers can read quickly, understand, remember and act upon. Lets put it another way. Keep your business writing conversational. Your business writing should soun

44、d as natural as a telephone conversation. Thats all business writing is conversation on paper. In his book, “Talking Straight,” Lee Iacocca wrote, “write the way you talk. If you dont talk that way, dont write that way.” In school, you are told to use various academic paradigms to impress people wit

45、h your vocabulary. In the workplace, you should tap your knowledge of business language skillfully to inform, to persuade or to communicate. You will be not writing for getting a grade, but for getting your desired business result. The trick is not to make people guess what you mean.,Courtesy Mindin

46、g your manners not only matters in your oral communication but equally, if not more, important in the written communication. Courtesy is a writing quality of message in which the writer must show his/her own sincere, polite and gracious manners. Writing in the readers shoes is not enough if you dont

47、 care about your image-building in the written message. Business writers should not take it for granted simply because your style and tone of oral and written message in the eyes of the reader really has a short-and-long effect in the readers mind. For instance, a text full of biased, rude, hostile,

48、 belligerent and threatening language may leave an indelible mark on its audience. Writers do not have luxury of treating casually any writing that they do. Words outlive actions. Thus, courtesy requires you to write polite, considerate and diplomatic “Mr. Manners” Letters, listing the problems but

49、keeping you style and tone pleasant, professional and businesslike.,Conciseness Emails and letters must be concise. Brevity is highly desirable. On the other hand, the subject matter should determine length, and clarity, above all, should not be sacrificed for conciseness. As discussed above, we mus

50、t first make our messages clear in what they say, and then consider making it concise. Conversely, concise and succinct language enhances clarity. Conciseness is all about methods of eliminating wordiness. Conciseness means you write and say in the fewest possible words without sacrificing the other

51、 C qualities. A concise message saves time and expenses for both sender and receiver. Conciseness contributes to emphasis and make important ideas stand out, and last longer.,Coherence Coherence is a quality in effective writing that results from the careful ordering of each sentence in a paragraph

52、and each paragraph in the paper. If an essay (the paragraph) is coherent, each part (each sentence) will grow naturally and logically from those parts (sentences) that come before it. Following careful chronological, logical, spatial, or sequential order is the most natural way to achieve coherence

53、in writing. The main devices used in achieving coherence are transitions, which help to connect one thought with another. Unity is another quality of effective writing closely associated with coherence. These two qualities cant fall apart simply because cohesive sentences and parts are not necessari

54、ly unified or consistent with the central idea in an essay. Unity is a feature in an essay whereby all material relates to a central concept and contributes to the meaning of the whole. To achieve a unified effect in an essay, the writer must design an effective introduction and conclusion, maintain

55、 consistent tone or point of view, develop middle paragraph in a coherent, congruent, and consistent manner, and above all stick to the subject, never permitting unimportant or irrelevant elements to enter. Congruity is also closely allied with coherence in writing. Making your message congruent is

56、about making it harmonious and flowing. You may have many great ideas, but present them poorly. Readers may have hard time get at it. Congruity requires business writers to develop their ideas, concepts and thoughts in 2 directions of efforts to be congruent. In one direction, we must admit that “th

57、inking and language are linked together,” as Albert Einstein said. In “so-called abstract concepts, language becomes an instrument of reasoning in the true sense of the word. But it is also this development which turns language into a dangerous source of error and deception.” In the other direction,

58、 “we may conclude that the mental development of the individual and his way of forming concepts depend to a high degree upon language.” (Albert Einsteins essay on The Common Language of Science). Consistency of purpose (COP) is the most important writing virtue because without COP you cant practice

59、any other virtues consistently. In other word, you can practice any virtue erratically, but nothing consistently without COP. Unless your organization uses a specific style manual for its written communications, the most important thing is to remain consistent, both within a particular document, and from document to document. Furthermore, business writers must connect their writing with the companys mission, objectives, strategies and policies. For instance, a company declares itself as a customer-focused, quality-oriented and environment-friendly organization. But in realit