（5年高考3年模拟A版）浙江省2020年高考英语总复习 专题十一 推理判断课件.ppt

1、专题十一推理判断,高考英语（浙江专用）,一、遵循文章主旨,利用文章结构 一篇文章所有的信息都和文章的主旨有密切的联系,所以,整体上理解文章是提高推理判断类题目正确率的关键。我们可以从文章的各个段意来综合推断出文章的主旨,从而根据主旨来进行特定的推理判断。阅读时,我们首先要从整体上把握语篇意义,这样才能透过字里行间体会作者的“弦外之音”,理解作者的意图和态度。推理判断题不能毫无根据地凭主观臆断作出推理,也不能妄加猜测,对表面文字信息作多步推理,必须忠实于原文,以材料所提供的相关事实和线索为依据,使作出的,方法技巧,推理合乎文意。其主要方法是:快速阅读全文后,根据题干和四个选项的内容,在原文中找出

2、相关信息,仔细分析,吃透其字面意义,然后对四个选项逐个分析并进行对比,那些对相关信息进行同义改写或综合表达的选项通常是问题的答案。另外,还要结合文章所属话题的背景知识即考生的经验和常识作出合理的推理判断。此外,要特别注意的是选项中经常出现文章的原句,虽然没错,但这不是推断出的内容;还有些选项,推断出的内容离原文意义太远,找不到确切的根据,这些肯定不是答案。 做题时必须明确推理判断题的正确选项要和文章的主旨在信息和色彩上一致。推断内容不是独立的内容,而一定是和文章的主旨信息一致的信息链。因此,在做推理判断题时,一定要注意和文章主旨的一致性。即如果文章的主旨对相关的信息是积极的,那么其设题的目的大

3、多是积 极的,反之,则会是消极的。,例The freezing Northeast hasnt been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter,so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota,Florida,my bags were packed before you could say“sunshine”.I left for the land of warmth and vitamin C(维生素C),thinking of beaches and orange trees.When

4、 we touched down to blue skies and warm air,I sent up a small prayer of gratefulness.Swimming pools,wine tasting,and pink sunsets(at normal evening hours,not 4 in the afternoon)filled the weekend,but the best partparticularly to my taste,dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetableswas a 7 a.m.ad

5、venture to the Sarasota farmers market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call.,The market,which was founded in 1979,sets up its tents every Saturday from 7 a.m.to 1 p.m.,rain or shine,along North Lemon and State streets.Baskets of perfect red strawberries;the red-painted sides of t

6、he Java Dawg coffee truck;and most of all,the tomatoes:amazing,large,soft and round red tomatoes. Disappointed by many a broken,vine-ripened(蔓上成熟的)promise,Ive refused to buy winter tomatoes for years.No matter how attractive they look in the store,once I get them home theyre unfailingly dry,hard,and

7、 tasteless.But I homed in,with uncertainty,on one particular table at the Browns Grove Farms stand,full of fresh and soft tomatoes the size of my fist.These were the real dealand at that moment,I realized that the best,part of Sarasota in winter was going to be eating things that back home in New Yo

8、rk I wouldnt be experiencing again for months. Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight,my happiness deepened when I learned that Browns Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty,a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton,whereluckily for meI was planning to have dinner that v

9、ery night.Without even seeing the menu,I knew Id be ordering every tomato on it. What did the author think of her winter life in New York? A.Exciting.B.Boring. C.Relaxing.D.Annoying.,分析在本文的第一段,作者就用不少的篇幅描写了对西北地区的厌倦和对佛罗里达的向往。第二、三段,作者用对比的方式表明自己对新的地方的喜欢,对纽约的讨厌。因此,从整个文章中都可以看出作者对纽约的冬季生活是感到厌倦的,故B项正确。 二、准确定

10、位相关信息,根据上下文做出正确判断 推理判断很多情况下是对特定信息的判断。因此,抓准相关信息是解题的重要手段。在定位了相关的信息后,根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理,从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。对此类题,要弄清并把握作者的写作思路,绝不能按自己的主观经验去推理。,例500 dog owners played the same games at home that researchers use in the laboratory and contributed data to a study of what goes on inside the minds of thei

11、r dogs. In one of the games, the dogs watched as their owners hid food under one of two cups. Then while the dogs eyes were covered, the owner switched the food to the other cup. And the owners found that most dogs went to where they last saw the food. The result has been repeated in seven different

12、 research groups and more than a dozen different studies. “Most people think dogs use their sense of smell for everything,”a researcher said. “But actually dogs use a whole range of senses when solving problems.”,The data were collected through a website called Dognition. that was developed by Brian

13、 Hare, an associate professor who studies dog cognition(认知). Analysis of the unusually large data set created by Dognition. has also found that all dogs have a unique set of cognitive(认知的)skills that they use to deal with the world around them. Some dogs were found to be good municators, some had be

14、tter memories and others were better at taking their owners perspective. “Most people think of intelligence as a glass that is more or less full,”Hare said.“But intelligence is more like ice cream. Everybody has differ-ent flavors. Being good at one thing doesnt mean you will be good at ev- erything

15、 else.”,Hare said these kinds of findings were only possible with the big data sets that citizen scientists were able to offer. “So much is possible when you have this much data,”Hare said. “Im looking forward to dog owners answering all the big questions that have puzzled scientists for decades.” W

16、hat can we infer from what Hare said? A.Intelligence is unique to man and dogs. B.Dogs use the same cognitive skill to handle problems. C.There is still something about dogs puzzling scientists. D.Dogs use a whole range of senses when solving problems.,分析本题的关键信息是Hare,因此我们就可以主要定位Hare所说的话的相关部分信息。从Hare

17、所讲的话,也就是文章的最后两段可以知道,有关这个问题的答案还要等更大的数据才能确定。因此C项正确。要特别注意本题D项有一定的干扰。尽管该句子所表述的意思是对的,但是和题干中的Hare是不相关的。 三、根据文章中所使用的词语的感情色彩来推断信息 文章中所使用的描述相关信息的词语色彩可以为推理判断提供有效的线索。,例Every man wants his son to be somewhat of a clone, not in features but in footsteps. As he grows you also age, and your ambitions bee more unac

18、hievable. You begin to realize that your boy, in your footsteps, could probably acplish what you hoped for. But footsteps can be mud-died and they can go off in different directions. My son Jody has hated school since day one in kindergarten. Science pro-jects waited until the last moment. Book repo

19、rts werent written until the final threat. Ive been a newspaperman all my adult life. My daughter is a university graduate working toward her masters degree in English. But Jody? When he entered the tenth grade he became a “vo-tech”student(技校学生).,Theyre called“motorheads” by the rest of the student

20、body. When a secretary in my office first called him“motorhead”, I was shocked. “Hey, hes a good kid,” I wanted to say.“And smart, real-ly.” I learned later that motorheads are, indeed, different. They usually have dirty hands and wear dirty work clothes. And they dont often make school honor rolls(

21、光荣榜). But being the parent of a motorhead is itself an experience in education. We who labor in clean shirts in offices dont have the abilities that motor-heads have. I began to learn this when I had my car crashed. The cost to repair it was estimated at $ 800. “Hey, I can fix it,” said Jody. I doub

22、ted it, but let him go ahead, for I had nothing to lose.,My son, with other motorheads, fixed the car. They got parts(零件)from a junkyard, and ability from vo-tech classes. The cost was $ 25 instead of $800. Since that first repair job, a broken air-conditioner, a non-functioning washer and a non-toa

23、sting toaster have been fixed. Neighbors and co-workers trust their car repairs to him. These kids are happiest when doing repairs. They joke and laugh and are living in their own relaxed world. And their minds are bright despite their dirty hands and clothes. I have learned a lot from my motorhead:

24、publishers need printers, engineers,need mechanics, and architects need builders. Most importantly, I have learned that fathers dont need clones in footsteps or anywhere else. My son may never make the school honor roll. But he made mine. In the authors eyes, motorheads are. A.tidy and hard-working

25、B.cheerful and smart C.lazy but bright D.relaxed but rude,分析作者对motorheads的评价内容在倒数第三段,由They joke and laugh.And their minds are bright中的laugh,bright等词可以知道作者对他们的态度是肯定的,认为他们是“cheerful and smart”的。作者在文章使用的词和选项的词色彩是一致的。 观点和态度通常表达个人对某个话题、行为、事件的感觉或判断。作者的观点、态度的主要标志是其描述相应的事件时所用的词语的感情色彩。尤其是一些修饰性的词语,如形容词、副词等。这类

26、词的感情色彩是非常主观的,也最能表明观点、态度和立场。这些词以形容词为主。例如:如果作者使用satisfying, 就标志着作者的态度是积极的、肯定的。如果使用disappointing,那么毫无疑问是否定的态度。 所以,我们要利用词语的褒贬性进行信息推断,找出标志性词汇或句子, 并且能够正确分清选项中的表示支持或肯定、中立、反对或否定的词语。,1.表示肯定 approval n.赞成 positive adj.积极的,明确的 favorable adj.赞成的, 有利的 friendly adj.友好的 enthusiastic adj.热情的,热心的 optimistic adj.乐观的

27、satisfied adj.满意的 supportive adj.支持的,2.表示否定 disappointed adj.失望的 disapproval n.不赞成 disgust v.使厌恶,使反感 dissatisfaction n.不满 critical adj.批评的 contempt n.蔑视, 轻蔑 hostile adj.敌对的 negative adj.否定的 objection n.异议 opposition n.反对,sarcastic adj.讽刺的 pessimistic adj.悲观的 worried adj.担心的,焦虑的 3.表示怀疑 suspicious adj

28、.可疑的, 怀疑的 doubtful adj.可疑的, 不确定的 4.表示客观(即中立态度,只陈述事实,不表示明确的态度) disinterested adj.无私的, 公正的 factual adj.事实的, 包含事实的 impartial adj.公正的, 不偏不倚的 indifferent adj.漠不关心的,中立的,matter-of-fact adj.据实的 neutral adj.中立的 objective adj.客观的 unprejudiced adj.没有偏见的 四、通过文章的细节描述来进行信息判断 细节描述是推理判断题的重要线索。作者为了论证他的观点,经常会提供一些细节或例

29、证。这些细节或例证就是我们推断判断的依据。,例Digital technologyemail and smart phones especiallyhave vastly improved workers ability to be productive outside of a traditional office. Even so, most white-collar work still happens in an office. One reason is that, according to findings of a new survey(调查)of office workers

30、con-ducted by Wakefield Research for the IT pany Citrix, most bosses are doubtful about remote working. Half of the workers say their boss doesnt accept it, and only 35 percent say its tolerated. Skeptical bosses will likely have their doubts reinforced(加深)by the same survey, which shows that 43 per

31、cent of workers say theyve watched TV or a movie while “working” remotely, while 35 percent have done housework,and 28 percent have cooked dinner.,It is true, however,that working at home makes people much more efficient(高效的), because it allows workers to take care of annoying housework while still

32、getting their jobs done. Its much faster, for example, to shop for groceries at a quarter to three than to stand in line during the after-work rush. The fact that such practices remain officially unaccepted reflects how far we havent e as a society from the days when we expected every full-time work

33、er to be supported by a full-time homemaker. More broadly the Wakefield survey suggests that employers may be miss-ing a low-cost way to give workers something of value. Sixty-four percent of those survey participants who havent worked remotely would rather,give up some bonus in order to get even on

34、e day a week working from home. Under such circumstances, smart firms need to find ways to let their employees have enough flexibility to manage their time efficiently. What seems to be most workers attitude toward remote working? A.Doubtful.B.Favorable. C.Reserved.D.Disapproving. 分析本题考查大多数工人对远程工作的态

35、度。信息在文章的最后一段,“百分之六十四的没有远程工作经历的受访者宁愿放弃一些奖金,也希望一周中有一天在家工作”,从此可以看出,工人们还是希望在家工作的。因此选B,意为“肯定的”。,五、巧解文章出处题 文章出处题是推理判断常用的题型,在近年的高考中时有出现。这种题型有其特有的解题方式。解题时要根据文章的内容、结构、用词特点以及一些特定的信息点来判断。,例The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital.She is quiet but alert(警觉).Twenty centimeters from her face res

36、earchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it.She stares at it carefully.A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another,this time with the spots differ-ently spaced.As the cards change from one to the other,her gaze(凝视)starts to lose its focusuntil a third,with three black s

37、pots, is presented.Her gaze returns:she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card.Can she tell that the number two is different from three,just 24 hours after ing into the world? Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer?The same experiment,but with three spots shown before two,

38、shows the same return of interest when,the number of spots changes.Perhaps it is just the newness?When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects(a b, a key, an orange and so on),changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves.Could it

39、be the pattern that two things make,as opposed to three?No again.Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three,or three to two.The effect even crosses between senses.Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when th

40、ey then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two;likewise(同样地)when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots. Where does this text probably e from?,A.Science fiction. B.Childrens literature. C.An advertisement. D.A science report. 分析婴儿究竟能不能感知数量呢?科研人员对此进行了实验研究。文章的内容是有关科学研究和

41、实验的,文章的结构有提出的理论、实验、结果等,符合科研报告的特点。因此选D。,文章出处题常见的设题方式有: The passage is most likely to be taken from. Where can this passage most probably appear? 此类题目的选项一般有: 1)a newspaper 2)a website(the net, the Internet) 3)an advertisement 4)a science report,5)a childrens book 6)science fiction 7)a magazine 8)a tex

42、t book 此类题目判断的特点: A.若是来自报纸, 那么一般会有地点、通讯社名称、时间等标志性信息。 B.若是来自网站, 那么一般会有website, click here, 或提供链接网址等。 C.来自广告的材料一般会有价格、用途、特点等的推销介绍。,D.选自科学报道的文章一般在内容上比较严谨,有研究方法、过程、结 果等的科学描述。 E.选自儿童读物的文章从内容及文字特点即可看出来。文章内容应该是有关小孩子的,而且语言很符合小孩的特点。 F.科幻小说的内容超越我们的日常生活。这类文章特点比较明显,所以主要从其内容上判断。 G.如果不是以上几类,那么大多就是杂志了。一般杂志的材料内容范围比

43、较广。和其他的区别主要在版面格式、文章结构方式上。杂志一般会在文章前面有导读,而主要内容则会分为两栏。 H.很少会有文章来自课本,此类设题一般是无效选项。如果有,那么就应该有章节、第几课等特点信息。,六、文章后续内容推测题的解题方法 文章后续内容的判断是推理判断题的重要设题方式之一,也是难点。而此类题目的解题方法也有其特点。 例The term“helicopter parents”refers to a style of parents who are over focused on their children. Helicopter parents are always making a

44、 big push to provide children with every opportunity to succeed,from baby steps at age 1,homework at age 8,college application at age 18,employment issues at age 25 to family prob-lems at age 30,40 or even older.They constantly shadow the child,always directing his behavior,allowing him zero alone t

45、ime.,Helicopter parenting can develop for a number of reasons.Worries about the economy,the job market,and the world in general can push parents to-ward taking more control over their childs life in an attempt to protect them.Adults who felt unloved or ignored as children can overpensate with their

46、own children.When parents see other overinvolved parents,it can cause a similar response.They feel that if they dont involve themselves in their childrens lives,they are bad parents. The main problem with helicopter parenting is that it can backfire.To give an example,the house where Mary lived with roommates was broken into and things were stolen.Mary called the landlord(房东)to install an alarm system,but before she could finish the negotiations(协