电子信息工程专业英语课件2.ppt

1、Unit 1 Electronic Devices,Lesson 3 Microprocessors,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,2,Lesson 3 Microprocessors,Backgrounds Text tour Language in use Vocabulary Structure Reading/writing techniques,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,3,Terminology micron, data width, MIPS reset tri-state buffer pipelining A brief summary o

2、f all Pentium families,Backgrounds,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,4,Terminology,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,5,micron是“微米(百万分之一米)”的意思，和m一样。Micron值用于度量相应芯片中的最小线宽。Micron值越小，芯片中集成的晶体管数量就越多。 data width是指算术逻辑单元ALU的字长。8-bit的ALU可以进行两个8-bit 数的加、减、乘等运算，32-bit 的ALU可以对32-bit的数进行操作。外部数据总线的宽度一般和ALU的数据宽度相同，但也有例外。如8088 的ALU 是16

3、-bit，而其外部数据总线为8-bit；而Pentium处理器的ALU 是32-bit，而其外部数据总线为64-bit. MIPS Million Instructions Per Second 每秒百万条指令。MIPS是一个粗略表征微处理器性能的指标。因为现代微处理器的种类繁多、结构各不相同，MIPS 指标所能反映的信息很有限。,micron, data width, MIPS,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,6,Reset 复位 复位是指“使系统状态处于指定的初始值”,reset,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,7,tri-state buffer 三态缓冲器

4、A tri-state buffer is a device that allows you to control when an output signal makes it to the bus. When the tri-state buffers control bit is active, the input of the device makes it to the output. When its not active, the output of the device is Z, which is high-impedance or, equivalently, nothing

5、. There is no electrical signal is allowed to pass to the output.,tri-state buffer,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,8,A technique where the microprocessor fetches the next instruction before completing execution of the previous instruction, in order to increase processing speed.） 流水线是一种在前一条指令全部执行完之前就开始取下一条指令，

6、以提高处理速度的技术。,pipelining,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,9,A brief summary of all Pentium families,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,10,Pentium 4 - Introduced in 2000 (1.4-3.4GHz) Latest Pentium architecture started out with a 400MHz system bus and 256KB L2 cache (later increased to 800MHz and 2MB). The first models cont

7、ained 42 million transistors, used the 0.18 micron process and came in 423-pin and 478-pin PGA packages. Intels first Pentium 4 chipset was the 850 and supported only Rambus memory (RDRAM), but subsequent chipsets switched to DDR SDRAM. Celeron - Introduced in 1998 (266MHz-2.8GHz) Less expensive Pen

8、tium chips due to smaller L2 caches. First Celerons had no L2 cache, but 128KB on-die cache was added in 1999. Celerons started out with 66 and 100MHz system buses that migrated to 400MHz.,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,11,Pentium III - 1999-2001 (500MHz-1.13GHz) The Pentium III added 70 additional instruct

9、ions to the Pentium II. The Pentium III used a 100 or 133MHz system bus and either a 512KB L2 cache or a 256KB L2 Advanced Transfer Cache. Depending on the model, it contained from 9.5 to 28 million transistors, used the 0.25 or 0.18 micron process and came in SECC and SECC2 packages. Mobile units c

10、ame in BGA and micro-PGA packages. Pentium III Xeon - 1999-2001 (500MHz-933MHz) Typically used in 2-way to 8-way servers, Xeon specs were like Pentium III with L2 cache up to 2MB. The Xeon used the SECC2 and SC330 chip packages.,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,12,Pentium II - 1997-1999 (233MHz-450MHz) Added

11、MMX multimedia instructions to Pentium Pro and introduced the Single Edge Connector Cartridge (SECC) for Slot 1. The Pentium II used a 66 or 100MHz system bus. Desktop models had 7.5 million transistors, 512KB L2 cache and were housed in SECC packages. Mobile models had 27.4 million transistors, 256

12、KB L2 cache and were housed in either BGA or Mobile Mini-Cartridge (MMC) packages. Pentium II Xeon - 1998-1999 (400MHz-450MHz) Typically used in high-end and 2-way and 4-way servers, Xeon specs were like Pentium II with L2 cache from 512KB to 2MB and 100MHz system bus.,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,13,Pent

13、ium Pro - 1995-1997 (150MHz-200MHz) Typically used in high-end desktops and servers, the Pentium Pro increased memory from 4GB to 64GB. The Pentium Pro had L2 cache from 512KB to 1MB, used a 60 or 66MHz system bus, contained from 5.5 to 62 million transistors. It was made with 0.35 process and house

14、d in a dual cavity PGA package. When introduced, it was touted as being superior to the Pentium for 32-bit applications. Pentium MMX - 1997-1999 (233MHz-300MHz) Added MMX multimedia instructions to Pentium CPU and increased transistors to 4.5 million. Desktop units used PGA package and 0.35 process

15、while mobile units used TCP and 0.25 process.,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,14,Pentium - 1993-1996 (60MHz-200MHz) First Pentium CPU models. The Pentium had an L2 cache from 256KB to 1MB, used a 50, 60 or 66MHz system bus and contained from 3.1 to 3.3 million transistors built on 0.6 to 0.35 process. Chips

16、were housed in PGA packages.,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,15,Outline Brief introduction (para.1-4) Inside a microprocessor RAM and ROM Microprocessor Instructions Microprocessor Performance Microprocessor Trends,Text tour,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,16,Brief introduction,A complete computation engine Intel 400

17、4, 1971 Intel 8080, 1974 Intel 8088, 1979 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4 Difference Transistors Microns Clock speed Data width MIPS,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,17,Intel 4004 Pentium IV,Brief introduction,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,18,Intel 4004 Pentium IV,Brief introduction,

18、2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,19,Brief introduction,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,20,Brief introduction,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,21,Inside a microprocessor,3 basic things to do: Mathematical operations moving data make decisions,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,22,Inside a microprocessor,Components of a simple microprocessor

19、: Registers Address latch Program counter ALU Test register Tri-state buffer Instruction register Instruction decoder,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,23,Inside a microprocessor,Although they are not shown in this diagram, there would be control lines from the instruction decoder that would: ,2020/9/13,电子信息工程

20、专业英语教程,24,RAM stands for random-access memory. RAM contains bytes of information, and the microprocessor can read or write to those bytes depending on whether the RD or WR line is signaled. One problem with todays RAM chips is that they forget everything once the power goes off. That is why the comp

21、uter needs ROM. RAM是随机存取存储器。RAM中包含着以字节为单位的信息，微处理器能够依据RD/WR信号哪个有效来决定字节的读/写。当前RAM芯片的一个问题是：掉电后，所有保存在RAM上的内容全部丢失。这就是计算机需要ROM的原因。,RAM and ROM,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,25,ROM stands for read-only memory. A ROM chip is programmed with a permanent collection of pre-set bytes. The address bus tells the ROM chi

22、p which byte to get and place on the data bus. When the RD line changes state, the ROM chip presents the selected byte onto the data bus. ROM是只读存储器。ROM芯片是用一组永久的预设字节进行编程得到的。地址总线告知ROM芯片要将哪个字节取出并置于数据总线上。当RD信号线改变状态时，ROM芯片将选中的字节输出到数据总线上。,RAM and ROM,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,26,Assembly language C language

23、Lets take the ADD instruction as an example and look at what it needs to do: ,Microprocessor Instructions,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,27,The number of transistors available has a huge effect on the performance of a processor. 可用晶体管数量对于微处理器的性能有很大的影响。,Microprocessor Performance,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,28,In

24、 a pipelined architecture, instruction execution overlaps. So even though it might take five clock cycles to execute each instruction, there can be five instructions in various stages of execution simultaneously. That way it looks like one instruction completes every clock cycle. 在流水线结构中，指令的执行是重叠的。这

25、样的话，尽管执行每条指令可能需要5个周期，却可以在不同阶段同时执行5条指令。这样看上去好像每个周期都能完成一条指令。,Microprocessor Performance,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,29,Many modern processors have multiple instruction decoders, each with its own pipeline. This allows for multiple instruction streams, which means that more than one instruction can complete

26、 during each clock cycle. 许多现代处理器有多个指令译码器，而每个指令译码器都有各自的流水线。这种设计考虑到了多指令流 在每个时钟周期内完成多条指令。,Microprocessor Performance,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,30,The trend in processor design has been toward full 32-bit ALUs with fast floating point processors built in and pipelined execution with multiple instruction s

27、treams. There has also been a tendency toward special instructions that make certain operations particularly efficient. There has also been the addition of hardware virtual memory support and L1 caching on the processor chip. 处理器设计的趋势是: 全32位ALU、内置快速浮点处理器和多指令流流水线。还有一种趋势是: 采用能使特定操作高效执行的特殊指令。此外，还有一种趋势是

28、：在处理器芯片附加上硬件虚拟存储器和L1高速缓存。,Microprocessor Trends,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,31,Vocabulary power ，buffer ， assume ， reset ，activate ， permanent Structure allow for Reading/writing techniques,Language in use,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,32,Vocabulary,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,33,The ability or capacity to perform o

29、r act effectively. 权力 A specific capacity, faculty, or aptitude 才能 her powers of concentration. 他集中注意力的能力 Strength or force exerted or capable of being exerted; might. 力量 The ability or official capacity to exercise control; authority. 权威 A person, group, or nation having great influence or control

30、over others 有影响力或控制力的人、集团或国家： The might of a nation, political organization, or similar group. 势力 Forcefulness; effectiveness 说服力；有效： a novel of unusual power. 极具说服力的小说,Power in dictionary,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,34,The energy or motive force by which a physical system or machine is operated 动力 a sai

31、ling ship driven by wind power. 帆船靠风力行驶 The capacity of a system or machine to operate 操作 a vehicle that runs under its own power. 自动操控的汽车 Electrical or mechanical energy, especially as used to assist or replace human energy. 电能，机械能 Electricity supplied to a home, building, or community: 电力供应 a stor

32、m that cut off power to the whole region. The rate at which work is done, expressed as the amount of work per unit time and commonly measured in units such as the watt and horsepower. 功率,Power in dictionary,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,35,In mathematics, the number times that a quantity is multiplied by i

33、tself. 乘幂 In electronics, the product of an instantaneous voltage and the correspondent instantaneous current. In AC circuits, the power consumed in a circuit will be zero if the voltages and currents are exactly 90degrees out of phase with each other. 电功率 A measure of the magnification of an optica

34、l instrument, such as a microscope or telescope. 放大倍数,Power in dictionary,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,36,The 4004 powered one of the first portable electronic calculators. 最早出现的一种便携式电子计算器就采用了4004作为计算引擎 。,Power in text,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,37,power amplification 功率放大(系数) power attenuator 功率衰减器 power cab

35、le 电力电缆 aerial power 天线功率 carrier output power 载波输出功率 broadcasting power 广播功率 electric power 电力, 电功率 emergency power 紧急备用动力 ；备用电源 first power 一次幂 mean power 平均功率 mean effective power 均方根功率,Power in use,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,38,Power 指 “身体上、精神上或心理上的力量，不管是否表现出来 Its beyond his power. 这是他力所不及的。 Force 指

36、“运用或发挥出来的力量， 使人或物按要求方向运动 He did it with a great force. 他用了很大的力才把它做完了。 Strength 指“内部固有的力量“。表示物质力量时，着重”体格或构造健全、完善等方面的力量,； 表示精神力量时， 指持久、坚定、无畏、坚韧等 the strength to lift something 举起某物的力,Power in use,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,39,Something that lessens or absorbs the shock of an impact. 缓冲器 Something that sep

37、arates potentially antagonistic entities, as an area between two rival powers that serves to lessen the danger of conflict. 缓冲地带 One that protects by intercepting or moderating adverse pressures or influences: 缓冲物,Buffer in dictionary,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,40,A device or area used to store data tem

38、porarily and deliver it at a rate different from that at which it was received. 缓存区 A substance that minimizes change in the acidity of a solution when an acid or base is added to the solution. 缓冲剂,Buffer in dictionary,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,41,There are six boxes marked 3-State in the diagram. Thes

39、e are tri-state buffers. A tri-state buffer can pass a 1, a 0 or it can essentially disconnect its output. A tri-state buffer allows multiple outputs to connect to a wire, but only one of them to actually drive a 1 or a 0 onto the line. 图中标有“3-State”的方框是三态缓冲器。它可以传送逻辑1、逻辑0，或和输出断开。三态缓冲器允许在一条信号线上连接多个输出

40、信号，但只有一个信号输出。,Buffer in text,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,42,address buffer 地址缓冲器 air buffer 空气缓冲器 input buffer 输入缓冲器 memory buffer 存储缓冲器 video output buffer 视频输出缓冲,Buffer in use,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,43,To take upon oneself 自己承担： assume responsibility; assume anothers debts. To undertake the duties of (

41、an office) 担任的职务（官职）： assumed the presidency. To take on; adopt 采取；采用： To affect the appearance or possession of; feign. 假装；冒充 To take for granted; suppose 想当然；以为： assumed that prices would rise. To take over without justification; seize 接管；夺取： assume control. 取得控制权,Assume in dictionary,2020/9/13,电子

42、信息工程专业英语教程,44,And lets assume that both the address and data buses are 8 bits wide here. 这里假定数据总线和地址总线的宽度都是位。 Lets assume that this simple microprocessor has 128 bytes of ROM starting at address 0 and 128 bytes of RAM starting at address 128. 假定该微处理器有128字节ROM（地址从0开始）和128字节RAM（地址从128开始）。,Assume in te

43、xt,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,45,To presume is to suppose that something is reasonable, justifiable, sound, or possible in the absence of proof to the contrary: I presume youre tired after the long ride. 长途旅行后我想你肯定累了。 We cannot presume the existence of life on other planets. 我们不能推定其他行星上是否存在生物。 To assume

44、 is to accept something as existing or being true without proof or on inconclusive grounds: Why do you assume that Im angry? 为什么你会认为我在生气? I assume you always get up at the same time. 我想你总是在同一个时间起床。,Assume in use,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,46,To set again 重新放置： reset a broken bone. 重续断骨 To change the rea

45、ding of 改变的读数： reset a clock. 重拨钟表 To cause a counter to take the state corresponding to a specified initial number. 使计数器处于指定的初始值。 To put all or part of a data processing device back into a prescribed state. 将数据处理设备的部分或全部设置为事先规定的状态。,Reset in dictionary,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,47,The program counter i

46、s a latch with the extra ability to increment by 1 when told to do so, and also to reset to zero when told to do so. 程序计数器（PC）是一种具备“加一”、“置零”功能的锁存器。,Reset in text,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,48,reset button (key) 复位按钮(键) reset circuit 复位电路 reset condition 复位状态 reset impulse (signal) 复位脉冲(信号) reset instruc

47、tion 复位指令,Reset in use,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,49,To set in motion; make active or more active. 使活动，使活跃 activated by selfish motives 在自私动机的驱使下 His lofty spirit has greatly attracted and activated others. 他的崇高精神大大地吸引并且激励了别人。 To organize or create (a military unit, for example) 建立 To treat (sewage) wit

48、h aeration and bacteria to aid decomposition. 净化污水 To accelerate a reaction in, as by heat. 加速反应 To make (a substance) radioactive. 使（物质）具有放射性,Activate in dictionary,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,50,activate the tri-state buffer for the program counter activate the RD line activate the data-in tri-state bu

49、ffer,Activate in text,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,51,activate key (button) 起动键（按钮） Activated adj. 有活性的 activated carbon 活性碳,Activate in use,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,52,Lasting or remaining without essential change: 永久的，耐久的 The universal human yearning for something permanent, enduring, without shadow of ch

50、ange. 全人类渴望没有变化、永恒且持久的东西 Not expected to change in status, condition, or place: 不变的 a permanent address 永久地址,Permanent in dictionary,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,53,A ROM chip is programmed with a permanent collection of pre-set bytes. ROM芯片是用一组永久的预设字节进行编程得到的。,Permanent in text,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,54,permanent assets 固定资产 permanent damage 永久性损伤 permanent education 终身教育 permanent connection 固定连接 permanent current 恒定电流 permanent delay 固定延时,Permanent in use,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,55,Structure,2020/9/13,电子信息工程专业英语教程,56,Many modern processors have multiple instruction decoders, each with its own