第八次课--篇章翻译

1、2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,1,篇章的翻译,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,2,语篇的特点,与句子相比较，语篇有自己的特点。语篇不是一连串孤立的句子的简单组合，而是一个语义上的整体；换言之，它有表达整体意义的特点。在语言形式上，篇内各句、段之间存在着粘连性，如连接、替代、省略、照应；在语义逻辑上，全篇通常有手有尾，各句段所反映的概念或命题具有连贯性，而不是各不相关的。每个句子都起着一定的承前起后的作用，句与句、段与段的排列一般都符合逻辑顺序。,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,3,语篇翻译与单句翻译的区别,语篇翻译与单句

2、翻译在翻译标准与技巧等方面有许多共同之处。但篇章翻译还别具自己的特色，即它拥有一个范围较大的舞台语境。在一定的上下文的帮助下，译者有可能比较准确地掌握原篇的中心思想，理解其疑难隐晦之处；表达时也有比较宽松的回旋变通的余地，有可能把译文再现得更加通顺可读。从这个角度来看，篇章不失为一个比较理想的翻译单位。,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,4,英汉语篇的异同,英语是主语显著(subject-prominent)的语言，它突出的是主语，除省略句外，每个句子都必须有主语。汉语则是主题显著(topic-prominent)的语言，它突出的是主题而非主语。汉语篇章中某些句子的主语有

3、的可以省略，有的必须省略，否则读起来别扭；有的却比较朦胧，难以一眼看清，需要译者自去寻找。认清这一点差别对篇章的英汉互译颇为重要。,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,5,英语篇章：开门见山，直奔主题 章法：introduction-body-conclusion 汉语篇章：迂回曲折，委婉含蓄。 章法：起承转合 英语篇章：主题-段落 （层层递进；直线展开） 汉语篇章：不同层面，同一论点 （螺旋形上升） 英语段落的结构：key sentence example; space; contrast; cause and effect 汉语：主题句不明显，断尾可引出新主题 翻译策略

4、：突出论点，减少迂回曲折,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,6,到了铁公祠前朝南一望，只见对面千佛山上，梵宇僧楼，与那苍松翠柏，高下相间，红的火红，白的雪白，青的靛青，绿的碧绿，更有那一株半株的丹枫夹在里面，仿佛宋人赵千里的一幅大画，做了一架数十里长的屏风。 When he reached the temple he looked southwards and saw on the other side of the lake the Mount of a Thousand Buddhas. There were temples and monasteries, some

5、 high and some low, scattered among the gray pines and green cypresses: the red were as red as fire, the white as white as snow, the blue as blue as indigo and the green as green as emerald, while here and there were a few red maples. It looked like a big painting by Zhao Qianli, the Song dynasty pa

6、inter, only made into a screen a dozen mile long.,Example 1,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,7,原文里主语“老残”或“他”都已省略（上文已有交代），译者却逐一补出：he，he。“高下相间”里的主语不容易一下子看清楚，译者对这四个字的理解是（有些（梵宇僧楼）较高，有些较低，并进而补出some作为“高”的意义上的主语，some作为“下”的意义上的主语，都看得很准确，翻译得合适，可谓运思细密。末句“仿佛”的主语也不容易说准，但从语境判断，此句写的是大明湖媚人的风光。因英语句子不可无主语，译者便补出一个It，以指代湖的

7、全景，极见笔力。 由此可见，汉译英时须善于认准原文每个句子中被省略或未明说的主语，并在译语里妥帖地 表达出来。,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,8,无论汉语写作还是英语写作,都讲究遣词、造句、谋篇。谋篇与遣词造句之间是一种整体与局部的关系，谋篇要靠遣词造句来实现，遣词造句要考虑谋篇的要求。汉英互译也是如此。 篇章翻译中强调的是上下句及上下文的粘连性（Cohesion）, 和连贯性（Coherence）,所以下面分别从这两个方面来讨论篇章翻译。,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,9,cohesion：the linguistic ties and c

8、onnections which exist within texts Coherence： the relevance of one utterance to another 衔接是篇章的有形网络，连贯是篇章的无形网络。作者往往利用词语的重复、词义的联想、对比、照应以及各种修辞手段铺设有形网络以编织无形网络，使文本传神达意。,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,10,在Halliday和Hasan看来,衔接是一种非结构性语篇意义关系,它侧重于句间不同成分之间的语义联系。他们在Cohesion in English把形成衔接的非结构性意义关系分为五种类型: 照应 refer

9、ence 替代 substitution 省略 ellipsis 连接 conjunction 词汇衔接 lexical cohesion,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,11,照应 reference,1. 人称照应 2. 指示照应 3. 比较照应 人称照应是通过人称代词(如 they, she, him 等）、所属限定词（如his, your, its 等）,和所属代词（hers, theirs， mine 等）来实现。 英语人称代词以及相应的限定词的使用率大大高于汉语。,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,12,孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的

10、人。他身材高大；青白脸色，皱纹间时常夹些伤痕；一部乱蓬蓬的花白的胡子。穿的虽然是长衫，可是又脏又破，似乎十多年没有补，也没有洗。 Kong was the only long-gowned customer to drink his wine standing. He was a big man, strangely pallid, with scars that often showed among the wrinkles of his face. He had a large unkept beard, streaked with white. Although he wore a lo

11、ng gown, it was dirty and tattered, and looked as if it had not been washed or mended for over ten years.,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,13,每年农历十二月二十以后，海岛上的居民便开始进入过年倒计时。先搞卫生，掸去一年尘土。接着准备食品，做年糕，炒倭豆、炒番薯片、打米花糖。二十五、二十六起，家家户户开始“谢年”：祀祖先。 Every year after the 20th of the lunar 12th month, inhabitants on the is

12、land would start their countdown on the Spring Festival. They would sweep their houses clean, flickering every bit of dust off the furniture. After that they begin to prepare various foods: steamed New Year cakes, fried beans, fired sweet potato chips, and baked rice cookies. On the 25th and 26th of

13、 the month, all households start their “New Year Thanks-giving” rites to pay homage to their ancestors.,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,14,那年冬天， 祖母死了，父亲的差使也交卸了，正是祸不单行的日子，我从北京到徐州，打算跟着父亲奔丧回家。到徐州见着父亲，看见满院狼藉的东西，又想起祖母，不禁簌簌地流下眼泪。父亲说：“事已如此，不必难过，好在天无绝人之路！” In that winter, my grandma died and my father lost his

14、job. I left for Xuzhou to join him in hastening home to attend my grandmas funeral. When I met him in Xuzhou, the sight of disorderly mess in our courtyard and the thought to my grandma started tears trickling down my cheeks. He said, “Now that things have come to such a mess, its no use crying. For

15、tunately, heaven always leaves one a way out.”,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,15,指示照应指说话人通过指明事物在时间和空间上的远近(proximity)来确定所指对象。 “汉语的这和那以及英语中的this和that 都常用于指示照应粘连，在语义上基本相同，但指称功能却大不一样。汉语的这往往起一种化远为近的作用，其功能负荷量大于那，因此使用频率也高于那。而在英语中却恰恰相反。”,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,16,这倒难以说定。可是你只要看看这儿的小客厅，就得了解答。这里面有一个金融界的大亨，又有

16、一位工业界的巨头；这小客厅就是中国社会的缩影。” “Its a tall order, your question. But you can find an answer in the next room. There you have a successful financier and a captain of industry. That little drawing room is Chinese society in miniature.”,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,17,这幅画是一部用思考和修养完成的杰作，它既有历史感又有现代艺术语言的独特性。 The

17、（That） painting is a masterpiece reflecting deep insight and artistic attainment; it expresses a sense of history by using specific modern artistic vocabulary.,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,18,稍稍能安慰我们的，是在那石上有一个不大不小的坑凹儿，雨天就盛满了水。 The only thing that had interested us in the ugly stone was a little pit o

18、n top of it, which would be filled with water on rainy days. 这种力， 是一般人看不见的生命力，只要生命存在，这种力就要显现 It is an invisible force of life. So long as there is life, the force will show itself.,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,19,比较照应指通过形容词和副词的比较等级形式以及其它一些有比较意义的词语（如same, so, as, such, differently, other, otherwise 等）

19、表示的照应关系。 比较照应在语篇中起上下承接的作用。 因为任何比较至少要涉及两个实体或事态，语篇中如果有表达比较意义的词语出现，会话参与者或读者便会在上下文中寻找与其构成比较关系的其它词语。 比较照应的语篇衔接功能就是这样发挥作用的。,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,20,汤姆每周有十元钱的零花钱，杰瑞也有十元零花钱。 Tom gets ten dollars a week for pocket money, and Jerry receives a similar amount. 天空中积满了灰色的云块，呆滞滞的不动。他脸上的气色和天空差不多。 Dark clouds

20、 are gathered in the sky just as motionless as his face.,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,21,那蹲着的黑影一面抱怨这天气：“真冷呀，先生，你说是不是？”看见他并不是个讨厌的老头子，便高兴地说道：“乡下怕更要冷些吧？” “Its really cold here, “ he complained. “what do you think, sir?” Seeing that he was not too nasty an old man, I readily responded: “It must be colder

21、 in the country, Im afraid.”,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,22,替代 substitution 替代指用替代形式去替代上下文出现的词语。它的语义要从所替代的成分去索引。Halliday 和 Hasan把替代分成三类， 即名词性替代，动词性替代和从句性替代。 那声声燃放的鞭炮是辞旧迎新的欢呼。新世纪的新年，就在这欢跃的气氛中，一下子走近了。 The exploding firecrackers bid farewell to the passing year and cheered for the coming of a new one.

22、The centennial New Year is just around the corner clothed in the delightful mood.,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,23,他们总是把房间搞得乱七八糟。你怎么也这样呢？ Theyve always made a mess of the room. Why have you, too? 谁原意和我们一起打篮球？ 我不干。 Whod like to play basketball with us? No, I wont.,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,24,省略 Elli

23、psis,夺取这个胜利，已经是不要很久的时间和不要花费很大的力气了；巩固这个胜利，则是要很长的时间和要花费很大的力气的事情。 To win this victory will not require much time and efforts, but to consolidate it will. 以往过年都是打发小孩一点钱，现在可不这样了。 In the past, they would dismiss the kids with some money as a gift for the lunar New Year, but not nowadays.,2020/9/14,C-t-E T

24、ranslation,25,去年有50个社区获“文明社区” 称号，今年又将有20个社区获此殊荣。 Last year 50 communities were named as “civilized community”; this year, 20 more will be given the title. 我想买一套家具。 买大连出的吧！ I want to buy a set of furniture. Buy one made in Dalian.,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,26,他小的时候，他妈叫他去买红塘，他买了白糖回来。 One day, when h

25、e was a child, his mother sent him out to buy her some brown sugar, but he returned with some white sugar instead.,连接 conjunction,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,27,人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的是他或她的优点。 Human beings are interesting in that they tend to first see good in a new acquaintance. 男孩哭得心都快碎了，当问及他时，他说饿极了

26、，有两天没吃了。 The boy who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when spoken to, that he was very hungry because he had no food for two days.,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,28,词汇衔接指通过词的重复、同义、反义、上下义、互补、同现等词汇间的语义关系来实现语篇连贯。 运用这些词可以产生很强的粘合力，形成一张“词汇网”(lexicon network), 赋予语篇连贯性。 分为两大类： 1. 复现 (reiteration)

27、2. 同现 (collocation),词汇衔接 lexical cohesion,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,29,1. 复现（同词重复或异词重复）,1) 原词复现 2) 同义词或近义词复现 （synonyms first of all, to begin with, then, last , in conclusion, last of all, to conclude 表示举例、解释：for example, for instance, such as, takefor example, that is, namely, to illustrate 表示总结：

28、in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly, on the whole, to conclude, to summarize,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,43,本人在香港创业二十余年，历尽艰辛，虽在事业上略有成就，但也饱尝人世间的风风雨雨。每次回乡总是得到家乡各级领导的热情接待，心头总有一种温馨的感受，一种到家的感觉。 It has been more than 20 years since I started my career in Hong Kong, where I have weathered through v

29、arious hardships . My modest achievements in business also go along with multitudinous pains and tears. As a result, every time when I return to my hometown, where I am given warm receptions by the local government leaders, my heart will be over-flown with tenderness and affection, for it gives me a

30、 feeling of home.,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,44,忙到除夕夜才松口气。全家团圆，坐下来吃“年夜饭”。 All the preparations are not completed until the lunar New Years Eve, when all the family members sit down around the table to enjoy the “New Years Eve dinner.” 我喜欢看小孩子追逐着旋转的火焰，心里重温起少年的愉悦。 I love gazing upon kids chasing the

31、spinning fireworks as it reminds me of my teenage glees.,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,45,在生活越来越富足的今天，越来越多的长辈选择“压岁书”作为送给孩子们的过年礼物。 连日来市里各大书店门庭若市，少儿类图书的销售量直线上升。 Today with more and more people living a better-off life, seniors in the family would give books to the children as a lunar New Year gift. As a

32、 result, in the past few days, people have beating a path to the big bookstores in the city and sales volumes for various childrens books have increased by large margins.,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,46,许多人因此学会了用手势表达简单的日常用语，现在如果有手持纸条的聋哑人前来乘车，问讯处的同志能用哑语回答。 Many staff members have thus learned to put s

33、imple daily exchanges into gestures. People working at the information desk, for example, are able to use the languages to answer inquires from those deaf-mutes who still have slips of paper clutched in their hands.,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,47,为此，本市将继续以集装箱运输为主攻方向，开发穿山、大榭和梅山深水岸线。 To accomplish the

34、 goal, the city will continue to concentrate its efforts on developing its container shipment and at the same time open up a deep-water shipment route connecting Chuanshan, Daxie and Meishan.,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,48,杨志取路，不数日，来到东京；入得城来，寻个客店，安歇下，庄客交还担儿，与了些银两，自回去了。 Yang Zhi thus journeyed on for

35、 many days before he got to the eastern capital. He came into the city and found an inn where he settled himself to rest. The farmer gave him the bundle and received some silver and went back alone.,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,49,第一点，要足够地估计成绩。我们的革命和建设，成绩是主要的，缺点也有。有那么多成绩，夸大是不行的。 First, we must make a

36、n adequate assessment of our achievements. In our revolution and construction, the achievements are primary, though there are shortcomings and mistakes. Our achievements, however many, must not be exaggerated.,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,50,Translation Tips,领悟作者的意图 洞悉原作的文体风格 把握所涉及人物的言语、表情、心态 注意段落意识

37、牢记可读性,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,51,“故知胜有五：知可以战与不可以战者胜；识众寡之用者胜；上下同欲者胜；以虞待不虞者胜；将能而君不御者胜。此五者，知胜之道也。”,Example 3,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,52,译文 Therefore, there are five factors to consider in anticipating which side will win, namely: The side which knows when to fight and when not to will win; The

38、side which knows the difference between commanding a large army and a small army will win;The side which has unity of purpose among its officers and men will win; The side which engages enemy troops that are unprepared with preparedness on its own part will win; and the side which has a capable comm

39、ander who is free of interference from the sovereign will win. Bearing these points in mind, one is able to forecast victory in a war.,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,53,译文: Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory: He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight. He will wi

40、n who knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces. He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit throughout all ranks. He will win who prepared himself, waits to take the enemy unprepared. He will win who has military capacity and is not interfered with by the sovereign. Victory li

41、es in the knowledge of those five points.,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,54,夜是安静的，然而也是生动的。狗儿活跃起来了，它们悄然无声地沿着院子围墙跑着，不时地停下来支支耳朵，细察来自远近的一切动静，履行保卫主人的职责。 译文: The night was quiet, but it was alive. The dogs were now active. They ran noiselessly along the courtyard wall. Now and then, they stopped, pricked up

42、their ears and listened carefully for any sound near and far. They were defending their masters dutifully. 译文: The night was quiet but alive. The lively dogs, dutifully defending their masters, ran along the courtyard wall noiselessly, stopping now and then, pricking up their ears carefully listenin

43、g for any sound near and far.,Example 4,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,55,学问是自己的事，不能依靠别人的。环境好，图书设备充足，有良师益友指导启发，当然有很大的帮助，但是这些条件具备，也不一定能保证一个人在学问上就有成就。世间也有不少在学问上有成就的人，并不具备这些条件。最重要的因素，还是个人自己的努力。求学是一件艰苦的事，许多人不能忍受那必经的艰苦，所以不能得到成功。,Example 5,2020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,56,Learning is ones own business, which c

44、annot rely upon others. It will certainly be of great help, if there are good environment, sufficient books and equipment, as well as instructions and enlightenments from scholarly mentors and beneficial friends. But even if you have got all these favorable conditions, you cannot be sure to succeed

45、in learning, for not a few people who have been successful in learning are not armed with all these things. The most important factor consists in ones own effort. To learn is rather a painstaking and persevering business. Many a man is a failure because he cannot bear such indispensable hardships.,2

46、020/9/14,C-t-E Translation,57,我要对你们说：凡是要等到有了图书馆方才读书的，有了图书馆也不肯读书。凡是要等到有了实验室方才做研究的，有了实验室也不肯做研究。你有了决心要研究一个问题，自然会撙衣节食去买书，自然会想出法子来设置仪器。 Now let me tell you this. Those who refuse to study for lack of a library will most probably continue to do so even though there is a library. And those who refuse to do research for lack of a laboratory will most probably continue to do so even though a laboratory is available. As long as you set your mind on studies, you will naturally cut down on food and clothing to buy b