新编商务英语精读第4册unit.ppt

1、Unit-1,Teaching Aim,Reading I,Reading II,Extended Activities,Automobiles,Teaching Aim,Teaching Aim,Unit 9 Automobiles,1. Cognitive Information（认知信息）： Automobiles in the Future Components of an Automobile 2 Language Focus（内容重点）, Key Words： . cease, prediction, institute, brake, accelerator, lateral,

2、steer, lane, sensor, radar, tow, motorway, attachment, swing, fume, fraction, combustion, battery; . merge, craftsmanship, legendary, luxurious, limousine, stall, falter, workforce, voluntary, retirement, buyouts, hand-crafted, craft, grill, ornament Phrases： . fit with, in convoy, go off, on ones o

3、wn, lie idle, get round, charge up; . be renowned for, come up with, be composed of Word Study： operate, view, diminish, balance, charge,Teaching Aim,Teaching Aim,Unit 9 Automobiles, Useful Structures： as ., so too . at its peak, . at sb.s request Grammar： Direct and Indirect speech （3） Questions 3

4、Communicative Skills（交际技能） Expressions： Travel by Car Reading： Car Ads Basic Writing： E-mails,Background Information,Reading I,Reading I,Unit 9 Automobiles,Pre-reading,Text,New Words and Expressions,Exercises,Post-reading,Pre-reading,Pre-reading,Unit 9 Automobiles,Pre-reading I,Pre-reading II,. Brai

5、nstorming: Work with your partner and write out words or expressions about automobiles.,Pre-reading-I,Pre-reading I,Unit 9 Automobiles,Vehicles of Various Makes: van, jeep, , , , , Repair automobiles were more popular in America than anywhere else in the world. The automobile industry is dominated b

6、y relatively few large corporations, each of which typically contains many brand names and marques.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,The biggest of these by annual production are General Motors, Toyota and Ford Motor Company. In 2005, 67 million automobiles （cars and

7、light trucks） were produced worldwide. Although the locations of the headquarters of the major volume producers of automobiles are confined to a relatively small number of countries, their manufacturing facilities are distributed in many other countries around the world. Reasons for the selection of

8、 manufacturing locations may include labor costs, political quotas for local content in certain markets and import tariffs.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,2. Benefits and costs of automobile ownership The existence of the automobile allows a mechanical support for f

9、reedom of choice by allowing transportation at the sole discretion of the occupants. Too, an automobile can provide the transportation need of several persons in relative comfort in many types of weather. Compared to other popular modes of passenger transportation, especially buses, the automobile h

10、as a relatively high cost per-person kilometer traveled. Nevertheless the demand for automobiles remains high, suggesting that its advantages, such as on-demand and door-to-door travel, are highly prized, despite recent increases in fuel costs, and not easily substituted by cheaper alternative modes

11、 of transport.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,There are many benefits to owning an automobile; however these will differ, by many factors, in regard to location and culture. One general benefit is availability of use which, when coupled with public support via infra

12、structure, can allow almost unlimited movement and transportation. There are a number of reasons for the high cost of car transport： The typical private car spends most of its lifetime idle and for some vehicles, depreciation is a significant proportion of the total cost. Compared to bulk-carrying v

13、ehicles such as airplanes, buses and trains, individual vehicles have worse economies of scale.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information, Capacity utilization is low. The average occupancy of automobiles is below 1.5 passengers in most parts of the world. The costs of running

14、 a car can be broken down as follows： Depreciation Fuel （including fuel tax） Repairs Maintenance, regular Maintenance, for car longevity Financing Insurance Parking Vehicle tax Roadworthiness Tests Registration Tire replacement Accessories Opportunity cost. Despite rising oil prices, the real cost o

15、f car travel has dropped steadily over the past five decades, in part due to better manufacturing technologies, and in part due to engines becoming more fuel-efficient.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,Some of the annual running costs of an automobile, which are impor

16、tant in the economics of ownership, concern the service life. Much effort has gone into identifying and reducing costs related to the automobile. For instance, providing carpooling lanes to cars with multiple passengers has received attention as it helps reduce traffic. Sharing one or more cars betw

17、een many people reduces the fixed costs per person and limits extraneous vehicles. Since automobiles demand a high land use, they become increasingly uneconomic with higher population densities. Public transport, by comparison, becomes increasingly uneconomic with lower population densities. Hence c

18、ars tend to dominate in rural and suburban environments, while only fulfilling a secondary role in city center transport.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,3. Impacts of the automobile on societies Over the course of the 20th century, the automobile rapidly developed f

19、rom an expensive toy for the rich into the standard for passenger transport. The wide-reaching effects of automobiles on everyday life have been a subject of much controversy. Proponents claim the car is a marvel of technology that has brought about unprecedented prosperity, while opponents on the o

20、ther end claim it lead to a mode of urban and suburban planning that discourages walking and human interaction, uses large amounts of polluting fuel, and drains urban centers of their populations leading to wide-spread urban decay and the neglect of once proud and efficient cities.,Unit 9 Automobile

21、s,Background Information,Background Information,Economic changes Huge industries devoted only to the automobile were created. Others were expanded from once trivial insignificance to eminent importance. Before the internal-combustion engine was developed, gasoline was a waste product, often discarde

22、d. Once the automobile became commonplace, the production of gasoline blossomed into a matter of such importance that national governments took action to secure the steady flow of oil. The steel industry was already established, but the coming of the automobile created huge amounts of business for i

23、t.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,The chemical, rubber, and petroleum industries were remade to suit the needs of the automobile and industries sprang up, such as service stations, motels, and automobile insurance, which were completely reliant upon the automobile f

24、or their livelihood. Aside from industries, one of the most visible effects the automobile has had on the world is the huge increase in the amount of surfaced roads. With increased road-building came loss of habitat for wildlife. Loss of rural areas and agricultural land to pavement has also been ex

25、tensive. The quality of roads was also improved. Roads were paved with asphalt, and roads with more than one lane on each side became commonplace.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,Technological changes The assembly line and other methods of mass production were develo

26、ped when American businessmen began seeking ways to build more automobiles at a lower price. The idea of using many small identical parts that could be exchanged for each other was brought into existence. Because of this, replacement parts could easily be sent to car owners. This greatly prolonged t

27、he life of the automobile, making it even more attractive to consumers.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,Cultural changes Beginning in the 1940s, most urban environments in United States lost their streetcars, cable cars, and other forms of light rail, to be replaced

28、by diesel-burning motor coaches or buses. Many of these have never returned, though some urban communities eventually installed subways. Another change brought about by the automobile is that modern urban pedestrians must be more alert than their ancestors. With the proliferation of the automobile,

29、a pedestrian has to worry about being hit by automobiles at high speeds, and breathing noxious exhaust fumes. The loss of pedestrian-scale villages has also disconnected communities. People have less contact with their neighbors and rarely walk unless they place a high value on exercise. Also, drive

30、rs lose time stuck in traffic jams, and,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,today people rarely get the recommended amount of exercise to stay healthy. In fact, since the 1980s, obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. Because of the automobile, the

31、 outward growth of cities accelerated, and the development of suburbs in automobile intensive cultures was intensified. The automobile allowed people to live in low density communities far from the city center and integrated city neighborhoods. Shopping centers were built in or near suburbs to save

32、residents trips to the city. The shopping centers provided goods and services further reducing the need for suburban residents to visit the city. Finally, as the service economy gained importance, business parks appeared, allowing suburb dwellers to work in the suburbs. The automobile caused the dec

33、entralization of cities, segregating land use and ethnicities, while increasing,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,the ecological footprint of their residents. Changes to individual lifestyle in America The car had a significant effect on the life of the middle class. C

34、ar ownership came to be associated with independence, freedom, and increased status. At the end of the 19th century, Americans put a great deal of emphasis on personal freedom and individual mobility. The automobile encompassed both of these ideals. Individuality was increased for the automobile own

35、er. Conservative critics felt that the automobile decreased church attendance, increased sexual activity, and weakened family unity.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,The automobile signifies much more than simply a mode of transportation. The automobile, more than alm

36、ost any other possession, allows people to flaunt wealth. Not only was the ownership of an automobile demonstrative of a certain level of income and prestige, it is also highly visible. The automobile has become a symbol of social status, and in some cases, a fashion item. The creation of good roads

37、 and dependable automobiles changed recreation and vacations too. Before the automobile, resorts were predominantly found near the coast or a railroad. Once the automobile became abundant, resorts sprang up that were off the beaten path. Resorts appeared in scenic places, far away from the hectic li

38、fe of the cities.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,Environmental changes Automobiles are a major source of noise pollution and the carbon dioxide that is widely believed to be causing global climate change. For much of the early history of the car, no consideration wa

39、s given to concerns such as air pollution, accidents, destruction caused by road-building, and the increased consumption of limited natural resources, most notably petroleum and land.,Unit 9 Automobiles,New Words and Expressions,New Words and Expressions,Unit 9 Automobiles,New Words and Expressions,

40、Notes,New words and Expressions,Unit 9 Automobiles,1. cease v. to come or bring （sth.） to an end 停止 2. prediction n. saying in advance that （sth.） will happen 预言 3. institute n. an educational institution, especially one for the instruction of technical subjects 学院； 技术学院 4. intelligent a. wise, clev

41、er 聪明的；有头脑的 5. gridlock v. to hold up traffic 交通堵塞 6. brake n. device for reducing the speed of or stopping a car, etc. 刹车；闸 7. accelerator n. device for increasing speed 加速器,New Words and Expressions,New words and Expressions,Unit 9 Automobiles,8. lateral a. of, at, from or towards the side（s） 侧面的；

42、从侧面的；向侧面的 9. steer v. to direct or control the course of （a car） 操纵；驾驶 10. lane n. part of a main road marked out for a single line of traffic （有标志的）单行道 11. sensor n. device that detects light, heat, etc. 探测光、热等的装置 12. radar n. system for detecting the position or movement of objects by sending out

43、short radio waves雷达 13. motorist n. person who drives a car 开汽车的人 14. windscreen n. glass window in the front of a motor vehicle （机动车前面的）挡风玻璃,New Words and Expressions,New words and Expressions,Unit 9 Automobiles,15. convoy n. group of vehicles or ships traveling together 车队；船队 16. tow n. an act of

44、pulling a vehicle behind another vehicle, using a rope or chain 拖； 牵引 17. motorway n. expressway 高速公路 18. diminish v. to become smaller or less； decrease 变小；降低 19. attachment n. affection； devotion 依恋；眷恋 20. chassis n. frame on which the body, engine, wheels, etc. of a car are built （汽车等的）底盘 21. sus

45、pension n. equipment fixed to a cars wheels to reduce the effects of travelling on rough roads （汽车轮胎上的）悬置机构,New Words and Expressions,New words and Expressions,Unit 9 Automobiles,22. bonnet n. metal cover over the engine of a car 发动机阀帽 23. swing v. to move from one place to the other 摆动；摇晃 24. exhau

46、st n. waste gas expelled from an engine, especially of a car, truck, or motorcycle or a machine （ 汽车等排出的）废气 25. fume n. gas, or smoke, especially if irritating, harmful, or strong 烟气 26. fraction n. small part, bit or amount （of sth.） （某物的）小部分；少许 27. combustion n. process of burning 燃烧 28. battery n

47、. portable device that produces electricity to provide power for sth. 电池,New Words and Expressions,New words and Expressions,Unit 9 Automobiles,1. fit withto supply with the necessary equipment； equip供给设备；配备 2. in convoy（of traveling vehicles） as a group； together（指行进中的交通工具）结队 3. go offto leave离开 4.

48、 on ones ownalone； independent独自一人 5. lie idle（of a machine, etc.） to remain unused（机器等）闲置不用 6. get roundto tackle a problem successfully； overcome a problem顺利应付某事；克服某事 7. charge upto put electrical energy into a battery给电池充电,New Words and Expressions,Notes,Notes,Unit 9 Automobiles,1. Super-intellig

49、ent car: a very intelligent car of the future that researchers believe will be so computer-controlled that it can drive itself. 2. car culture: refers to the effects that cars and the ownership of cars have on people and society. 3. which has gridlocked our cities: which has caused traffic jams in o

50、ur cities. 4. cruise-control: design feature in some cars which automatically maintains their speed.,Notes,Notes,Unit 9 Automobiles,5. Next will come what he calls a “a lateral distance controller”, which will steer the car from lane to lane: Next the car will be equipped with a controller that is c

51、apable of steering the car from lane to lane to avoid collision with cars driving by its sides. Notice the inversion in the sentence. The original order runs like this: What he calls “a lateral distance controller” will come next. 6. white line: the line in an expressway which divides the wide expre

52、ssway into several lanes. 7. until you want to overtake: until you want to go faster and get ahead of the car in front.,Notes,Notes,Unit 9 Automobiles,8. trafficator: a device in a car that is capable of detecting the traffic conditions. （交通指示器） Notice that this word is formed by “traffic” and “indi

53、cator”. This kind of word formation is known as blending. For example, “motel” = motor + hotel. 9. by projecting an image of the road ahead on to the cars windscreen: the cars windscreen will show an image of the road conditions ahead so the driver will be able to drive safely. 10. tow bar: device a

54、t the back of a vehicle used for pulling a second vehicle.,Notes,Notes,Unit 9 Automobiles,11. more cars will be able to fit onto the existing motorways: the existing motorways will be able to allow more cars to drive on them. 12. As our personal control over cars diminishes, so too will our attachme

55、nt to them: Since our personal control over cars becomes less and less, our affection to them will also decrease. Note: “as .so （too）” is often used to compare two things. E.g. As business diminishes, so too will our profit. 13. an open-topped sports car: a low, fast car which has had its roof remov

56、ed to allow better sightseeing, usually only big enough for two people.,Notes,Notes,Unit 9 Automobiles,14. in a very short space of time: very quickly. 15. changes under the bonnet: changes made in the car engine. 16. turbo-diesel engine: an engine powered by a turbine generator（涡轮发电机） that gets its

57、 power from diesel combustion. 17. the balance will have swung towards electric motors: cars will use more electric motors than petrol or turbo-diesel engines. “To swing the balance towards sb.sth.” （ or “in sb.sth.s favor”） to be favorable to sb.sth. For example, “The balance may swing towards the

58、new candidate （in the new candidates favor）.”,Notes,Notes,Unit 9 Automobiles,18. exhaust fume: waste gas expelled from an engine, especially, of a car, truck, or motorcycle. 19. an internal combustion engine: an engine whose power is produced by the explosion of gases inside a cylinder. （汽缸） 内燃机,1.

59、cease 1） vi.vt. to come or bring （sth.） to an end 停止；终止；结束 cease （doing） sth. 【例句】 The company ceased trading at 6 p.m. today. It rained all day without ceasing. cease sth. 【例句】 The committee decided to cease financial support. cease to do sth. 【例句】 Most people had already ceased to obey the curfew. 2） n. ending 停止；终止；结束 without cease 不停地；连续地 【例句】 His desire grows and multiplies without cease. As long as you lack something, you yearn for it without cease. 相关词ceaseless： adj. 不停的；连续的；不断的 【例句】 the ceaseless fig