《功能翻译论讲座》PPT课件.ppt

1、,刘法公 2011年3月,中外翻译理论比较,1.What is functionalist translation theory? 定义1：功能翻译理论，又称“功能目的论”（Skopos theory，Skopos 是希腊词，意为“aim”或“purpose”），核心是： 根据译文语境，原文中的哪些内容或成分可以保留，哪些需调整或改写，该由译文的预期功能确定。 (方梦之主编：译学词典，上海外语教育出版社，第29页) 定义2：Skopos theory (pluralSkopos theories) is the idea that translating and interpreting sh

2、ould primarily take into account the function of both the source and target text. (Paul Kussmaul, Training The Translator, 1995, John Benjamins Publishing Co, p. 149),功能目的理论与变译 Skopos Theory and Adaptation,定义3：德国翻译学者Nord将其定义为：“Functionalist means focusing on function or functions of texts and transl

3、ation. （Nord，1997）”。 翻译的“功能主义”就是将关注点放在文本领域发生的一种或多种功能，以传达信息为目的，而较少关注翻译的情感意义和美学意义。狭义而言，它特指以德国“功能主义目的论”为核心的功能派翻译理论。广义而言，凡是用功能主义研究方法而产生的多种理论都属于功能翻译理论范畴。,定义归纳,For example: 汉语:专卖店 (不同的专卖店有不同的英语词) 女装专卖店-Boutique 海尔专卖店-Haier Outlet 福特汽车专卖店-Ford Car Exclusive Agency,Functions Determines Translation,“功能目的论”源于

4、行为理论，认为翻译是一种在既定场合发生的目的行为，是言语和非言语交际符号向另一种语言的转换。翻译的成功与否决定于欲达到的目的是否完成，讲究翻译目的不是对等，而是目的的完备性，是译文在译语环境中预期达到的一种或几种功能。”（Nord，2001）,定义归纳,功能目的论认为，对等翻译只是翻译多种形式的一种，每个文本为某个目的所产生，并应该服务于该目的。译文的接受者是决定翻译目的的重要因素之一。根据不同情况有不同的目的法则。这些法则来自翻译要求，它是由发起人( initiator)(也可能是译者本人)给定的。任何翻译都是面对意向受众，翻译的要求和目的规定着需要什么样的翻译，而原文只是一种信息源。,定义

5、归纳,中国改革报第二版一篇介绍张家界国家森林公园的原文和译文片断，原文的信息被歪曲，翻译目的就达不到。请看： 汉语： 张家界国家森林公园简介 湖南张家界国家森林公园是1982年经国务院批准成立的中国第一个国家森林公园。1992年因奇特的石英砂岩大峰林质地貌被联合国教科文组织列入世界遗产名录。 原译文: The Short Guide To Zhangjiajie National Forest Park Zhangjiajie was approved as the first national Forest park of China in 1982, by the state Congre

6、ss of China and was listed in the Directory of World Heritage by UNESCO for its quartzite sandstone landform in 1992.,翻译的要求与目的经常未达到,译文的划线部分都有误。这样的英语译文对张家界国家公园的旅游必然带来多少不良影响。连“国务院”这样的重要名称也乱一通。 “中国国务院” （the State Council） 错译成 the state Congress， 世界遗产名录（ World Heritage List） 错译成 the Directory of world h

7、eritage,Nord认为，功能翻译理论学派，除了“功能目的论”以外，还应包括持有相同观点，认同翻译中功能作用的其他流派，虽然他们并没有称自己是功能翻译学派。（Nord，1997）可见，凡是以语言功能研究为出发点的翻译理论，都可置于功能翻译理论的框架内。其中颇具影响的有英国翻译学家Newmark 的“功能分类说”和美国翻译学家Nida的“功能对等论”。功能翻译理论强调语言的功能作用，对以传达信息为主的商贸类文本翻译具有较强的指导意义。,“功能翻译理论” 与“功能目的论”,商务部副部长在国务院新闻发布会上讲话节选 多双边经贸关系及区域经济合作进一步发展。 中国与世界上绝大多数国家（地区）保持着

8、良好的经贸关系，与主要经济体及周边国家（地区）、发展中国家的经贸合作进一步深化。 Further progress has been made in bilateral and multilateral economic and trade relations as well as regional economic cooperation. China has maintained excellent economic and trade links with the overwhelming majority of countries (regions) and its economic

9、and trade cooperation with major economies and its neighboring countries (regions) has been further deepened.,信息不对等,原文的主题已知：中国 多双边经贸关系及区域经济合作进一步发展。 译文的主题完全丢失 Further progress has been made in bilateral and multilateral economic and trade relations as well as regional economic cooperation. 改译：China h

10、as made more progress in bilateral and multilateral economic and trade relations as well as regional economic cooperation.,信息不对等,中国与世界上绝大多数国家（地区）保持着良好的经贸关系，与主要经济体及周边国家（地区）、发展中国家的经贸合作进一步深化。 China has maintained excellent economic and trade links with the overwhelming majority of countries (regions) a

11、nd its economic and trade cooperation with major economies and its neighboring countries (regions) has been further deepened.,The functional approach has a great affinity with Skopos theory. The function of a translation is dependent on the knowledge, expectations, values and norms of the target rea

12、ders, who are again influenced by the situation they are in and by the culture. These factors determine whether the function of the source text or passages in the source text can be preserved or have to be modified or even changed.,How are functions involved?,1971年德国的莱斯（K. Reiss）首先提出“把翻译行为所要达到的特殊目的”

13、作为翻译评价的新模式。 1984年她在与费米尔（H. J. Vermeer）合写的General Foundation of Translation Theory一书中声称：译者在整个翻译过程中的参照系不应是“对等”翻译理论所注重的原文及其功能，而应是译文在译语文化环境中所预期达到的一种或若钟交际功能。 20世纪90年代初，德国学者克利斯蒂安诺德（Christiane Nord）进一步拓展了译文功能理论。她强调译文与原文的联系，但这种联系的质量与数量由译文的预期功能确定。,2.The Formation of Skopos Theory,功能目的理论的两项基本原则是： 1. 翻译各方面的交互作

14、用受翻译目的所决定； 2. 目的随接受对象的不同而变化。按照这两项 原则，译者可以为了达到目的而采用任何他自己认为适当的翻译策略。换句话说，目的决定方式（The end justifies the means）。例如：,中国认真履行加入世贸组织的各项承诺，对外开放不断扩大。同时积极参加世贸组织新一轮谈判，为完善多边贸易体制发挥了建设性作用。近期以来，已有新西兰、南非等9个国家正式宣布承认中国的完全市场经济地位，为中国与这些国家经贸合作的开展创造了更为有利的条件。 China has seriously implemented its WTO commitments and continuous

15、ly opened up. At the same time, we are active in participating in the new round of WTO negotiation and playing a constructive role for the improvement of the multilateral trading system. Not long ago, 9 countries including New Zealand, Singapore, and South Africa have formally declared that they rec

16、ognized Chinas full market economy status, which has created more favorable conditions for the economic and trade cooperation between China and these countries.,违背功能目的论的翻译,中国认真履行加入世贸组织的各项承诺，对外开放不断扩大。 China has seriously implemented its WTO commitments and continuously opened up. 认真 - seriously？ vigo

17、rously (目的决定翻译方式） 不断扩大 - continuously opened up? (这个翻译方式没有表达“对外开放不断扩大” China has vigorously implemented its commitments for its entry into WTO and has kept opening wider to the outside world.,（谁？）同时积极参加世贸组织新一轮谈判，为完善多边贸易体制发挥了建设性作用。 At the same time, we are active in participating in the new round of

18、WTO negotiation and playing a constructive role for the improvement of the multilateral trading system. China has also cordially attended the new round of WTO negotiations, playing a constructive role for improving the multilateral trade system.,近期以来，已有新西兰、南非等9个国家正式宣布承认中国的完全市场经济地位，为中国与这些国家经贸合作的开展创造了

19、更为有利的条件。 Not long ago, 9 countries including New Zealand, Singapore, and South Africa have formally declared that they recognized Chinas full market economy status, which has created more favorable conditions for the economic and trade cooperation between China and these countries. 改后半句： , creating

20、more favorable conditions for China to have economic and trade cooperation with these countries.,提示： 近期以来 = not long ago? recently 宣布承认= have declared they recognized? declared their recognition of Chinas full market economy status 新西兰、南非等9个国家 = 9 countries including New Zealand, Singapore, and Sout

21、h Africa? 9 countries such as New Zealand, South Africa,作为受文化制约的语言符号，原文语篇和译文语篇受到各自交际环境的影响，译文功能与原文功能可相似或保持一致，也可能完全不同。根据不同的语境因素和预期功能，选择最佳的处理方法，这是功能翻译理论比以对等为基础的翻译理论或极端功能主义的翻译理论更为优越之处。翻译功能理论指导下的翻译方法表现出较大的灵活性，较高的科学性和易操作性。Gideon Toury(原特拉维夫大学教授) 把“功能目的论”看作是“译文文本中心论”的翻版。,Advantages of Skopos Theory,The Sko

22、pos theory, an approach to translation put forward by Hans Vermeer and developed in Germany in the late 1970s, oriented a more functional and sociocultural concept of translation. Translation is considered not as a process of translation, but as a specific form of human action. The following example

23、s can tell us why it is an action: 1. 小心滑倒 - Carefully Slide（西南大学宾馆客房内） 2.洗澡时小心滑倒 - Pay Attention to Your Step while Taking Bath (浙江某市花园山庄客房内) 3.不在公共场合袒胸赤膊 - Do not wear clothes exposing the neck or shoulders in public places 参考： 1. 小心滑倒 - Caution! Wet (Slippery) Floor 2.洗澡时小心滑倒 - Caution! Wet (Slip

24、pery) Floor 3.不在公共场合袒胸赤膊 - Dress yourself decently in public places You can see, the original translation and the revised are different in actions.,3.What Is Skopos Theory about?,In Skopos theory, one of the most important factors determining the purpose of a translation is the intended receiver or

25、audience of the target text with their language. The theory focuses on the purpose of the translation, which determines the translation methods and strategies to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. For example: 航友宾馆 - Hang You Hotel (上海虹桥机场）(航友，就是“航空之友”，翻译就是传递这个信息） Vermee

26、r regards it as an “offer of information” for the target audience. From this view, the status of the source is clearly much lower in Skopos theory than the equivalence theory.,The main idea of Skopos theory is that translators should hold the thought from the perspective of the target readers during

27、 translation. Therefore, translators should bear in mind what the function of translation text is, what the target readers demand is and even what communicative situation is. Finally, the choice of translation strategies is decided by the purpose of the translation text, in order to achieve a better

28、 function text.,严禁携带易燃易爆物品进站乘车 1. No carrying combustibles and explosive in metro （上海百盛附近的地铁站） 2. Bring combustibles and explosives into the station and on board is strictly prohibited. （上海中山公园地铁站内） 3. Inflammable explosive and dangerous articles are forbidden.（杭州火车站内） 4. Hazardous goods are strictl

29、y prohibited taken into on train. （上海火车站内）,四种译法，哪个实现了功能？,No Entry of Hazardous Goods into the Station or on the Train Another example may tell us more: 原文：女生宿舍，男生莫入 译文：Female Students Only,Purposes Determine Translation Strategies,The three main rules are: skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity ru

30、le. 1.Skopos Rule （目的规则） The top-ranking rule for any translation is thus the skopos rule, which means that a translation action is determined by its skopos; that is, the end justifies the means” by Reiss and Vermeer. Vermeer also stresses on many occasions that the skopos rule is a general rule, an

31、d translation strategies and methods are determined by the purpose and the intended function of the target text.,Three Rules of Skopos Theory,Careful Motion Gate Watch For the Mobile Gate,2.Coherence Rule （连贯规则）The coherence rule states that the target text must be interpretable as coherent with the

32、 target text receivers situation. In other words, the target text must be translated in such a way that it is coherent for the target text receivers, given their circumstances and knowledge. In terms of coherence rule, the source text is no longer of most authority but only part of the translation b

33、eliefs. It is only an offer of information for the translator, who in turn picks out what he considers to be meaningful in the receivers situation.,Three Rules of Skopos Theory,3. Fidelity Rule（忠实规则） Translation is a preceding offer of information. It is expected to bear some relationship with the c

34、orresponding source text. Vermeer calls this relationship intertextual coherence or fidelity. This is postulated as a further principle, referred to as the fidelity rule by Reiss and Vermeer in 1984. The fidelity rule merely states that there must be coherence between the translated version and the

35、source text,Three Rules of Skopos Theory,4.The Relationship among the Rules Fidelity rule is considered subordinate to coherence rule, and both are subordinate to the skopos rule. If the skopos requires a change of function, the criterion will no longer be fidelity to the source text but adequacy or

36、 appropriateness with regard to the skopos. And if the skopos demands intra-textual incoherence, the standard of coherence rule is no longer vivid.（忠实规则服从连贯规则，两者又都服从目的规则）,Relationship among the Rules,No Littering,Skopos theory reflects a general shift from predominantly LINGUISTIC and rather formal

37、translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation. This shift drew inspiration from communication theory, action theory, text linguistics and text theory, as well as from movements in literary studies towards reception theories(接受理论）. Apart from Hans Ver

38、meer, the founder of skopos theory, other scholars working in the paradigm include Margret Ammann (1989/1990), Hans Hnig and Paul Kussmaul (1982), Sigrid Kupsch-Losereit (1986), Christiane Nord (1988) and Heidrun Witte (1987a).,Skopos Theory Is a Theorical Shift,Skopos theory takes seriously factors

39、 which have always been stressed in action theory, and which were brought into sharp relief with the growing need in the latter half of the twentieth century for the translation of non-literary text types.,In the translation of scientific and academic papers, instructions for use, tourist guides, co

40、ntracts, etc., the contextual factors surrounding the translation cannot be ignored. These factors include the culture of the intended readers of the target text and of the client who has commissioned it, and, in particular, the function of the text is to perform in that culture for those readers. S

41、kopos theory is directly oriented towards this function.,Translation is viewed not as a process of transcoding, but as a specific form of human action. Like any other human action, translation has a purpose. Skopos must be defined before translation can begin; in highlighting skopos, the theory adop

42、ts a prospective attitude to translation, as opposed to the retrospective attitude adopted in theories which focus on prescriptions derived from the source text. In addition to its purpose, any action has an outcome. The outcome of translational action is a translatum (Vermeer 1979:174), a particula

43、r variety of target text.,Translation is an action,According to skopos theory, translation is the production of a functionally appropriate target text based on an existing source text, and the relationship between the two texts is specified according to the skopos of the translation. One practical c

44、onsequence of this theory is a reconceptualization of the status of the source text. It is up to the translator as the expert to decide what role a source text is to play in the translation action. The translator is required to act consciously in accordance with the skopos, and skopos must be decide

45、d separately in each specific case.,A functionally appropriate target text,“变译理论”是黄忠廉教授2002年在其专著变译理论（中国对外翻译出版公司）中首次提出的。改书第五章第三节中的定义是：“所谓变译，指译者根据特定条件下特定读者的特殊需求，采用增、减、编、述、缩、并、改等变通手段摄取原作有关内容的翻译活动”。 （黄忠廉，1965年生于湖北，黑龙江大学（俄汉）翻译学教授/博士，博导，兼任华中师范大学翻译学博导。1987、1990、2005年分获华中师大、武汉大学、华中师大文学学士、硕士和博士学位，1999-2000公派

46、赴白俄罗斯语言大学翻译系访问，05年进入黑龙江大学外国语言文学博士后流动站，07年入选“2007年教育部新世纪优秀人才支持计划”。现为教育部重点研究基地黑龙江大学俄语语言文学研究中心主任。）,变译理论Translation Variation Theory,学术专著有翻译本质论、翻译变体研究、变译理论、俄汉翻译开发教程、科学翻译学； 合著或参编有中国科学翻译史、翻译名家研究、俄汉成语双解词典等七部； 合译知识分子与革命等三部； 主编翻译理论与实务丛书科学翻译研究卷（共十本，由中国对外翻译出版公司）。 、科学翻译学、翻译变体研究、译文观止等（中国对外翻译出版公司2000、2002、2004、20

47、07年）；翻译本质论、俄汉翻译开发基础（华中师范大学出版社2000、2007年）。其中科学翻译学2007年入选中国出版集团千卷本经典名著“中国文库”。,黄忠廉的学术成绩,在国内外学术期刊和学术会议上发表学术论文140余篇，其中在外语教学与研究、当代语言学、现代外语、外语学刊、中国翻译、解放军外国语学院学报、中国科技翻译、外语教学、语言与翻译、辞书研究、修辞学习、外语与外语教学、外语研究、外语界、中国俄语教学、上海科技翻译、外语电化教学、国外外语教学、四川外国语学院学报、福建外语、外语语言文学、外语语言文学研究、俄语语言文学研究、天津外语学院学报、科技术语研究、华中师范大学学报等二十余家核心期刊

48、上发表译学论文70篇。,学术论文,19982003年间主持国家社科基金项目两项（“变译理论研究”和“汉译词汇规范问题研究”），教育部基金项目两项（“俄汉翻译开发教程”，“汉译句法规范问题研究”），教育部重大项目一项（“汉语句法机制与汉外互译（全译 变译）本质探索”）、湖北省基金项目一项（“翻译测试研究”）、学校基金项目两项（“翻译变体研究”）。“变译理论研究”（99BYY009），“汉译词汇规范问题研究”（02BYY012）；教育部3项：“汉语句法机制与汉外互译” （全译 + 变译）本质探索（02JAZJD740016），“汉译句法规范问题研究”（0JC40006），“俄汉翻译开发教程”；湖北

49、省2项；美国旧金山大学资助项目一项。,科研项目,黄忠廉教授提出了变译的四大特征： 1.变译是对“人”字的大写。变译中直接或间接涉及到两个“人”，一个是译者，另一个是读者。 2.变译是对全译的异化，即指对同一原作通过改变其中某些要素（如内容和形式，使其译作最终与其完整的译作不相似或不同。 3.变译是对原作的部分否定。是应读者之需对原作否定的过程，原作的肯定因素是其符合读者要求的内容，否定因素则是不符合读者要求的内容。 4.变译是对原作价值的凸显。译者改变的是原作的价值，突出的是使用价值。,变译的四大特征,变译通俗地讲是变通加翻译，或变后翻译，或译后再变，或变译交融。变译都突出了一个“变”，都围绕

50、一个“变”字。 宏观上：1）异化全译观念已“变”； 2）否定原作信息有“变”； 3）凸显内容价值在“变”； 微观上：4）特殊需求决定了“变”； 5）译者操作促成了“变”； 6）为读者对原作施“变”； 7）摄取战略规约了“变”； 8）变通手段展示了“变”； 9）信息集约结果在“变”；,变译的本质,原文： Californians and New Englanders are both American. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws. They are very different in their

51、 ways of life. Mobility both physical and psychological has made a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality of New Englanders.,句群的变译,加利福尼亚人和新英格兰人都是美国人。他们说同样的语言，遵守同样的联邦法律。但是，他们的生活方式却大不相同。加利福尼亚人的文化特点是易变好动，包括身体上和心理上的；不好活动是新英格兰人的习惯和道德特征。 C

52、alifornians and New Englanders are both American. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws. They are very different in their ways of life. Mobility both physical and psychological has made a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is the mark of the c

53、ustoms and morality of New Englanders.,译文1：,加利福尼亚人和新英格兰人同是美国人。说同一语言，守同一法律，其生活方式却不同；前者易变好动，后者墨守成规。 Californians and New Englanders are both American. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws. They are very different in their ways of life. Mobility both physical and psychologica

54、l has made a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality of New Englanders.,译文2：,1.相似之处：从理想中的翻译走向现实中的翻译。 功能目的论和变译理论学者，不约而同地将目光锁定在“现实的翻译”上，从下列六方面进行了殊途同归的理论探索： 1）对翻译本质的再思考； 2）对原文的重新定位； 3）对忠实对等观的质疑； 4）对译者和接受者的重视； 5）对翻译目的的强调； 6）翻译标准和翻译策略的多元化。

55、,功能目的论和变译理论的异同点,功能目的论者认为，翻译是以原文为基础，按照委托人的翻译指令（包括目标文本的具体情景、读者要求、接受时间、地点、媒介等）创作一个符合翻译预期目的和功能文本的活动，并将翻译概念扩大为“翻译行动”（translational action）。 该术语将翻译研究的对象扩大为各种类型的跨文化传递。翻译就被视为新的、原创信息的交流，而不是用一种公认的形式给译语读者提供与原文“同样的”信息。变译理论的先行者周兆祥先生从实践的角度，对翻译传统提出质疑。传统的翻译观认为，将原文逐字逐句逐段翻译出来，才算是名正言顺的翻译，但在新的历史阶段中，根据需要而定的“改写、编译、节译、译写、

56、改编”等也是很好的翻译方法，因此，需要根据现代社会的时代，转变翻译观，转变翻译态度和方法。 “变译理论”的提出者黄忠廉先生的理论则可以看作在上述变译翻译观萌芽基础上的进一步延续、升华和系统性阐发。他认为，翻译是“译者将原语文化信息转换成译语文化信息并求得二者相似的思维活动和语言活动”。,1）对翻译本质的再思考,功能主义翻译目的论把原文看作信息供源，是翻译的起点而非评判译文成功与否的唯一准绳，译者可以根据翻译目的，通过选择原文中那些最适合目标情景要求的特征进行传译，对译文接受者进行“二次信息提供”。 变译论者也强调可以对原作说不，一反过去对原作求忠、求等的心态，翻译行为变为以译者为主或译者介入，

57、原作的一切可以为译者所用,2）对原文的重新定位,功能主义翻译目的论者认为，翻译是不可避免的变异过程，翻译中，译文功能与原文功能的等值是例外情况，并论证了忠实对等观是不切实际的幻想。 周兆祥先生对信达雅的地位提出质疑，提出了“为什么要忠信”的问题，并论证了翻译并不一定非要做到忠实，只要对跟翻译有关的各方面负责即可。这种突破忠实对等信念的观点在上个世纪八十年代虽显得有些极端，但它似乎更合乎翻译理论的性质。后来，周先生在翻译与人生中再次重申了上述观点。 黄忠廉教授认为，“从开始翻译第一个字起，就已经没有真正的信可言。”所谓的忠实、等值、信、等效或动态对等，都只是一种理想，是乌托邦。但他同样认为，翻译

58、标准需要上述标准作为译事的动力，不妨将翻译分为“应该是”层和“是什么”层，前者明示方向，后者反映实际的操作过程。,3）对忠实对等观的质疑,功能主义翻译目的论将译者提升到跨文化交际互动专家的地位，强调译者的能动介入，将译者从忠实于原文的束缚中解放出来，赋予译者更多的自由和创造空间。将译文读者的要求视为决定翻译目的和策略的重要标尺。翻译目的随接受者的不同而不同。 变译理论提出，要解放被语言束缚的译者，解放其“生产力”，提高译者的地位和创造性，译者从原作的奴隶变成驾驭原作、运用原作的能手，从仆人升为主人，从配角成为主角，对原作不再是全译层面上的“毕恭毕敬”，而是可以与原作竞争，可以超越、可以加入、可以修改等。同时要凸显接受者的不同需求，满足有特定需求的接受者，突出译文的有效供应。,4）对译者和接受者的重视,功能的论认为，跨文化互动的翻译中，“译文形式首先取决于其在目标语境中要实现的功能或目的。”译者应采用最适于实现译文目的的翻译策略，不管其是否被视为“标准的”翻译方法。在创造译文时，“结果使方法合理化”。 周兆祥先生的理论依据也是翻译服务对象和翻译目的决定翻译方法。他提出，应把委托者的利益放