《高考复习英语构词法》.pptx

1、英语构词法,英语构词法主要有三种： 转化、合成与派生。,英语构词法种类,另外还有截短、缩合等。,1. 转化 : 是指有一种词类转化为另一种词类。,water n. 水 - water vt. 浇水,常见的转化形式两种： 动词 - 名词 名词 - 动词,动词-名词 stop vt. 停止 - n.车站 love vt. 爱 - n. 爱 Watch vt. 观看 - n. 手表 record vt. 录音 - n. 纪录 comb vt. 梳理(头发) - n. 梳子 abuse vt. 辱骂 - n. 辱骂,名词 - 动词 hand n. 手 - vt. 上交 seat n. 座位 - vt.

2、 坐 nurse n. 护士 - vt. 护理 oil n. 油 - vt. 上油 time n. 时间 - vt. 定时，测时 shoulder n. 肩膀 - vt. 肩负,mine n. 矿山 - vt. 开矿 barbecue n. 烧烤-vt. 在烤架上烤 ship n. 船 - vt. 用船装运 finance n. 金融- vt. 为提供资金 stain n. 污点,污迹 - vt. 玷污，污染 draft n. 草稿 - vt. 起草 head n. 头 - v. 前进 transport n. 运输 - vt. 运输,副词 - 动词 down adv. 向下 - v. 放下

3、副词 - 名词 nowhere adv. 任何地方都不 - n. 无处，无名的地方,形容词 - 名词 freezing adj. 冰冻的 - n. 冰点 solid adj. 固体的,坚实的- n. 固体,数词 - 动词 second num. 第二 - v. 赞成 - n. 秒,2. 合成 : 有两个或更多的词合成一个词。 class 班级 + room 房间 = classroom 教室,warm + heart + ed = warmhearted 热心肠的 good + looking = good-looking 相貌好看的,hard + working = hard-working

4、 勤劳的 peace-loving state-owned well-known ready-mades sightseeing bloodthirsty,3. 派生 : 是通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词。,happy - unhappy develop - development,前缀一般只引起意思上的变化而不造成词类的变化，只有少数能引起词类的变化。,mis- 错误的 + understand v. 理解 - misunderstand v. 误解,en + large adj. 大的 - enlarge v. 扩大,后缀一般只引起词性上的变化而不造成意思的变化。,care v.

5、照料 - careful adj. 细心的 work v. 工作 - worker n. 工人,常见的前缀,(A)表示否定的前缀： un-unfair,unhappy, unfit, unsuccessful unemployment, unload摆脱负担, uncover,unlike non-nonsmoker, non-stop , nonsense谬论 (常用在n. adj. adv. 前) in-inactive, inhuman, indirect , invisible (常用在adj.后) dis-disagree, disappear, discount , discuss

6、 disturb, dishonest, dislike im-impolite ,impossible, immoral. (用在b,p,m 开头的词前) il-illegal ir-, irregular,(不道德的),(B).表示错误或失当的前缀: mis-misjudge, misdirect(误导), mistake misfortune. (C).表示向背的前缀: pro-(亲，支持) pro-Chinese, pro-American anti-（阻止，抗） antiwar, anti-Japanese war,(D).表示程度、大小的前缀 super-“超级,超出 supers

7、tar,supermarket, superman, superpower over-“过度” overhead, overeat, overuse, over-sleep, over-eat , overdo mini- minibus, miniskirt, mini-car under- underground, under-develop semi-(半，部分) semicircle, semiskilled, semi-steel,(E).表示时间的前缀 pre- prewar post- postwar fore-(前，预先) foretell, forecast, foresee

8、, weather forecast,(F).表示方位,空间的前缀： sub- subway, submarine inter- international, intercity, interclass, interact trans- translate, transport, transatlantic , (横过，通过，超越，进入) ex-, ec-, es-, exit, eclipse, expand, export in-, il-, im-, ir-, inland, invade, inside, import out-, outline, outside, outward 表

9、示“在上面，在外” over-, overlook, overhead, overboard 表示“在上面，在外部，向上”,表示“外部，外”,表示“向内，在内，背于”,re- repeat, recycle “重复” co- cooperate “共同, 平等” vice- vice-president “副手” tele- telephone, television “远程的” kilo- kilometer kilogram “ 千”,em- en- engage, ensure “使 ， 使成为“ de- deliver, decline , delay, decrease “ 的反意，

10、 去掉， 降低” cross- cross- cultural, cross-roads “ 跨越” centi- centimeter, centigrade “百, 百分之一” con- , com- confirm, concentrate, compound, “ 联合” bio- biochemistry, biology, biological, “生物的” anti- antinuclear, anti-Japanese war, antiforeign,(排外的) “反对”,常见的后缀,1.动词变名词： -ation satisfaction, education, reali

11、zation -ment development, movement, disappointment,-al arrival, refusal -ee trainee, employee -er teacher, worker -or visitor, sailor,inventor, conductor - ess waitress , actress , hostess, lioness. -ese Chinese, Japanese -ist socialist , communist scientist -ian musician, politician technician,“行为,

12、 结果”,“女性, 雌性”,2.形容词变名词 -ness happiness, meanness, carelessness -ity ability, possibility -ism Marxism, criticism, socialism, communism , materialism , racism,3.名词变形容词： -y windy, rainy, sandy -ish foolish, feverish -some handsome, troublesome -ous dangerous, humorous -ful helpful, careful, peaceful,“

13、充满”,“ 属于, 稍微”,3.名词变形容词： al national , chemical, political an African , American, Italian able reasonable , suitable, terrible,visible ern southern, western, northern,“的”,“ 方向”,“ 能够”,“地, 人”,3. 名词、形容词变动词： -ify beautify, simplify -ize realize, moderize, organize -en quicken, widen, sharpen,strenghen, deepen, loosen,但也有一些带后缀的派生词仅仅改变词义： dom- : Kingdom, freedom, hood: boyhood childhood Ship- Friendship, leadership, hardship Ful-: Spoonful, mouthful (满口,一口), handful(一把),“职位、状态” “集体,领域”,“身份，资格”,情态状态性质身份职业技巧技能”,构成名词,4. 截短 : 是指用