Lesson-4--The-Trial-That-Rocked-the-World.ppt

1、,The Trial That Rocked The World,The Monkey Trial,The Scopes Trial,The State of Tennessee vs Scopes,John Scopes Evolution Trial,The Trial That Rocked the World By John Scopes,The Scopes/Monkey Trial,The Scopes trial, also known as the “Monkey Trial,” is one of the most famous courtroom dramas in Uni

2、ted States history. The press dubbed it the Monkey Trial because, according to popular belief, evolution meant that humans were descended from monkeys.,Background Knowledge,The Monkey Trial,The early 1920s found social patterns in chaos. Traditionalists, the older Victorians, worried that everything

3、 valuable was ending. Younger modernists no longer asked whether society would approve of their behavior, only whether their behavior met the approval of their intellect. Intellectual experimentation flourished.,The Americans danced to the sound of the Jazz Age, showed their contempt for alcoholic p

4、rohibition, and debated abstract art and Freudian theories. In response to the new social patterns set in motion by modernism, a wave of revivalism developed, becoming especially strong in the American South.,In the summer of 1925, history was made in the small town of Dayton, Tennessee. The issue a

5、t hand was the Butler Law, which forbid the teaching of evolution in public schools.,PUBLIC ACTS OF THE STATE OF TENNESSEE PASSED BY THE SIXTY - FOURTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY 1925 CHAPTER NO. 27 House Bill No. 185 (By Mr. Butler),Synopsis of the Text,Tennessee legislature had enacted a law (the Butler Act

6、) in 1924 making it a crime to teach the theory of evolution in public schools because it contradicted the account of creation in the Bible. The following year, a high school biology teacher in Dayton, John Thomas Scopes (1900-1970), decided to test the law. He explained the theory to his class and

7、was arrested and prosecuted.,John Thomas Scopes,The fledgling American Civil Liberties Union wanted to challenge the laws constitutionality and chose to test it with the trial of John Scopes, a young high-school math and gym teacher who briefly taught Darwinism as a substitute biology teacher. The q

8、uiet procedural matter exploded into a media carnival when two great lawyers arrived to argue the case.,(John Scopes),Religious debate,The most contentious debates over evolution have involved religion. From Darwins day to the present, members of some religious faiths have perceived the scientific t

9、heory of evolution to be in direct and objectionable conflict with religious doctrine regarding the creation of the world.,Christian Fundamentalists (【宗】原教旨主义(相信圣经所记载的传统的基督教信仰, 反对较为近代的教义) and others who believe literally in the biblical story of creation choose to reject evolutionary theory because

10、it contradicts the book of Genesis, which describes how God created the world and all its plants and animal life in six days. Many such people maintain that the Earth is relatively youngperhaps 6,000 to 8,000 years oldand that humans and all the worlds species have remained unchanged since their rec

11、ent creation by a divine hand.,Genesis 圣经创世纪,1st day: Day a silver tongue e.g. Sometimes we do get fooled by all that beautifully packaged, silver-tongued hype of the record companies. be born with a silver spoon in the mouth Every cloud has a silver lining. 黑暗之中总有光明。 Speech is silver, but silence i

12、s golden. Silver State: informal name for Nevada and Colorado silver medal; silver jubilee; silver wedding; the silver screen;,silver,counsel:,| u | advice: They refused to listen to the old mans counsel. | c | one or more lawyers acting for sb. in a court of law. e.g. The counsel are agreed. The ju

13、dge asked the counsel for the defense to explain his point. take /hold counsel for advice: to ask sb. for advice,Cf. council: a group of people appointed or elected to make laws, rules, or decisions, for a town, etc., or to give advice. the state council国务院 the Council of Ministers内阁 the UN Security

14、 Council安理会 Official meetings of the town council镇政会 are always held in the council chamber会议室.,Nominate:,to suggest or name sb. officially for election to a position, office, honor, etc. I wish to nominate Jane Morrison for president of the club. nominee: a person who has been nominated. nominator,

15、The revival of fundamentalism,After WW I, religious intolerances were rampant. Quite a few states passed laws prohibiting the teaching of Darwinist evolution. When John Scopes, a school teacher, defied the law by teaching evolution, he was brought up for trial. The court debate was not only a reflec

16、tion of religious conflicts but also a significant struggle between the progressive and the reactionary.,Darwinism,The theory of evolution asserts that all living forms, plants and animals, including Man have developed from earlier and simpler forms by processes of change and selection. The fittiest

17、 survive.,Testify (against, for, to):,a. to make a solemn statement of what is true. The teacher testified to the pupils ability and willingness to work hard. Can you testify that you saw the defendant at the scene of the crime? One witness testified that hed seen the prisoner run out of the bank af

18、ter it had been robbed. b. to serve as proof: e.g. Her red face testified to her guilt / that she was guilty. testimonial（品行，行为，资格等）证明书，推荐书 Applicants for this post must send copies of 3 recent testimonials.,evidence:,information given personally, drawn from a document or in the form of material obj

19、ects, tending or or used to establish facts in a legal investigation or admissible as testimony in a law court 用于任何指示或对或错的事实，但并不能确切证明究竟是对是错。 Running away was evidence of his guilt. Without evidence, they cant bring a charge.,testimony:,a formal written or spoken statement, especially one given in a

20、court of law; evidence or proof provided by the existence or appearance of sth 指证实对或错 His blackened finger was testimony to the fact that he had played in pain. His speech was testimony of his good intention.,hand:,on hand: present, available the hidden hand the minute hour hand ask for a girls hand

21、 give ones hand to sb. a fresh green hand a crack good, great hand extra hands at first hand (knowledge at first hand )。 at second hand at hand,hand:,be out of sb.s hands by hand : e.g. deliver a letter by hand fold ones hands from hand to mouth gain get, have the upper hand of get a big hand hand i

22、n hand: e.g. to act hand in hand 。 Hands off! Hands up! hold up ones hands,hand:,in hand: e.g. We have the situation well in hand kiss hands ( the hand ) kiss ones hand to lose the upper hand out of hand try ones hand at,proof:,evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the

23、truth of a statement 确实证据，不容置疑的证据 His actions were proof that he was telling the truth. You will be asked to give proof of your identity. The proof of the pudding is in the eating.,Erupt:,to explode and pour out fire (volcanoes, geysers, wars, emotions, etc.) Geysers and volcanoes erupt. The volcano

24、 erupted lava and ashes. He erupted angry words. Violence erupted in the city after the football.,crater/vent,ashes lava rock fragments hot vapor gas,eruption,conical,the earths crust,an active an extinct volcano a dormant,build up,develop/extend gradually, steadily; become larger, stronger The clou

25、ds are building up. He has built up a good business over the years. It broke out after a study in China suggested for the first time that GM cotton was permanently damaging the environment and that insects were building up resistance to it.,aim ( at ): point or direct towards some object, esp. with

26、the intention of hitting it,Cf. aim / direct / level / point / train The central meaning shared by these verbs is to turn something in the direction of an intended goal or target. aimed the camera at the guests directing her eyes on the book leveled criticism at the administration pointing a finger

27、at the suspect trained the gun on the intruder,least of all （最不应该；尤其不）,less than anyone/anything else Nobody ought to complain; he least of all who has received so much kindness. 谁都不应抱怨，他尤其不应该，他已得到这么多恩惠。 I never hid the truth, least of all from you. He liked that book least of all. not in the least

28、(not at all) to say the least (of it) (understatement) His performance was disappointing, to say the least of it. It was rather an unsatisfactory dinner, to say the least of it. 那次宴会，相当令人不满意，至少可以如此说。,snowball:,to increase in size faster and faster or uncontrollably The effect of rising prices has sn

29、owballed. He helped the organization to snowball its political influence. 他帮助那家机构迅速增大政治影响力。 The number of signers of the petition for a new school snowballed. 要求增设新学校的签名人数越来越多。,take on:,begin to have (the look of) The old city has taken on a new look. Believing he had only a year to live, his writin

30、g took on a feverish intensity. circus: acrobats, clowns, trained animals Cf. paint the town red: go out and enjoy oneself flamboyantly,the small town Dayton,a map of Dayton,Dayton scene during the trial,festive atmosphere in Dayton,Todays Courthouse,passersby,lookers-in lookers-on diners-out maids-

31、in-waiting sons-in-law fathers-in-law,statesman spokesman craftsman sportsman yachtsman salesman swordsman dolesman,almsman领救济金者 cragsman爬岩能手 mobsman暴民 banksman坑外监工 helmsman舵手 herdsman牧主 steersman舵手 撑筏者 draftsman起草人 pointsman扳道工 landsman同胞 clansman氏族人 kinsman亲属,kinsfolk亲属 townsfolk同乡 townspeople镇民 市

32、民,异教徒,infidel: a person who does not believe in religion or who adheres to a religion other than ones own, implying being in the hands of the devil pagan: a person holding religious beliefs other than those of the main world religions heretic: a person believing in or practicing religious heresy,ste

33、eped in:,thoroughly filled or familiar with; saturated, immersed, imbued with a place steeped in mystery a mind steeped in law be steeped in women and liquor 沉缅于酒色,agnostic: a person who believes that one can only have knowledge of material things and that nothing is or can be known about God or lif

34、e after death. 不可知论者 atheist: a person who disbelieves in the existence of God. 无神论者 cf. aesthete: a person who is appreciative of or sensitive to art and beauty. 唯美主义者，审美者,session:,a formal meeting of an organization, esp. a law-making body or court. Be seated! This court is in session. This years

35、session of Congress was unusually long. the morning/afternoon session the 2nd Session of the 10th National Peoples Congress 第十届全国人民代表大会第二次会议（NPC) the 2nd Session of the 10th Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) 第十届中国人民政治协商会议第二次会议,take legal proceedings against sb. 对-提出诉讼 take di

36、vorce proceedings 提出离婚诉讼 contentious procedure 诉讼程序,get under way: get started, in session, in motion, in full swing,growl:,to make a deep rough sound in the throat to show anger or give warning, a deep rough sound The dog was angry and growled at me. We heard thunder growling in the distance. He gr

37、owled (out) his disapproval. He answered the question with a growl.,drawl,speak in a slow, lazy way with prolonged vowel sounds “Suits me fine,” he drawled. People are getting used to Bushs Texas drawl. 人们慢慢习惯了布什的得州慢腔调。,bigotry,Bigot（执拗的人）: a person who thinks strongly and unreasonably that his own

38、opinion and belief is correct about matters of religion, race, politics, etc. Bigotry（偏执、顽固）: intolerance towards those who hold different opinions from oneself The report reveals racism and right-wing bigotry. Bigoted（偏执的、顽固的）: obstinately convinced of the superiority or correctness of ones own opi

39、nions and prejudiced against those who hold different opinions a bigoted group of reactionaries,rampant:,of crime, disease, beliefs, ideas, ignorance, bigotry, wide spread, impossible to control, unchecked. weeds, vines, (grow too freely) The vines ran rampant over the fence. Ignorance is rampant am

40、ong them. Anarchy was rampant after the dictator died. a rampant leopard: 一只暴怒的豹子 two gold lions rampant: 用后脚立起的狮子,retrogress to the dark age of the 16th century,The Inquisition （中世纪的）宗教法庭 Copernicus (Polish, 1473-1543) Galileo (Italian, 1564-1642) Bruno (Italian, 1548-1600): Italian philosopher, su

41、pporter of the heliocentric Copernican view of the solar system. He was tried by the Inquisition for heresy（邪说） and burned at the stake.,contaminate:,made impure or bad by or as if by mixing in /with impure, dirty, or poisonous matter: Dont eat this food: it may have been contaminated by the flies.

42、The river was contaminated with waste from the factory. Our students are being contaminated by foreign ideas! His morals have been contaminated by bad companions.,warm: become more enthusiastic, animated vt.to raise slightly in temperature; make warm:e.g. warmed the rolls a bit more; warm up the hou

43、se. vt. to make zealous or ardent; enliven; to fill with pleasant emotions:e.g. We were warmed by the sight of home. vi. to become warm; e.g. The rolls are warming in the oven. vi. to become ardent, enthusiastic, or animated:e.g. began to warm to the subject. vi. to become kindly disposed or friendl

44、y:e.g. She felt the audience warming to her. Bryan was encouraged by the audiences appreciation of his sarcasm and became more enthusiastic.,denounce:,to speak or write against He was denounced as a rascal. The ministers action was denounced in the newspaper. They denounced him to the police as a cr

45、iminal. to declare publicly and officially the end of (an agreement, treaty, esp. one between nations) to denounce a treaty,thunder:,the loud explosive noise that follows a flash of lightning, any noise like this. To shout loudly, to attack violently with words. The gun thundered in the distance. Th

46、e sea thunders against the rocks. She was thundering at the door. The reformers thundered against drinking and gambling.,thunder:,to thunder threats (condemnation, denouncement) some phrases: in thunder (used for giving force to a question) What in thunder do you think youre doing? like /as black as

47、 thunder (very angry /annoyed) steal ones thunder (剽窃别人的思想或方法等),（用预期表演或言论等之精彩而使实际表现为之失色）,gone:no longer present, departed,Gone are the days when imperialists could run rough shod over the Chinese people. Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay. Gone are the days when I could sleep for as l

48、ong as I pleased.,arena:,the central (middle) part of a Roman amphitheater, used for public sports and fights, amusement. arena of politics, arena of World War II ( a scene /place), literary arena-business, cultural, academic, theatrical circle,quarters 界,diplomatic quarters 外交界 dinancial quarters 金

49、融界 the highest quarters 最高层 the quarters concerned 有关方面,the platform,the pulpit,literati,in the field of medicine,the scientific field,reconcile:,1if you reconcile two beliefs, facts, or demands that seem to be opposed or completely different, you find a way in which they can both be true or both be

50、 fulfilled. vt. e.g. Its difficult to reconcile the demands of my job and the desire to be a good father. 2If you are reconciled with someone, you become friendly with them again after a quarrel or disagreement. e.g. He never believed he and Susan would be reconciled. 3If you reconcile two people, y

51、ou make them become friends again after a quarrel or disagreement e.g. my attempt to reconcile him with Toby 4If you reconcile yourself to an unpleasant situation, you accept it, although it does not make you happy to do so. e.g. She had reconciled herself to never seeing him again. She felt, if not

52、 grateful for her own lot, at least a little more reconciled to it.,Saxon: trial by ordeal (水火酷刑审判） ordeals by fire and water or poison Norman: （原/被告决斗审判） trials by battle or duel,The two opposing lawyers fought a duel of wits in the law court.,primitive trial,an ape an anthropoid primate (primates)

53、 a mammal of an order that includes the lemurs（狐猴）, bushbabies（非洲小猿）, tarsiers（东南亚长尾夜出后腿长猴类）, marmosets（中南美洲产小猴）, monkeys, apes and humans (a chimpanzee a gorilla baboon),Please tell that anthropoid brother of yours to stand up straight and get his hair cut!,deliberate/ponder:,Both emphasize the slo

54、w, careful process of weighing possibilities/ alternatives. deliberate: stresses the slowness, rational process of decision-making. The jury deliberated four hours before bringing in a verdict. Jurors deliberated the fate of those charged. She deliberated over the menu.,deliberate/ponder:,ponder: st

55、resses the weighing of possibilities and points to the solemnity and difficulty of the problem, to which there may be no solution. The Minister for Defense pondered the problem of how to maintain national security without compromising individual freedom. I pondered the question of what clothes to we

56、ar for the occasion. She sat pondering over her problem.,cower (wince, shrink, flinch),shrink from a person or action because of alarm, cowardice, servility, obsequiousness, cold, also indicate a fearful and trembling recoil or drawing back from danger, pain, extreme discomfort. antonyms: confront,

57、face, carry off( to do /perform easily, successfully), brazen out ( to face trouble/ blame with shameless daring) He cowered in frozen panic as the horses stampeded towards him.,yokel (country bumpkin, hayseed, hick, rustic, rube) refer contemptuously, unflatteringly, unfavorably to rural, provincia

58、l, uncultured, unsophisticated, narrow-minded people who could be easily gulled, duped, conned, taken in.,repel/ repulse,1, to drive back by or as if by force to repel an attack/an enemy 2. to cause feelings of dislike in Lets go at once! You repel me. His accent repels me. 他说话的腔调让我恶心。 3. make displ

59、eased Evil odors invariably repel. 臭味总让人不愉快。,4. be against each other Particles with similar electric charges repel each other. 带有同性电荷之物体相排斥。 5. be waterproof This coat repels rain. repellant appearance 令人憎恶的外貌,repulse:,1. to drive back (an enemy/attack) to repulse the enemy 2. to refuse coldly; push away (a friendly person, or an offer of friendship) He offered to help, but was repulsed.,Bryan is like Don Quixote in his actions, fighting windmills or tilting at windmills, too dramatic and too pretentious to be really convincing and impressive.,punctuate,in