精品英语文档：–ej–to.ppt

1、Esperanto - la internacia lingvo,1,Esperanto and humanism,Ludoviko Lazaro Zamenhof 1859-1917,LLZ in brief,Born Bialystok, Poland. In Bialystok lived Germans, Jews, Poles, Russians. The young Zamenhof felt a common tongue would help these nationalities live in peace and harmony. At university he stud

2、ied medicine.,Esperanto - la internacia lingvo,2,Planned languages,Hildegard von Bingen 1098-1178,900+,Descartes: une langue universelle, fort aise apprendre, prononcer et crire (1629),Leibnitz 1666 Ampre 1793 Sudre 1866 (Solresol) Saussure 1910 (Novesperanto) Hogben 1943 (Interglossa) IALA 1951 (In

3、terlingua) Okrand 1984 (Klingon),Johann Martin Schleyer Volapuk (1879) After 10 years 25 newspapers 283 groups,Esperanto - la internacia lingvo,3,Regular language ,grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand grand,big / large small unbig biggish / largish huge megabig size bigness a big /

4、large person bigman a small person unbigman to grow / get / become large to biggen to make big / enlarge to biggify to start to enlarge to embiggen,Esperanto is some five times easier to learn than other languages phonetic without exception flexible logical (e.g. no gender),a mal a eta ega eco ulo m

5、al ulo ii igi ekgrandigi,Esperanto - la internacia lingvo,4,Simple verb forms ,You sang nicely You have sung nicely You had sung nicely You did sing nicely You did use to sing nicely You were singing nicely You used to sing nicely,Vi kantis bele,-as,-is,-os,-i,-us,Esperanto - la internacia lingvo,5,

6、Logical lexis ,futbalejo kriketejo golfejo tenisejo naejo kurejo pafejo globludejo kegloludejo,football pitch / ground cricket pitch / ground golf course tennis court swimming pool running track shooting gallery / range bowling green bowling alley,place = ej,This is an instance of the ease of learni

7、ng Esperanto. There is one affix ej to express place. There is no need to learn a host of illogical pairings. Why cant we say in English cricket court?,Esperanto - la internacia lingvo,6,Logical lexis ,brikujo? fiujo? karbujo? benzinujo? teujo? monujo? sagujo?,What are these words in English ?,hod t

8、ank scuttle tank caddy wallet quiver,Esperanto - la internacia lingvo,7,The spirit of Esperanto,Language,Culture,Ideology,Because a language is planned does not mean it is monotonous incapable of expression lifeless Many languages contain planned. non-natural elements!,Esperanto - la internacia ling

9、vo,8,Language spirit,Puns i suferas pro kataro (catarrh / kindle of cats) literaturo (litera turo) (tower of letters) Inventive he put a mouse into the shoe li metis muson en la uon li enuigis muson (en+u+ig+is / inshoe-ed) Flexible (word order / word forms) ni iris per trajno al la urbo per trajno

10、ni iris al la urbo al la urbo ni iris per trajnoiris ni al la urbo per trajno ni trajnis al la urboni trajnis urben ni alurbis trajneni iris trajne urben (the root trajn train is used here as a noun, a verb and an adverb),Acceptable bicycle I bicycled to town I cycled to town I biked to town less ac

11、ceptable I trained to town I carred to town I bussed to town (but equivalents acceptable in Esp.),Esperanto - la internacia lingvo,9,Cultural spirit,An artificial language cannot have a literature Translated literature Original literature Magazines Music,An artificial language cannot have a history

12、Ido-crisis Kabe League of Nations Dangerous language Conferences Above all Human histories,120 years of history,Myths,Esperanto - la internacia lingvo,10,The ideological spirit,Zamenhof (1905): at our meeting are no strong nations or weak nations, with privileges or without; no-one is humiliated or

13、embarrassed; all of us feel as members of one nation, of one family today, surrounded by the welcoming walls of Boulogne-on-Sea, it is not French who met English, nor Russians who met Poles, but people who met people.,From the Boulogne Declaration: 1. Esperantism is an attempt to spread throughout t

14、he entireworld the use of a neutral, human language which, not intruding on the personal life of peoples and in no way aiming to replace existing national languages, would give people ofdifferent nations the ability to understand each other, and couldserve as a language of peace ,peace,neutrality,eq

15、uality,Libert Egalit Fraternit,Esperanto - la internacia lingvo,11,The inner idea,Ultimately Zamenhofs language was and is more than a proposed solution to the language problem: it is an attempt to confront the spirit of inequality, of intolerance, of hatred that is tearing apart our world.,Zamenhof

16、: via a neutral language to remove the walls which divide people and to accustom them to seeing in those around them simply fellow humans and brothers.,Humphrey Tonkin, president of UEA (Warsaw, 1987),Esperanto - la internacia lingvo,12,Human(kind)ism,Zamenhof: Declaration of Mankind (1913) 1 I am h

17、uman, and all humans I regard as one family; the division of humanity into races which hate each other and into communities founded on race and religion I consider one of the greatest misfortunes which, sooner or later, must disappear, and the disappearance of which I must effect to the best of my a

18、bility. 2 In every person I see only that person, and I judge everyone solely according to his or her personal worth and deeds. 10I am aware that the essence of true religious commandments lies in the heart of every human being in the form of his or her conscience, and that the overriding principle

19、contained in these commandments and incumbent on everyone is: do to others, as you would wish others to do to you: everything else that religion proposes is secondary to this.,Hillel: That which is hateful to you, do not do to your neighbour. That is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation. Go

20、and study it.,Esperanto - la internacia lingvo,13,Common language common ethic,Community of free thinkers: sincerity, tolerance of other beliefs and acceptance of a communal moral code to establish firm religious neutrality and prevent subsequent generations from slipping back into ethnic and religi

21、ous chauvinism common churches / temples neutral human ceremonies, customs and calendar for all humankind,We intend to establish a set of neutral and human ethical rules, which could make of humans humans and which would remove the awful ethnic chauvinism and the hatred and inequality between people

22、s; but for this set of ethical rules not to remain peripheral and totally worthless, like many fine theoretical principles of the moment, we intend to give it the specific form, set for all time, and able to be absorbed in childhood, of an automatically inheritable religion. Zamenhof: posthumous pap

23、ers,Homaranismo to be discussed in Paris in 1914 conference cancelled because of war.,Esperanto - la internacia lingvo,14,Humanism,To be a humanist is, fundamentally, to love human beings; and to love them, in the deepest sense, is to want them to develop according to their own nature, to have the d

24、esire to relate to them and know them, to care for them, and to respect them in their entirety. All of these elements are to be found, in an identical manner, at the root of the Esperanto phenomenon. Esperanto shows itself to be an invaluable contribution to authentic, universal humanism. Claude Pir

25、on Esperanto: A New Form of Humanism,Esperanto - la internacia lingvo,15,Everyone speaks English ?,Global spread of English a threat to UK When we are in competition economically, educationally or culturally, conversing in English alone is no longer enough. The Guardian, 2006-02-15,Amazon has decide

26、d to relocate its customer service centre to Cork in a bid to take advantage of stronger language skills. The workforce in Slough doesnt have the necessary polyglotism to deal with calls from all over Europe, it says. Headquarters will stay in Slough, but 90 call centre and support staff face reloca

27、tion. The move will create up to 450 jobs in Cork. The Register, 2006-03-03,Bradford hospital staff were unable to understand the accents of Americans brought in to advise on working practices. The Observer, 2005-01-16,German doctors earning 1000 per day working in the NHS in Norwich were unable to

28、understand the regional accent. The Guardian, 2005-05-16,Esperanto - la internacia lingvo,16,Everyone speaks English ?,A bus conductor lamenting the passing of the Routemaster bus said it was rare that passengers spoke to him because many were tourists who did not speak English. The Guardian, 2004-08-30,The majority of notices in English in Shanghai are either wrong or misleading, reported the