高考生物学生易错知识总结（College entrance examination of biology knowledge summary of errors）

1、高考生物学生易错知识总结（College entrance examination of biology knowledge summary of errors）1. make energy flow continuously and efficiently to the most significant part of human beings2., the energy delivered at 2 trophic levels was 10% - 20%3. one way flow progressively decreasing4. fungi PH5.0 - 6 bacteria

2、PH6.5 - 7.5 Actinomyces PH7.5 - 8.55. as a carrier of energy, matter flows along the food chain and food web6. matter can be recycled, energy can not be recycled7. rivers are polluted and can be decomposed by physical precipitation, chemical decomposition, microorganisms, and soon eliminate pollutio

3、n8. ecosystem structure: ecosystem component + food chain food webThe component of the 9. lymphatic factor is glycoproteinThe capsid of the virus is a molecule of 1 - 6 polypeptidesCell walls of prokaryotic cells: peptidoglycan10., allergies: antibodies adsorbed on the skin, mucous membranes, certai

4、n cells in the blood surface, and once again enter the human body, so that cells release histamine and other substances11. the total solar energy fixed by the producer is the total energy flowing into the food chain12. effect B cells have no recognition function13. how much water do you see in germi

5、nation? How much do you see in protein?Soybean oil rhizobia do not use nitrogen fertilizerDeamination is mainly in the liver, but it can also occur in other cells14. edema: the concentration of tissue fluid is higher than that of blood15. urea is an organic substance that produces organic matter whe

6、n it is completely oxidized and decomposed16. whether you need to transfer amino is to see if the body needs it or not17. cyanobacteria: prokaryotes, plasmids freeYeast: eukaryotic, with plasmidsGolgi, body composition, cellulose, etc.TRNA contains CHONPSThe 18. biological missile is a monoclonal an

7、tibody, a protein19. lymphatic factor: interleukin20. gastrulation is related to the division and differentiation of blastocysts21. fertilized eggs - cleavage - blastula - gastrula(undivided) (divided)22. highly differentiated cells generally do not proliferate. For example: kidney cellsCapable of b

8、eing divided and increasing: stem cells, cambium cells, germinal layersNon mitotic: red blood cell, sieve tube cell (without nucleus), nerve cell, bone cell23., the detected amino acids are generally found in places where proteins are present, but radioactivity is first detected at the ribosome24. c

9、ells that can carry out photosynthesis do not necessarily have chloroplastsAutotrophic creatures are not necessarily plants(e.g. nitrifying bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, and cyanobacteria)25., in addition to mutations, other genetic changes are most likely to occur during meiosis (like cross inte

10、rchange, when the first meiotic division is a free combination of chromosomes)26. in the process of cell mitosis, spindle cells or star rays are surrounded by many organelles. The physical state of the organelle is called mitochondria - which provides energy27. agglutination: antigen on the surface

11、of erythrocytesAgglutinin: antibody in serum28. spindle division can be seen (because spindle fibers are relatively dense), while individual spindle filaments are difficult to observe29. medium: physical state: solid, semi-solid, liquidChemical composition: synthetic medium, composition mediumUses:

12、select medium and identify culture medium30. biodiversity: genes, species, ecosystems31. gene free combination time: Jane count once split, fertilization32. the C2H5OH is used in the testI. identification test of fat: 50%Mitosis (dissociative):95%+15% (HCl)Crude extraction of 3.DNA: 95% (insoluble n

13、ucleotides)Chloroplast pigment extraction: instead of * * * *The 33. sign is a neighbour while swimming just thirsty americium Yu Xing Xing /SPAN in Pretoria am disaster?34. gene = coding region + non cheat area(upstream) (downstream)(noncoding sequences include noncoding regions and introns)Allele

14、example: AaAaAaAAAa35. a certain amount of gas is injected into the culture medium to regulate PH36. physical induction: centrifugation, vibration, electrical stimulationChemical inducer: polyethylene glycol, PEGBiological induction: a fire fighting virus37., the method of obtaining embryonic stem c

15、ells is to transfer the nucleus to the enucleated egg cells, which can be processed to a certain period to obtain embryonic stem cells. At some stage, this period is most likely to be blastocysts38. prokaryotic cells seriously nuclear cells only have a simple cellular organelle ribosome - cells with

16、 two kinds of nucleic acid - DNA and RNAViruses have only one genetic material - DNA or RNARuan virus only has protein39. colchicine can induce gene mutation and induce doubling of chromosome number (which is related to dose)40. acquired immunodeficiency disease AIDS (AIDS)41., the immune organism h

17、as been stimulated by the antigen again, may have allergic reactions (allergic constitution), may not have allergic reactions (normal physique)The 42. winter wheat in autumn and winter low temperature cell activity slowed material consumption decreased the intracellular soluble reducing sugar signif

18、icantly increased cell free water is the result of adaptation to the environment and slowed the ratio of bound water to reduce the proportion43. oxygen eighteen marked water for a long time, in addition to oxygen, water vapor, carbon dioxide and organic matter also marked oxygen eighteenThe leaves o

19、f 44.C3 plants are loosely arrangedThe dark reaction of C4 plants can be carried out in mesophyll cells, and also in vascular bundle sheath cellsMesophyll cells CO2 C4, bundle sheath cells, C4, CO2, CH2OThe final acceptor of the electron in the 45. light reaction phase is coenzyme two46. sucrose can

20、 not access.47., photolysis of water requires no enzymes, light requires enzymes, and dark reactions require enzymes48., the formation of fatty liver: excessive intake of fat can not be carried away in time; phospholipid synthesis decreased; lipoprotein synthesis blocked.49. the capillary capillarie

21、s that are absorbed most into the villi of the small intestine after digestion, and the capillaries are injected into the bloodstream50. after a serious illness, it is appropriate to eat protein rich foods, but the protein is not the most important energy supply material.51. when glutamic acid is fe

22、rmentedWhen the dissolved oxygen is insufficient, lactic acid or succinic acid is producedWhen the fermentation broth PH is acidic, it is beneficial for Corynebacterium to produce acetyl glutamine.52. urea can be used as a nitrogen source as well as a carbon source53. the strongest period of bacteri

23、al infection in other organisms is the logarithmic phase of bacteria54. Rhodospirillum of facultative bio nutrition, can also autotrophic heterotrophicDuring the 55. stable stage, spores can produce a large amount of secondary metabolites56 composition of enzyme and enzyme induced cell is endoenzyme

24、.57. Penicillium produces penicillin penicillin that kills bacteria, actinomycetes, and kills fungi.58. bacteria: every fungus before the pole, rod, solitary, ball, spiral.Fungi: yeast, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Aspergillus59. the introduction of carriers into recipient cells is aimed at increasing the

25、 permeability of cell walls by using CaCl260. all feelings arise from the cerebral cortex61. all the properties of the organism are controlled by genes and external conditions. The color of the human skin is regulated by the synthesis of certain genes that control the synthesis of enzymes.62. the ne

26、w variety of Beijing flower No. 1 was cultivated by anther culture in vitroHeinong No. five is to cultivate new varieties by hybridization.67. organelles associated with protein synthesis are ribosomes, mitochondria, and no Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum.68. note: the synthesis of all enz

27、ymes (non secretory proteins) in the cell is only related to the ribosome, and the secretory enzymes are related to the endoplasmic reticulum in the Golgi body69. the energy conversion pathway of the chloroplast cystic structure is light energy, electricity energy, active chemical energy, and stable

28、 chemical energy70. what are the options for changes in cells of a higher plant under different metabolic conditions?The tick size of vacuole water lossThe number of centrosomes in higher plants without the structure xThe flow velocity V represents the strength of The new supersedes the old.The pen

29、with free water tick on behalf of The new supersedes the old. strength72., the Golgi apparatus is the site of protein processingReplication and reproduction of 73.HIV virus in host cellsRNA DNA proteinRNA DNA HIV virusRNA to RNA74. influenza and tobacco mosaic virus are RNA viruses75. autoimmune dis

30、eases, allergies are caused by excessive immune function76., the balance of water regulation center, so that the cerebral cortex, receptor is the hypothalamus78. skeletal muscle heat production can form ATP79. skin burns, the first line of defense is damaged80. pure purple jasmineIn the cellular str

31、ucture of the 82. autotrophic aerobic organisms, there may be no chloroplasts and probably no mitochondria (e.g. cyanobacteria)83. nerve regulation: rapid, accurate, relatively limited, time is shortHumoral regulation: relatively slow, extensive, longer84. synthetic z-glutamic acid, glutamate have i

32、nhibition of glutamate dehydrogenase activity could be relieved by changing the permeability of cell membrane85. when adding lysine, a small amount of high serine is produced to produce threonine and methionine, so that the Yellow Bacillus lives normally86. growth hormone: pituitary secretion promot

33、ing growth, mainly promoting the synthesis of proteins and bone growthStimulating hormone: the secretion of the pituitary gland promotes the growth and development of glands and regulates the secretion of hormones by glandsIslets of Langerhans: pancreatic secretionThyroid hormone: promoting metaboli

34、sm and growth, especially in the development and function of the central nervous systemProgesterone: ovary: promotes the development of endometrium and prepares sperm for implantation and lactationProlactin: gonad promoting the development of sexual organsSex hormone: promotes the development of sex

35、ual organs, stimulates the maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics, and maintains the sexual cycle87. the composition of an ecosystem consists of nonliving matter and energy producers and decomposer88. the individual development of plants includes the formation and germination of seeds (embr

36、yonic development), the growth and development of plants (post embryonic development)89. mitotic anaphase has 4 chromosome groups90. all germ cells are not produced by meiosis91. fertilized eggs are not only the starting point of individual development, but also the period of sex determination92. he

37、terozygotes tend to have more vitality than homozygotes93. target cell receptive structure of hormone receptors are sugarsThe target cell receptor of the hormone receptor is the glycoprotein94. solar energy utilization: photosynthesis time, photosynthesis area, photosynthesis efficiency (water, ligh

38、t, mineral elements, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration)95. dedifferentiation of plant tissues or organs in vitro into callus, and then differentiate into roots or buds and then into PlantletsThe globular embryoid bodies of 96.16 cells should have split 4 times and actually split 5 timesBasal

39、 cellFertilized eggGlobular embryoid of the apical cell to 16 cells97. fertilized eggs near the micropyle98. cell fusion, there are 4 sets of chromosomes in the cell99. the endoderm is developed by plants that develop into the liver, heart, and pancreasThe germ layer and ectoderm are developed by an

40、imals100. higher animal development including embryonic development and embryo development after a critical period before the two stage is the gastrula period was characterized with endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm and gastrulation and blastocyst cavity two101. a large number of elements in the organism

41、: CHONPSKCaMgThe 102. biome does not include nonliving matter or energy103. cell immune phase, target cell osmotic pressure increased104.C4 plantsMesophyll cells only carry CO2 to C4 (normal)Only light active chemical energy (NADP, ATP)C4 three CO2 carbon compounds(non cystic structure film)ATP+NADP

42、 - coenzyme two +ADPHydrogen supply105. which of the following are true about the genome?A.Mitosis can lead to genetic recombination *B and allelic separation can result in recombinant DNA *C. asexual reproduction can result in recombinant DNA *D. non allelic free combination can lead to recombinant

43、 tick106. judge: diploid, triploid and Tetraploid of watermelon are 3 different species * (triploid is a species, unrelated to species)107., biological genetic variation, generally considered 3(1) hybridization between Tetraploid of transgenic carp and normal diploid carp produces triploid fry (chro

44、mosome variation)(2) the change of the order of amino acid of hemoglobin leads to hemoglobin disease (gene mutation)(3) a pair of normally married couples gave birth to an albino, color blind boy (gene recombination)108. of the genes were misplugging to non encoding region of cell receptors, recepto

45、r cells do not express this trait, rather than that of recombinant (insert encoding region called gene recombination)109. to judge (1) that the organisms of different species must not belong to the same species. (the apes in the Shanghai zoo and the apes on Mount Emei are the same species, not the s

46、ame community)(2) isolation is the necessary condition for the formation of new species of tick(3) in the process of speciation, there must be geographical isolation and reproductive isolation * (not necessarily geographical isolation, but only reproductive isolation)109. Darwin believes that life e

47、volution is caused by mutation, elimination and inheritance110. the main function of ecosystem is material circulation and energy flow111. too much or too little water can affect the growth and development of living thingsThe quantitative characteristics of 112. populations: birth rate, mortality, s

48、ex composition and age compositionThe law of segregation of 113. genes: segregation of allelesThe law of free combination: non homologous chromosome, non allelic, free combinationLinkage law114., the biotic community and inorganic natural matter of river ecosystem can be controlled by mass cycle and

49、 energy flowMaintain dynamic balance for a long timeThe 115. tree layer increaseThe shrub layer increases from the top to the bottom of the distributionThe herb layer increasesIn order to adapt to the environment of light is the strongest tolerance of trees, when the light intensity crescendo when l

50、eaf relative moisture did not change116. prey generally lower trophic levels, more energy contained, and generally smaller individuals, the total number of individuals in general more117. the carbon cycle of ecosystems refers to the constant cycle of carbon between biological communities and inorgan

51、ic nature118. because of its special hydrological and geographical features, wetland has the characteristics of flood control, drought resistance and water purification119. effect, B cells have no ability to recognize target cells120., it can be said that in the course of immunization, the antigen i

52、s eliminated, rather than the antigen being killed121., the first line of Defense: skin, mucous membranes, sweat and so onThe second line of Defense: bactericidal substances (such as tears), white blood cells (for example: festering wounds)122. endoenzymes (for example: respiratory enzyme) tissue en

53、zymes (e.g., digestive enzyme) is not included in the environment123. aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone are synergistic effects124. epinephrine is a protein125. low blood sugar: 40 to 60mg normal: 80 120mgdLHigh blood sugar: 130mgdL urine 160mgdL 180mgdLThe 126. factor, interleukin -2, has 3 leve

54、ls of actionIn the enhancement effect of T cell killing abilityThe effect of T induced more cellThe enhanced killing ability of other related immune cells to target cells127., Streptococcus pyogenes lead to rheumatic heart disease128.HIV incubation period 10 yearsPhotosynthetic curves of 129., three

55、 carbon plants and four carbon plants130.C4 plantsLight reaction in the mesophyll cells, ATPNADPH into the bundle sheath cells, mesophyll cells CO2 fixed formation of C4, C4 is transported into vascular bundle sheath cells, forming CO2, C3, into sugar140., the legume seeds are suitable for Rhizobium

56、, which is beneficial to nodulation and nitrogen fixation of this plantOne hundred and forty-oneGolgi function: processing, repackaging, protein142. tissue culture of plants, VS, individual culture of animals143. cytoplasm genetic characteristics: maternal genetic emergence, character separation, no

57、 trait separation ratio144. restriction enzymes are mostly in microorganismsThe DNA ligase connects the phosphate two lipid bondThe replication of the 145. plasmid in the host cell (including the inner cell)146.mRNA - a DNA single stranded double stranded DNA moleculeAmino acid sequence of protein t