语言学 概念功能

1、.,Metafunctions Ideational function 概念功能,.,2,Metafunctions元功能 (different modes of meaning construed by the grammar),Metafunctions-,.,Ideational Function （概念功能),The ideational function(“experiential” and “logical”) is to convey new information, to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer.

2、The ideational function is a meaning potential, because whatever specific use one is making of language he has to refer a categories of his experience of the world.,.,The ideational function mainly consists of “transitivity” and “voice”. Transitivity is simply the grammar of the clause in its ideati

3、onal aspect. There are six different types of processes represented in language: Material process 物质过程 Mental process 心理过程 Relational process 关系过程 Verbal process 言语过程 Behavioral process 行为过程 Existential process 存在过程,.,Material process 物质过程,Material process are those in which something is done. Expre

4、ssed by An action verb (e.g. Beat, break, kick) An actor (logical subject) The goal of the action (logical direct object) E.g The lion caught the tourist Actor Process Goal,.,Mental process 心理过程,Mental processes are processes expressing such mental phenomena as “perception”(e.g. see, look), “reactio

5、n”(e.g. like, please), and cognition(e.g. know, believe). Involves two participants: Senser phenomena,.,E.g.,Perception (感知) John saw the murderer Sensor process phenomena Reaction (反应) My sister likes the skirt Sensor process phenomena Cognition (认知) I know that she was absent Sensor process phenom

6、ena,.,Relational process 关系过程,Relational process can be classified into two types: Attributive and Identifying. Attributive is about what attributes a certain object has, or what type it belongs to. Expressed by: Attributethe quality, Carrierthe entity E.g. Todays weather is going to be warm. Carrie

7、r process Attribute,.,Identifying expresses the identical properties of two entities, which means one entity is being used to identify another. And usually are reversible.,Expressed by Identified and Identifier.(or token and value) E.g. John is our monitor. Identified process Identifier Token proces

8、s Value,.,Verbal process 言语过程,Verbal process are those of exchange information. Commonly used verbs are : Say, tell, talk, praise, boast, describe, etc. The main participants are Sayer, Receiver, and Verbiage E.g. My watch says that is ten oclock. Sayer Verbiage She asks me to get up earlier Sayer R

9、eceiver Verbiage,.,Behavioral process 行为过程,Behavioral processes refer to physiological and psychological behavior such as breathing, coughing, smiling, laughing, crying, staring, and dreaming, etc. Generally only one participant, Behaver, often a human. Distinguished from Material process: Only one participant: whether the activity concerned is physiological or psychological. Two participants, take it as material process. E.g. He is always grumbling Behaver,.,Existential process 存在过程,Existential processes r