省略、替代、倒装.pptx

1、省略、替代、倒装Ellipsis, replace, inversion,主讲人：邓晓琳 刘文超 莫思捷 曾卫平,It took something powerfully transformative in my life to make me wake up. Wake up to some fundamental truths of life. This life is a gift if you want to accept it. No matter what the obstacle, you can make your life abundant with joy and you

2、can live authentically.,We are faced with challenges and events that can seem overwhelming, life-destroying to the point where it may be hard to decide whether to keep going. But you always have a choice.,生活中一些重大变化 使我清醒，使我意识到 生活的基本真理。如果你愿意 接受生活，它就是礼物。 无论遭遇任何困难，你总能 让生活充满快乐，真正地生活。,我们面临的挑战与困境似乎无法抵御，试图毁

3、灭我们生活，甚至使你犹疑 是否继续走下去。但是 你总有选择的余地。,1. We are faced with challenges and events that can seem overwhelming, life-destroying to the point where it may be hard to decide whether to keep going. That引导同位语从句，where 引导定语从句，whether引导宾语从句。 overwhelming美,ovwlm adj. 压倒性的；势不可挡的 v. 压倒；淹没（overwhelm的ing形式）；制服 2.It to

4、ok something powerfully transformative in my life to make me wake up( 真正主语）. It引导的主语从句。 transformativetrnzfmtv adj. 变化的，变形的；有改革能力的 3. authentically美ntkli adv. 真正地，确实地；可靠地,省略,省略是为了避免重复而将句子赘述的地方省去，使行文紧凑而连贯的语法的修辞手段。省略后的句子应保持意义和结构上与原文一致性，通常被省略的部分填回原处，句子的意思不发生改变。,功能词的省略 句子成分的省略 省略在句子中的运用 使用替代词的省略,一功能词的省略

5、 功能词指的是没有完整意义，但有语法意义的词，如冠词，介词，助动词等。英语句子结构的简洁，首先表现在功能词的省略上。冠词的省略：,1，They elected John （the） monitor of the class-他们选约翰做班长。 2,A man and（ a） woman are talking in the office-办公室一男一女正在谈话 代词的省略 ： （You）Had a good time, didnt you?-玩的很开心，是吧？ 连词的省略： Its a pity （that） hes leaving.-他要走，真遗憾。（主语从句的主句主语是形式主语it，从句连

6、接词that可以省略） 关系词的省略： 1，关系代词that/which/whom在限定词定语从句中作从句宾语时可以省略。例如：He read the book (which) we first met.-这发生在我们初次见面的那一天。,助动词的省略： 1，助动词的省略多用于非正式的口语场合。例如： （Does）Anyone want a drink?-有谁要喝一杯吗？ 2，在特殊疑问句中，当主语是第二人称时，助动词do可省略。例如： b Who （do） you think you are? -你以为你是谁？ 不定式符号的省略： To常用于refuse,want,seem,intend,me

7、an,expect,hope,like,be afraid,prefer,care,oblige,foget,wish,try等词后代替不定式。例如： I asked him want to play outside fou a while ,but he didnt want to.-我让他出去玩一会儿，但是他不想去。 介词的省略： 介词的省略常为习惯用法，介词即使省略，句子的意思也不会发生歧义。 She must have stayed (for) a long time. 她在这里一定呆了很久了。 引用词there 的省略： （There） Must be somebody waitin

8、g for you.-肯定有人在等你。,二.句子成分的省略为了避免重复，或者为了使一内容显得更为突出时，可以省略某些句子成分而保持句子原意不变。,省略主语： Take care !-当心！（=You take care.) 省略谓语： Well do the best we can.-我们将尽力而为。（=Well do the best we can do. ） 省略表语： Are you ready? Yes, I am (ready). -你准备好了吗？我准备好了。 省略宾语： We have to analyze (problems) and solve problem.-我们必须分析问

9、题解决问题。 省略定语 ： He spent part of the money, and rest (of the money) he saved.-他花了一部分钱，其余的他都存了起来。 省略状语： He was no hurt .(How) strange!-他没有受伤，真奇怪！,三，省略在句子中的运用 在一个句子中，省略可分为依赖上下文省略和不依赖 上下文省略两种。前者省略的部分可以在句子找到， 但后者可能找不到。 A，简单句中的省略 依赖上下文的省略，在对话中最为常用。例如：、 Will he pass this examination ? Probably.-他这次考试会通过吗 ？大

10、概会的。（=He will probably pass the examination.) 不依赖上下文的省略。例如： Sound like a good idea.-听上去是个好主意。=It sounds like a good idea.省略主语) B，并列句中的省略 并列句如果前后分句有相同的部分，常常可以省略掉。以避免重复。通 常被省略的可以是主语，谓语，谓语动词，宾语或其他成分，或句子成 分的一部分。,1，省略出现在后一分句。例如： I have been to beijing and （I have）seen the Great Wall. 我到过北京，见到了万里长城。（省略主语+

11、助动词） 2，省略出现在前一分句。例如： I wish (to find him),yet feared to find him. -我又想找到他，又怕找到他。 3， 前后两个分局都出现省略。例如： Ill fly to (guangzhou),but (Ill) drive back from guangzhou.-我将飞往广州，但开车回来。 4，在以and，but，or或分号连接的并列句中，有时后一分句省略后可以保留修饰谓语的状语部分。例如： He tried to convince her to quit smoking but(he tried) in vain.-他想劝她放弃吸烟，但

12、是无功而返。 5，在以and或or连接的并列句中，前一部分主干可以省略，相当于一个条件状语从句。例如： A litter further and you will see the hospital.-再往前一点，你就可以看到那间医院。 Have enough red meat or you will suffer from iron deficiency.-要摄入足够的红肉，否则你会缺铁。,C,复合句中的省略 在主从复合句中，省略的现象是很普遍的。 1，省略主句的句首部分。 例如：（Im ) Sorry I couldnt go.-很抱歉，我不能去。 2，省略整个主句或主句的一部分（回答问题是

13、常用） 例如： -Will you go abroad soon ?你很快要出国吗？ -(Ill) Not(go abroad) until I graduate from the college next summer.-要到明年夏天毕业后才走。 3，在一些状语从句中，如果谓语动词是be，主语又和主句的主语一致，或者主语是it，常常可以把从句中的主语和be省略掉。例如：1）以when,while,once,until 等连接引导的时间状语从句。 Please come as soon as (it is) possible.-请尽快来。 2）以as if, as though 等连词引导的方

14、式状语从句 He opened his lips as if (he were going) to say something.他张开嘴，好像要说什么话似的。（从句主语和主句主语一致，可省略从句主语和其他成分，构成as if/as though+不定式） 3）以 if, unless 等连词引导的条件状语从句 English words are easily forgotten unless (they are ) constantly repeated.-英语单词不经常重复是很容易忘记的。,4）以even if，even though，though，although，whether等连接引导

15、的让步状语从句。 Whether (it is) difficult or not ,we will try our best to complete the task.不管任务是否艰巨，我们都要尽力去完成。 5）比较状语从句的省略 a,省略谓语的全部 b,省略主语与谓语的一部分 c,省略表语部分 d,省略主语和谓语的大部分，保留状语。 e,省略主语 f,省略宾语 g,省略从句的全部， h,主句和从句中可同时省略一些成分 i,在以still less,much less,still more和much more后面可省略一些与主句相同的成分。 j,在asas结构中的省略有两种情况，即：1，从句

16、中与主句重复的词可以省略;2,在把两个时间，地点等相比较时，第一个as可以省略。,4，在定语从句中的省略情况 1）当先行词是way，且在定语从句作方式状语时，关系代词可用in which或that,可以省略，但若是way在定语从句中充当主语，则不能省略。 I dont know the way that/which leads to the top of the mountains.我不知道通往山顶的路。（way在定语从句中充当主语，不能省略） 2）当先行词是time时，且在定语从句作时间状语时，关系副词可用when或that,有时可以省略。 The second time (that/whe

17、n) I saw him was in 2000.我第二次见他是在2000年。 3)当先行词是place时，且在定语从句作地点状语时,where或that,有时可以省略。 This is the right place (where/that) he was born.这就是他的出生地。 4)先行词为that或those时，关系代词和动词be都可省略。 Those (people who are ) going camping please gather at the gate.要去露营的人请在大门口集合。,四，使用替代词的省略 我们在省略句子某些成分时，有时还必须加上适当的替代词，以保持句子

18、意思的完整。 1, 用do代替 2，用so代替 3, 用not代替 4，用the same代替 5，用one或ones代替,替代,名词性替代 用名词替代词one(s)，the same，the kind，the sort等所表示的替代现象。例如： There are good films as well as bad ones. Can you play the piano ? There is one in the room. American food is not the same as the English kind. 名词替代词还包括一些不定代词，如all，both，some，an

19、y，enough，several，none，many，much，more，(the )most，(a)few，(a)little，less，(the)least，another，the other，others，either，neither等。例如： Can you give me a few nails ? I need some. I dont want any more food . Ive had enough. Use this typewriter ; all the others.,替代词 one/ones的用法 a）one 通常可用来替代上文中出现过的可数名词或以可数名词为中心

20、词的整个名词词组，既可指人，也可指物。例如： The grey horse is stronger than the black one. I lose a neighbor and you gain one. 替代词one的复数形式是ones，只能替代复数名词，既可指人，也可指物。例如： The new design is much better than the old ones. There were a few young people with some older ones in the house. One/ones作为替代词只能用以替代可数名词，不可用来替代不可数名词。例如不可

21、以说： Its cheaper to buy old furniture than to have new one made. If you havent got fresh milk,Ill take some tinned ones.,b）当替代词one用以替代名词词组中心词时，它通常带有限定词，但是，不定冠词和物主限定词通常不可以直接位于替代词one之前。在不定冠词和物主限定词之后通常须跟有形容词或其他前置修饰词，随后才可用替代词one。例如： Can I have a melon ? Id like a big one. Your car isnt fast enough . Lets

22、 take his new one. 而不可以说： Id like a one. Lets take his one. 在both和own之后通常不用one或ones。例如： I prefer red roses to white ones，but my life likes both. I cant write properly with your pen ; Id rather use my own. If theres any difficulty about cars , we can bring our own. 在基数词two，three等之后通常不用替代词one/ones。例如：

23、 You have four children . I have only two.,c）替代词one如果不带任何前置修饰语，其所替代的对象便不是名词中心词而是整个名词词组，其意义通常是类指。例如： If you want a typewriter , they will provide you with one. He is a brilliant hard-working student , one who will be successful in whatever career he chooses. 正因为one用于替代词词组时的类指性质，它与人称代词和指示代词和前置修饰语（形容词）

24、，因此只能替代名词中心词，而不是替代整个名词词组。例如： The dictionary is the one needed by every student of English , but I cant afford it.（特指） Every student of English needs a good dictionary , but I cant afford one.（类指） d）替代词one通常不能单独使用，它总是带有限定词和前置修饰语（形容词），因此只能替代名词中心词，而不能替代整个名词词组。例如： I have a new dictionary and several one

25、s. I dont like red roses , I like the white ones.,e）在下列语境中，替代词one/ones可以省略： 当one/ones带有this/these，that/those，which，either，neither，another，the last，the next等限定词时： Judy broke the coffee-pot , so she has to buy another (one). Some of your answers were correct , but I dont know which (ones). 当one/ones之前

26、有定冠词以及和上文形成对比的形容词时： I prefer the large bottle to the small (one). The new chapel will be like the old (one). One/ones之前虽有与上文形成对比的形容词，但若该形容词跟在不定冠词之后，则替代词one一般不可省略。例如一般不说： Id prefer a large bottle to a small. 当one/ones之前有比较级和最高级形容词时： We have to use this machine for want of a better (one). If you offer

27、 him cookies , he will take a handful of the biggest (ones).,替代词one、类指代词one和数词one 要注意区别替代词one，类指代词one和数词one。 One cant be too careful in matter like this.（类指代词） My old car is much better than the new one.（替代词） One cannot do the work of twenty.（数词） 数词one既可用作名词中心词，也可用作限定词，它与替代词 one的区别是前者承受句子重音，后者不承受重音。

28、 She bought a cotton dress and a silk one.（替代词） A: How many dresses has she bought ? B: Shes bought one.（数词） 数词one的复数形式是some而不是ones。 A: How do you like the roses? B: I prefer the red ones.（替代词） A: Can I have those apples? B: You can take some . Give the rest to your little brothers.（some是one的复数形式）,替

29、代词one/ones和实义词one/ones 注意替代词one/ones和某些表示特殊意义的one/ones之间的区别，后者在意义上相当于person或people，可以在没有替代对象的情况下出现。例如： George went on drinking , and by and by he fell to misusing his wife and the little ones ( = his children ) badly. Oh , you are a one ( = a bold amusing person ) , telling that joke in front of the

30、 priest. Youre a right one ( = a fool ) , losing tickets again!,动词性替代 用动词替代词或代动词（Pro - verb）do，do so等表示 的替代现象。例如： A: We all hate hypocrisy. B: Yes , everybody does ( = hates hypocrisy). A: Mary didnt come , did she? B: Yes , she did ( = came). 动词替代词do既可替代主动词及其补足成分，也可仅仅替代主动词。前一种替代现象通常只见于肯定结构。在否定结构中便不

31、是动词性替代，而是动词性省略。例如： A: Does Peter speak French? B: Yes , he does ( = speaks French ). No , he doesnt ( = doesnt speak French). 上述肯定结构中的does是动词性替代，它本身是主动词；而在否定结构中，does为助动词，它后面的主动词及其补足成分被省略，因此这个does不同于动词替代词。,动词替代词的用法 动词替代词通常是主动词do的一定形式，也可与so/that/it合用，分述如下： a）在替代主动词的用法中，动词替代词do所替代的通常是实义动词；如果被替代的主动词是及物的

32、，则替代词之后须跟宾语。动词替代词可与情态动词连用；在否定句和疑问句中有时还须引进助动词do的适当形式为操作词。例如： She plays the piano better than she does ( = plays ) the guitar. John has never acted as he should have done ( = acted ). A: Mary studies modern history and doesnt do ( = study ) modern languages. B: Does she do ( = study ) ancient history

33、, too? A: No , she doesnt. 在替代主动词的用法中，动词替代词 do所替代的通常是动态动词；但在替代“静态动词+补足成分”的用法中，被替代的既可是“动态动词+补足成分”，也可是“静态动词+补足成分”。,b）由do与so搭配构成的复合代动词do so，既可替代“动-宾”谓语结构，也可替代“动-状”谓语结构。例如： He said he would tell me the news , but he didnt do so ( = tell me the news ). A: Jane is crying for some more cake in the kitchen.

34、 B: Yes , but her little brother isnt doing so ( = crying for some more cake ). do so有时也可以和do that，do it交替使用。例如： The boys played doctors and nurses . We watched them doing that ( = playing doctors and nurses ) but they wanted us to do so ( = to play doctors and nurses ) , too. My brother said he was

35、 going to send a letter of protest to the President . I did it last week.,c）代动词do还可与连接性副词so搭配，构成两个意义不同的常用句型：“So + do + 主语”和“So + 主语 + do”，这两种句型常用于简短反应。 在简短反应中表示“我也如此”或“另外一个人也如此”时，常用“So + do + 主语”结构。在这种结构中，主语不同于上文的主语。例如： A: I like playing football. B: So do I . ( = I like playing football too. ) So d

36、oes my brother. ( = My brother likes playing football too.) So did my father . ( = My father liked playing football too.) 如果上文表示否定意义而在简短反应中表示同样看法时，则用“Neither/Nor + do + 主语”。不过在否定结构中，do便不是动词替代词，而是助动词。例如： A: He doesnt speak Russian. B: Neither/Nor do I. Neither/Nor does my brother. Neither/Nor did my

37、father.,在简短反应中，对别人所说的情况加以肯定时，常用“So + 主语 + do”结构。在这种结构中，主语与上文主语相同，so的意义相当于indeed，certainly，表示“不错”、“对了”。例如： A: The students work hard. B: So they do . ( Certainly they work hard . ) A: Father , your promised. B: Well , so I did ! ( = Certainly I promised.) 在上述结构中，其主语间或也可不同于上文的主语。例如： A: In those days m

38、any merchants travelled on horseback. B: So lots of other people did , I imagine. So even the old artist did.,当主动词have用于上述两种简短反应时，可有两种形式：一种是用主动词have的一定形式，另一种是用代动词do的一定形式。例如： A: John has a new dictionary. B: Yes , and so have I/So do I. Yes , so he has/so he does. 如果上文谓语动词带有情态助动词will，则用“So + will + 主

39、语”和“So + 主语 + will”。例如： A: Mary will enter the competition. B: So will Joan. A: Mary will win the prize. B: So she will.,分句性替代 用分句替代词so/not替代整个分句的现象。例如： A: Do you think hell come tomorrow? B: Yes , I think so ( = that hell come tomorrow ). No , I think not ( = that hell not come tomorrow ). A: Is th

40、ere going to be a meeting tonight? B: I am afraid/believe/expect/fear so/not. 有时，分句替代词so可置于句首，起承接作用： A: Hes leaving for London tonight , you know? B: So Ive heard. 分句替代词so/not还可与从属连词if 搭配，构成无动词条件分句if so，if not。例如： We are told that he will come tonight , and if so ( = if he comes tonight ), our meeti

41、ng will be held tomorrow . If not ( = if he doesnt come tonight ), there wont be any meeting tomorrow.,分句替代词的用法 用分句替代词so/not所取代的that-分句通常带有不甚确定的含义，既不肯定，也不否定，所以so/not常与Im afraid，believe，expect，fear，guess，hope，suppose，think等词语搭配。在能作转移否定的结构中，以用I dont think so，I dont suppose so更加自然。在表示明显肯定口气或者怀疑口气的简短反应中

42、，通常不用so/not。例如： A: Are the girls coming to the party? B: Im sure they are/Im sure of it. I doubt if they are/I doubt it. 在上述答语中，不可以说Im sure so/not，I doubt so/not。基于相同的理由，通常也不说I know so/not。 分句替代词so还可以和某些表示说话的动词连用，而not通常不这样用。例如： A: The Yankees will win the game. B: All my friends say so.,在上述诸例中，通常不用n

43、ot与say，tell等动词搭配，除非主语是作类指的人称代词。例如： A: Are the Yankees a very strong team? B: No , they say not. 分句替代词not可与perhaps，possibly，probably，certainly，surely等表示情态意义的副词搭配，构成某些缩略句。例如： A: Is your brother going with you? B: Perhaps not . ( = Perhaps he is not going with me. ) A: Will Mary come to the party tomor

44、row? B: Possibly not . ( = It is possible that she wont come. ) A: Does she really know him? B: Surely not . ( = Surely she does know him .) 在上述结构中，通常不用so。此外，not还可与why搭配，构成缩略疑问句Why not。例如： A: I didnt stop him. B: Why not ? ( = Why didnt you stop him ?) 在上述结构中，用Why so则比较少见。,倒装句,倒装句的分类,倒装句按其作用分为语法倒装（用

45、倒装语序表达某种语法概念，如疑问句、条件句等）和修辞倒装（用倒装语序起到某种修辞目的，如强调句子的某一部分，使句子结构平衡或上下文衔接等）。,按其形式可分两种：全部倒装和部分倒装，将谓语动词完全移到主语之前称为全部倒装，将助动词或情态动词放在主语之前的称为部分倒装。,由于语法规则的要求而必须进行的倒装,1、以neither，nor或so开头的句子或分句要倒装 用来表示不同主语的相同看法，要用倒装结构。（ Neither或nor用于否定句，so用于肯定句。）,1）so+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语（此句型只限于肯定句中，表示“某人或某物情况也是如此”），例如 1、He has lost th

46、e address. So have I. 2、If he goes there, so will I.,一、语法倒装,2）否定句要用neither/nor/+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语，（表示“某人或物情况也不这样”），例如 1）I have no excuse for being late, nor does he. 2) The meal didnt cost much, nor was it very delicious.,注：但是，Neither用作主语或主语的一部分时，不能倒装结构。例如 Neither of the young men who had applied for

47、 a position in the university was accepted,语法提示（宝典226）,1)So +Sb/Sth+助动词，意为“某人/某物的确是这么做的”和so+助动词+sb/sth. 意为“.某人也如此”，例如 1)I like yoga. So does Jane. 2) He will see the movie. So will I. 然而，如果前后两句的主语指同一个人或物时，不用倒装。因此：“so+sb/sth+助动词+主语”的含义是“主语的确是这种情况”，例如 Copper conducts electricity; so it does.,To such a

48、n extent did the temperature rise that the firemen had to leave the burning house.,2)这一结构用在某些介词短语中，也可以用部分倒装，例如,温度升的太高了，消防队员不得不离开这所着火的房子,1)在虚拟条件状语从句中，如果从句中有should, were或助动词had时，可省去if，将这些词提前到句首引起倒装。 Were were Should +主语.=if+主语+ should . Had had,2、虚拟条件状语从句中的倒装形式,1）Were I you, I would stay.,例如,=If I wer

49、e you , I would stay. 倘若我是你，我就留下。,2）Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arried in time.,= If it had not been for the bad weather, we would have arrived in time. 若不是天气坏，我们就准时到达了。,2）在表示祝愿的句子中，往往要求用倒装句。常常将助动词提前或直接将谓语动词置于主语前面，表示祝愿。例如 1）Long live friendship! 友谊万岁！ 2）May you live a long and

50、happy life!祝你快乐长寿！,注：若条件从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were, should, had等缩略成werent, shouldnt , hadnt而置于句首,由as和be引导的让步状语从句需要用倒装，though引导的可倒可不倒，as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装。例如 1）Old as/though he is,he works like a young man. 2)Be it rain or sun,we still start off,3、由as。be，和though引导的让步状语从句的倒装形式,1）Child as/though he is, h

51、e knows much about the society.,As /though引起的表语的倒装 一般直接将表语提前到句首，若表语是带不定冠词a/an的单数可数名词，倒装后，不定冠词a/an需被省略，例如,尽管他还是个孩子，但是对社会却很有认识,As/though 引起的原型动词的倒装 动词前面带有情态动词 may, might, will, would, can, could等时，只将动词提前到句首，而这些情态动词保留在原处。若动词前面没有情态动词时，应在动词原来的位置加上助动词do的适当形式。用于这一句型的一般是不及物动词，而不能是系动词或及物动词，例如 1）Swim as/thoug

52、h he can,he cant swim so far 2)Run as/though he did, he didnt run fast enough to catch the bus.,1）In the classroom as/though he stays, he doesnt read his text. 2)Carefully as/though he worked, he made some mistakes.,As/thought引起的状语倒装 从句中的状语提前，其他句子成分语序不变。例如,其谓语动词又为be, stand, lie, come, go, fall, 等的一般

53、现在时或一般过去时，句子要全部倒装，例如 1)There goes your last chance. 2) Here are some good newly-published novels. 3)Here is Chinas largest tropical forest. 注：但是，如果主语是人称代词时，由here和there引出的句子也不用倒装结构。例如 Here you are,4、以here,there,thus,hence等词开头的句子的倒装形式,1）Often did we warn them not to do so 2)Then come wind, hail and fr

54、ost 3)Many a time has he made the same mistake.,5、方式副词well或频度副词often, many a time, always, once, every two hours, 以及then开头的句子，要部分倒装,1）特殊疑问句中的倒装，例如 1What is this?(全部倒装) 2Which do you want?(部分倒装) 注：特殊疑问句中，如果疑问词做主语或疑问词修饰主语时，句子不用倒装，即用陈述语序，例如 1Which comrade can do this work? 2Whose job can be that comfor

55、table?,6、疑问句中的倒装,1）Do you study English every day?(部分倒装) 2)May I come in?（部分倒装）,2）一般疑问句中的倒装 一般疑问句中，常把助动词或情态动词放在句首，即位于主语前，而构成部分倒装。例如,1）“Will you please carry it for me?” said the old man. 2)“What can I do for you?” asked the clerk.,7、直接引语位于句首的陈述句，主语是名词时用全部倒装，例如,注：但当主语是代词，或谓语含有助动词时，一般不用倒装。另外，如果谓语比主语长，

56、或是它后面有宾语时，一般也不用倒装，例如 1)“Please do me a favour,”he said 2)“I am hungry,”she had said.,1）表示否定的意义的词或短语位于句首，表示强调，句子要求用倒装结构。常见的这类词或短语有：not, never hardly, barely, scarcely, little, in no case, at no time等，例如 1Little did he know that the police were around. 2At no time and under no circumstances should a C

57、ommunist place his personal interest first,二、修辞倒装,1、含有否定意义的词或短语位于句首，表示强调，句子要求用倒装结构,1No sooner had I arrived school than the class began 2Not only does he like English but also he learns it well. 注：当位于句首的not only.but also.或neither.nor.连接主语成分时，句子用正常的语序，例如 Neither my sister nor I have traveled by air,2

58、) No sooner .than; hardly/scarcely/barely.when(before); not only .but also.; 及neither.nor.的句型中，句子要用倒装结构，例如,1Not until next week will the sports meet be held 2Not until the teacher came in did the students stop talking.,3）含有not until的强调句，如果not until位于句首，句子要求用倒装结构，如果是主从复合句，倒装结构出现在主句中，例如,在由only开头的句子中，only后面紧跟用作状语的副词、介词或从句，要求用倒装结构。例如 1）Only by shouting at the top of his voice was he able to make himself heard. 2)Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work.,2、only 引导的状语放在句首时要倒装,1）So far does light travel that it is difficult fo