现在完成时及宾语从句.ppt

1、Grammar,一、现在完成时,1. 现在完成时的构成,现在完成时是由助动词 have (has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词，说明句子的意义。,肯定句式： 主语+have (has)+p.p 否定句式： 主语+have (has)+not +p.p 一般疑问句： Have (Has)+主语+p.p？ 特殊疑问句： 特疑词+ have (has)+主语+p.p？,2. 现在完成时的用法,现在完成时表示过去发生的动作 对现在造成影响或一直延续到现在。,2. 现在完成时的用法,（1）表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间

2、，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 、ever等副词修饰。如：-Have you had lunch yet?-Yes, I have. Ive just had it.你（已经）吃午饭了吗？ 我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了）,2. 现在完成时的用法,（2）表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。 如：He has taught here since 1981他自1981年就在这儿教书。 I havent seen her for four years.我有四年没见到她了。

3、,2. 现在完成时的用法,（3）表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，常带有twice , ever, never ,three times 等时间状语。 eg： I have been to Beijing twice. 我去过北京两次。,3.现在完成时的时间状语,（1）现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如： yesterday,last Sunday,in1990, three years ago等。,3.现在完成时的时间状语,（2）现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始，一直持

4、续到现在。eg：I havent seen him for two years. 但是，像come,arrive,buy等终止性动 词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要 用，必须改为“be（在）”等延续性动词 来表述。,4.非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换,arrivebe here begin(start)be on die be dead come backbe back leave be away fall ill(sick,asleep)be get upbe up join be in或 be a member of open be open go out be out finish

5、 be over put on wear 或be on ill(sick,asleep) close be closed go to schoolbe a student borrow keep buy have catch(a cold) have(a cold) get to know know begin to studystudy come to workwork等,for与since专项解析,现在完成时还可以描述发生在过去且一直延续到现在的动作，这种动作甚至有可能延续下去。在这种情况下，它一般与 for+时间段、since+时间点 连用。,用 since或 for1) We have

6、 learned five lessons _ the beginning of this term.2) Mrs Liao has been in hospital _last week.3) I have stayed at my aunts _two weeks.,考一考！,二、宾语从句,宾语从句的定义 ：置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。谓语动词、介词、动词不定式，v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句。有些形容词（afraid,sure,glad等）之后也可以带宾语从句。,宾语从句中引导词的用法,that引导的宾语从句（在非正式场合that

7、可以省略） 可跟that从句做宾语的动词有： say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。,宾语从句中引导词的用法,例句：The boy believes that he wil

8、l travel through space to other planets. 注意事项：当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。 例句：I dont think it is right for him to treat you like that.,宾语从句中引导词的用法,在以下情况中that不能省略 当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。例句：He said (that) you were too young to understan

9、d the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.,宾语从句中引导词的用法,当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。例句：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.,宾语从句中引导词的用法,当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。eg：I cant tell him that his mother died.,宾语从句中

10、引导词的用法,注意事项：许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。 例句：I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.,宾语从句的语序,宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。例句如下： I dont know what they are looking for. Could you tell me when the train will leave? Can you imagine what kind of man he is?,宾语从句的时态,主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。eg：The headmaster hopes everything goes well. 主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。eg：She was sorry that she hadnt finished her work on time.,宾语从句的特点,当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从