托福阅读推断题

1、1, How did this tremendous development take place, and why did it happen in the Teotihuacn Valley? Among the main factors are Teotihuacns geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacn Valley itself, and the valley

2、s potential for extensive irrigation灌溉冲洗. The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpointfor instance, Teotihuacns religious significance as a shrine圣地, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and fores

3、ightedness of Teotihuacns elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions 火山喷发of the late first millennium B.C.如此惊人的发展是如何产生的，它为什么发生在Teotihuacn山谷？主要因素有：Teotihuacn地理位置处于到墨西哥谷东南部的天然商路上；Teotihuacn谷本身的黑曜石资源；山谷的大量灌溉的潜力。要想说清楚其他因素所扮演的角色就难的多了比如，Teotihuacn作为圣地的宗教意义；墨西哥谷及周边

4、直到公元前第一个千年的历史情况；Teotihuacn精英阶层的3远见；最后还有自然灾害的影响，诸如公元前一千年的火山喷发。 Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about the Volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.?以volcanic eruptions of the late firsr millennium B.C.They were more frequent than historians once thought.They m

5、ay have done more damage to Teotihuacn than to neighboring centers.They may have played a major role in the rise of Teotihuacn.They increased the need for extensive irrigation in the Teotihuacn Valley做关键词定位至第二段最后一句，这个是诸多factor当中的一个，而这些factor都是促进T城发展的，所以答案是C。也可以排除法，A无相关信息；第三段第三句说火山对T影响很大，没跟其他的比较，B错；第

6、二段第二句说到了irrigation，但与问题无关，错This last factor is at least circumstantially implicated in Teotihuacns rise. Prior to 200 B.C., a number of relatively small centers coexisted in and near the Valley of Mexico. Around this time, the largest of these centers, Cuicuilco, was seriously affected by a volcanic

7、 eruption, with much of its agricultural land covered by lava. With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico. The archaeological evidence clearly indicates, though, that Te

8、otiluacan was the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D. 最后一个因素至少从环境上与Teotihuacn古城的崛起有牵连。在公元前200年之前，有很多相对的小的中心共存于墨西哥谷及附近。大约在此时，这些中心中的最大者，Cuicuilco，受到了一次火山喷发的严重影响，它的大部分耕地被火山熔岩所覆盖。伴随着Cuicuilco作为一个潜在对手的消失，任何一个相对较小的城镇都有可能在中央墨西哥形成领导性的经济政治力量。尽管考古学证据清晰地表明Teotil

9、uacan确实在公元1世纪成长为这一地区的主要力量。 【 TPO-8 (1) 6# 7#】What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about Cuicuilco prior to 200 B.C.?It was a fairly small city until that date.It was located outside the Valley of Mexico.It emerged rapidly as an economical and political center.Its economy relied heavily on agricultu

10、re.以Cuicuilco做关键词定位至第三段第二句，说Cui这个地方受火山活动影响，农田被lava覆盖，接着一句就说Cui消除了，所以没有农田就没有Cui，答案是D。A与原文说反，应该是大的，不是小的；B的outside和原文中的in说反，错；C中的rapidly没说，错2, Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A f

11、ew of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the

12、 Suns energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae. It is significant that the earliest living things that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a

13、phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.【TPO-9 (3) 2#】It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the fungi真菌 in lichens地衣类 benefit from their symbiotic relationship共生关系 with algae藻类 in what way?The alg

14、ae help the fungi meet some of their energy needs. The algae protect the fungi from the Suns radiation.The algae provide the fungi with greater space for absorbing water.The fungi produce less waste in the presence of algae.以lichen, fungus和algae做关键词定位至第三句以后，说algae捕获太阳能并储存，而fungi从土壤中吸收矿物质，滋养algae。问的是

15、fungi如何受益，所以前半句是答案，A正确。B虽然提到sun，但不是保护，注意不要错选；C和D都没说3, Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative, whereas然而 in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots. To twentieth-century eyes, Chin

16、ese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the form of each object and its adornment装饰品 had meaning and significance. The dragon represented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress女皇; the pomegranate石榴 indicated fertility,生育，多产 and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks 鸳鸯stoo

17、d for wedded bliss天赐良缘; the pine tree松树, peach, and crane 鹤are emblems 象征of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations公务员考试. Only when European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost. 【TPO-10 (1) 11#】Paragraph

18、 5 suggests which of the following about the decorations on Chinese pottery陶器? They had more importance for aristocrats贵族 than for ordinary citizens. Their significance may have remained clear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence. They contain some of the same images that appear on Greek

19、 pots罐子 Their significance is now as clear to twentieth century observers as it was to the early Chinese.问题中关键词不明显，排除法。A的ordinary citizens和aristocrat原文没说；B的foreign influence做关键词定位至最后一句的European，说直到引入欧洲theme之后中国原有的装饰的意思才被obscure，对应B，没有foreign influence那些意思不会改变，正确；C没说；D反了，应该是ancient更熟悉4, To South Amer

20、icans, robins are birds that fly north every spring. To North Americans, the robins simply vacation in the south each winter. Furthermore, they fly to very specific places in South America and will often come back to the same trees in North American yards the following spring. The question is not wh

21、y they would leave the cold of winter so much as how they find their way around. The question perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided some answers and. in the process, raised new questions.对于南美洲的人来说，知更鸟每年春天都会向北飞。对于北美的人来说，几乎每年冬天都要向南飞。还有就是，它们飞往

22、南美特定的地方并且会在接下来的春天回到北美林场相同的树上。与其说问题是它们为什么会在冬天很冷的时候离开，不如说是它们是如何找到路的。许多年来，人们一直为这个问题所困惑，直到1950 年代，一个叫Gustave Kramer 的科学家提供了答案，在这个过程中也提出了新的问题。 【TPO-11 (2) 1#】Which of the following can be inferred about bird migration from paragraph 1? Birds will take the most direct migratory route to their new habitat.

23、 The purpose of migration is to join with larger groups of birds. Bird migration generally involves moving back and forth between north and south. The destination of birds migration can change from year to year.这道题的关键词明显不是很好找，而且排除法的话答案又太长，所以看本段的开头，说南美的鸟春天飞去北方，而北美的鸟冬天飞去南方，所以答案是C，between north and sou

24、th，其他的选项都没有相关信息5, So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of the compass. However, its position with respect to the surroundings could b

25、e changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background. As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to the correct food box. Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall

26、 or the left wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box. 在另一组实验中，Kramer在笼子周围放上好几个一摸一样的食品盒子，但是只有一个真的有吃的在里面。这些盒子是不动的，而且那个装有事物的盒子总是在罗盘的同一点处。但是通过转动里面的装鸟的笼子或者是作为背景的外壁，它相对于周围环境的位置可能会改变。只要鸟能够看到太阳，不管它们的周遭环境如何变化，它们都能够

27、直接找到正确的实物盒。不管这个盒子出现在左面外壁的前面还是右边外壁的前面，它们一点都不迷惑。然而，在阴天的时候，鸟儿们会迷失方向并且在定位它们的食物盒时候遇到麻烦。 【TPO-11 (2) 7#】Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about Kramer s reason for filling one food box and leaving the rest empty? He believed the birds would eat food from only one box. He wanted to se

28、e whether the Sun alone controlled the birds ability to navigate toward the box with food. He thought that if all the boxes contained food, this would distract the birds from following their migratory route. He needed to test whether the birds preferred having the food at any particular point of the

29、 compass.以food box做关键词定位至本段倒数两句，说不管盒子怎么放鸟都不会晕，但阴天的时候就会晕，结合前文一直在说的K做的实验，说明鸟是用太阳识别方向的，所以答案是B，而且这段一开始就说another set of experiments所以可以往前看，前一段也在说鸟用太阳辨别方向，所以这段说的只是一系列试验中的一个，其他没说6, Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest

30、on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees. The young of ground-nesting warblers produce begging cheeps of higher frequencies than do their tree-nesting relatives. These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them,

31、who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests. David Haskell created artificial nests with clay eggs and placed them on the ground beside a tape recorder that played the begging calls of either tree-nesting or of ground-nesting warblers. The eggs “advertised” by the tree-nesters b

32、egging calls were found bitten significantly more often than the eggs associated with the ground-nesters calls. 一项有关在地上做窝与在在相对安全的树上做窝的不同种的刺嘴莺的乞食叫声之间的不同的研究提供了进一步的证据。地上做窝的刺嘴莺的幼鸟发出的乞食的唧唧声与树上做窝的相比频率更高。这些高频率的声音传播的不远，这样就能够更好的隐藏发出这些声音的幼鸟。这些在地上窝中的幼鸟极容易受到捕食者的伤害。David Haskell做了一个假的窝，在这个窝里放上鸟蛋，并且把它们放在播放树上做窝以及地

33、上做窝的刺嘴莺的乞食叫声的录音机旁边。那些因为树上做窝的刺嘴莺的乞食声而受到注意鸟蛋与和地上做窝的刺嘴莺乞食声相连的鸟蛋相比被咬食的次数明显要多。 【TPO-11 (3) 4#】Paragraph 2 indicates that the begging calls of tree nesting warblers鸣鸟 put them at more risk than ground-nesting warblers experience can be heard from a greater distance than those of ground-nesting warblers ar

34、e more likely to conceal the signaler than those of ground-nesting warblers have higher frequencies than those of ground nesting warblers此题较难，需要阅读较多内容，因为关键词tree-nestling warblers多次出现。后半段说了David的实验，所以只是一个事实，往前看，看到第二句和第三句说ground-nestling的鸟发出的声音是高频的，传播的不远，而tree-nestling与之相反，所以答案B传播的更远正确。C和D明显说反；B和C是意思相

35、反的答案。A具有迷惑性，原文只是说在试验中tree nestling的鸟蛋被咬得很惨，没说tree的就一定比ground的危险7, We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found i

36、n rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. When a left hand has been stenciled, this implies that the artist was right-handed, and vice versa. Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assiste

37、d in the operation. One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downwarda left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand. Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was

38、 therefore heavily predominant. 我们都知道，活在当下的人们更多是使用右手而非左手。能不能在史前查找出这一相似的性状呢？有太多的来自澳大利亚地区的石屋中模板和字迹以及冰河期法国西班牙以及塔斯马尼亚地区的岩洞上搜集到的证据证明右手较之于左手的优势。当一个左手被用于塑模时就反向暗示了*他的工匠惯于使用右手。即使是*一幅画作需要一个月左右的喷涂，也可以想象惯用手是如何在这一过程中起到协助作用的。另一个假设是被用于塑模的手手掌向下-一只左手塑模朝上也许让它看起来像一只右手。在法国Gargas 岩洞中的158 个模板中，有136 个鉴定确认为左手，只有22 个是右手；右手习

39、惯毫无疑问是据绝对主导地位的。 【TPO-12 (1) 2#】It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that even when paint was sprayed喷雾 by mouth to make a hand stencil漏字板 there was no way to tell which hand was stenciled the stenciled hand was the weaker hand the stenciled hand was the dominant hand artists stenciled more images of

40、the dominant hand than they did of the weak以mouth和hand stencil做关键词定位至倒数第二和第三句，说dominant hand是帮忙的；最后一句又说136是左手22是右手，通过具体数字说明左手比较主要，所以B是答案；注意B和C是一对相反答案，所以C错，A说不知道哪个主要也就错；D没说8, Fractures and other cut marks are another source of evidence. Right-handed soldiers tend to be wounded on the left. The skelet

41、on of a 40- or 50-year-old Nabatean warrior, buried 2,000 years ago in the Negev Desert, Israel, had multiple healed fractures to the skull, the left arm, and the ribs. 断痕与割痕也是论据的另一来源。右撇子勇士一般都是左侧容易受伤。在内盖夫的戈壁中被埋了2000 多年的一个40-50 岁之间的Nabatean 勇士的骨架，在他的头部，左臂和肋骨上有多处已愈合的伤痕。 【TPO-12 (1) 7#】Which of the fol

42、lowing statements about fractures and cut marks can be inferred from paragraph 4? Fractures and cut marks caused by right-handed soldiers tend to occur on the right side of the injured partys body. The right arm sustains more injuries because, as the dominant arm, it is used more actively. In most p

43、eople, the left side of the body is more vulnerable to injury since it is not defended effectively by the dominant arm. Fractures and cut marks on fossil humans probably occurred after death.以fractures and other cut marks做关键词定位至第一句，但第一句信息太少，往下看，说右撇子士兵伤在左侧，所以正确答案是C。B说反，左侧容易受伤；A和D都没说9, Rainfall is not

44、 completely absent in desert areas, but it is highly variable. An annual rainfall of four inches is often used to define the limits of a desert. The impact of rainfall upon the surface water and groundwater resources of the desert is greatly influenced by landforms. Flats and depressions where water

45、 can collect are common features, but they make up only a small part of the landscape.沙漠中并不是完全没有降雨，只不过是变数很大。通常一年以内降雨次数少于4 次是定义沙漠的限定条件。降水对沙漠地表和地底的水资源的影响很大程度上取决于地貌。平原和洼地是水源聚集的共同地貌特征，不过他们只占地表的很小一部分。 【TPO-12 (3) 1#】Which of the following statements about annual rainfall can be inferred from paragraph 1?

46、 Flat desert areas receive more annual rainfall than desert areas with mountains Areas that receive more than four inches of rain per year are not considered deserts. Many areas receive less than four inches of annual rainfall, but only a few are deserts Annual rainfall has no impact on the groundwa

47、ter resources of desert areas.以annual rainfall做关键词定位至第二句，说年降雨量少于4 inch的地方被认为是沙漠，推断出相反的一面是年降雨量大于4 inch的地方不是沙漠，也就是B10, People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and

48、 commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may

49、 mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance. 人与人之间的关系可以分为两种：情感纽带和工具纽带。情感纽带在当我们感性的与他人交流时形成的一种社会联系。通过和对我们来说十分重要的人交流从而得到的安全感，爱情，认可，友谊和个人价值等一系列情感。工具纽带是但我们为了达到一些目标而与他人进行合作时产

50、生的社会联系方式。有些时候，这也许意味着变相与竞争者一起共事。更多的时候我们没有发展出任何更有意义的关系而只是简单的与其他人合作并走向终点。【TPO-13 (1) 4#】Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the authors mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2? Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not

51、 cooperate. Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties. Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance. Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant.11, Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distingui

52、sh between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondar

53、y group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relations

54、hips evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions. 社会学家基于感情纽带与工具纽带的特征对两者进行了区分定义并划分出两种类型的群组：主要群组和次要群组。一个主要社群包含两个或更多人，他们都喜欢直接，亲密的，有粘性的与他

55、人的关系。感情纽带在主要社群中起主导作用。我们审视人的时候是在他们生命的走到尽头的时候，还有他们的个人价值。次要群组也需要两个以上的不过是因为非个人关系而且聚到一起都是为了一个具体的，特定的目标。而工具纽带就在其中起了重要的作用。我们关注人们在最后的价值要比他们自己的权利要多。有时主要群组的关系也会在次要群组中演化出来。这种现象一般发生在一些工作安排当中。人们在共同合作中会相互发牢骚，开玩笑，传八卦以及满足感，由此依旧发展出了亲近的关系。【TPO-13 (1) 6#】Which of the following can be inferred from the authors claim in

56、 paragraph 3 that primary group relationships sometimes evolve out of 从。演变secondary group relationships? Secondary group relationships begin by being primary group relationships. A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relationship. Sociologists believe

57、that only primary group relationships are important to society. Even in secondary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close relationships.以evolve out of做关键词定位至倒数第三句，但这句话跟问题几乎是完全一样的，所以不是答案。往后看，this标示着上下句之间有联系。下句说这种evolve发生在工作背景下，接着说同事之间可以通过share各种东西变成非常亲密的朋友，也就是secondary变primar

58、y 的一个例子，所以正确答案是D。A说反；B和C均没说而且C有违常识12, Each of the preceding techniques provides the researcher with evidence that the infant can detect or discriminate between stimuli. With these sophisticated observational assessment and electro physiological measures, we know that the neonate of only a few days is far more perceptive than previously suspected. However, these measures are only indirect indicators of the infants perceptual abilities. 以上所说的每一种技术都可以给研究者提供关于婴儿能够探知或区别刺激的依据，通过这些复杂的观察记录和电子生物学的探测，我们知道一个只有几天的新生儿能探知的要远比我们之前猜测的要多的多。然而，这些标准也只是通过间接的指示器所测量到的婴儿感知的能力。