英语科技论文写作(四).ppt

1、英语科技论文写作（四）,2008.4.,课堂练习,Put the following passage into English. 在气液和液液传质过程中，由于相界面上产生表面张力梯度和密度梯度，从而引发界面湍动。这是一种重要的流体力学不稳定现象，它能够影响传质速率，是提高传质效率的一个有效途径。自从20世纪60年代以来，人们对界面湍动进行了大量的研究工作，但大多数的实验还停留在现象观察阶段。鉴于此，本文建立了一套气液接触传质设备，研究引起界面湍动的Marangoni效应对传质系数的影响，为进一步的实验和理论研究提供有效的依据。 Marangoni effect; interfacial tur

2、bulence; surface tension,句型库_研究目的,This problem is concerned (deals, bears) (chiefly, largely, mainly) with. This is a problem relating to. Our work is devoted to The primary goal of the present research is The work presented in this paper focuses in The chief aim of this study is The laboratory stud

3、y demonstrates (suggests, indicates, reveals, establishes),句型库_引言_研究目的,Doing this work, we intend (hope, expect, attempt) to Carry out (undertaking, initiating, performing) this study, we hope to The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of The principal purpose (objective, task) o

4、f the present (further, preliminary) work is to investigate the features of (mechanisms involved in, effects produced by),句型库_引言_研究背景及历史,This problem was (first) advanced by The problem under discussion was formulated (raised, posed, brought up, put forward) by Since then the problem has attracted (

5、fascinated) many scientists (workers in this field). This problem has been clarified (elucidated, solved) The problem as can be seen (as is known) is (still) poorly (inadequately) understood.,句型库_引言_研究背景及历史,Compare with the current research, the previous work was in connection with The work we are d

6、oing is closely related to the deliberations described in The new findings from the experiment agree well with the results obtained in Several (numerous, many, few) studies are made (carried out, performed) to elucidate the nature (understand the behavior, reveal the cause) of A study of the kind ha

7、s (never) been made (until now, until a few years ago).,句型库_引言_问题的难易,It seems (exceedingly, enormously) difficult to obtain knowledge of the problem It proves (quite, totally) impossible (unrealistic) to try It is rather difficult to solve the problem The problem is rather involved. The problem invo

8、lves (certain, tremendous) difficulties. It is easy to present (review, analyze, discuss) the problem in all its complexity (in very detail). It is no easy task to gain an insight into the intricate detail of,句型库_引言_问题的范围,The main aspect (core, essence )of the problem is Studies of these effects cov

9、er various aspects of Our study with this technique confined to The problem is within the scope of Our problem lies beyond the range of,句型库_正文_理论说明,Our theory is based on the assumption that This theory proceeds from the idea (principle) of The underlying concept of the theory is as follows. There i

10、s a similar (a tentative, an alternative) theory that The basic (fundamental, essential) feature of this theory is The object of this theory is to,The newly-advanced theory has some (certain, many) advantages (assets, strong points, positive features, deficiencies, drawbacks, inadequacies, flaws, sh

11、ortcomings). The validity of the theory has become obvious in the light of recent findings. This newly-developed theory finds experimental support The theory received universal recognition (general acceptance).,句型库_正文_理论说明,句型库_正文_公式推导, is given by: as follows： as in the following： The following equa

12、tion is obtained. This becomes Therefore, we have can be expressed as can be derived: can be written: can be described by can be represented as,句型库_正文_方法介绍,引用已有方法 The method of was first developed by The method of came into use as long ago as The original proposal of this method was first published

13、in,句型库_正文_方法介绍,提出新方法 The method we use differs (greatly, essentially) from the conventional one. The newly-elaborated technique is different from the one previously used. The method is now greatly improved,句型库_正文_方法介绍,方法的评价 The procedure we followed has certain advantages over the existing method. T

14、his method has many advantages over those available (the exiting ones). This method is advantageous in many respects (as) compared with those available (the exiting ones). One of the assets of this technique is its simplicity (reliability, sensitivity).,句型库_正文_实验描述,实验目的 We made (carried out, perform

15、ed, initiated) this experiment to show (demonstrate, elucidate, evaluate) a correlation between (certain phenomena, the mechanism of the hypothesis of, some features of ) Experiment on are made (underway) to Earlier (previous) experiments with this technique were intended (designed, designated) to,句

16、型库_正文_实验描述,实验导致的结论 The experiments reported here demonstrate a variety of changes in (a correlation between, a much resistance to) Our experiments with furnish some new information (further data, new evidence) about the mechanism (the effluence) of Our experiment supports our assumption (hypothesis,

17、 evidence) that Further experiments in this area lead us to conclude (believe, suggest) that From these experiments we can conclude that,句型库_正文_实验描述,On the basis of these data (From these data) one can conclude that On the basis of these data (From these data) it can be concluded that These data lea

18、d us to a conclusion that These data lead us to conclude that These data enable us to conclude that This experiment failed to show (demonstrate) this experiment has not shown (demonstrated),句型库_正文_结果和结论,结果的意义 The results presented in this paper are (seem) The findings reported here is (quite) striki

19、ng (remarkable, fascinating). These preliminary findings are very reliable (encouraging, promising, convincing, ambiguous). The results reported here prove (confirm, support, bear out) the hypothesis, assumption, obseration) that,句型库_正文_结果和结论,导致结论 The findings suggest that These findings lead the au

20、thor to conclusion that Our data leave open the question of whether In the future, we will extend the present studies to Our work has contributed to the understanding of The research work has brought about a discovery of Further progress can be provided by this experiment.,句型库_其它常用句型,1、对A和B的比较表明 A c

21、omparison of A and B A comparison of A with B shows that A comparison between A and B 2、现有的 available the existing the current ,句型库_其它常用句型,3、所产生的 The resultant The resulting 4、该理论认为 The theory holds (maintains, claims, implies) that 5、这个理论来源于 The theory comes (stems, emerges, originates) from The th

22、eory is obtained (provided, furnished) from,句型库_其它常用句型,6、本章论述了 This chapter deals with ( treats, covers, describes, discusses, involves, bears on) This chapter is confined to (devoted to, concerned with) 7、与成反比 be inversely proportional to vary inversely with depend inversely with,句型库_其它常用句型,8、A随B的变

23、化曲线图 the graph (plot) of A as a function of B the graph (plot) of A versus (against) B the graph (plot) of the dependence of A on (upon) B the graph (plot) of the variation of A with B,句型库_其它常用句型,9、保持不变 remain constant stay unchanged be kept fixed be held the same be maintained unaltered be left,句型库

24、_其它常用句型,10、获得的结果与计算机模拟相一致 agrees with is in agreement with The result is in line with the computer simulation. obtainedis consistent with fits into,句型库_其它常用句型,11、得到了广泛的应用 be widely used be in wide use be widely in use find wide application (use) 12、 表示了 A is an indication of A gives an indication of

25、 A indicates A is indicative of ,句型库_其它常用句型,13、把M代入N（我们）得到 Substituting M in (into) N, we obtain (have or get) gives (yields, produces) Substituting M into (in) N results in leads to ,句型库_其它常用句型,14、该试验未能说明 This experiment failed to show (demonstrate) This experiment has not shown 15、我们做了很多实验来验证这一理论

26、preformed A lot of experiments are done to test (verify, made prove, check) conducted the ,句型库_其它常用句型,16、前面的例子表明 previous The preceding examples shows that forgoing 17、这是由引起的 is due to gives rise to This leads to results in arises from,句型库_其它常用句型,18、问题的关键是 The key to the problem is The crux The hear

27、t of the problem is The main aspect The essence,句型库_其它常用句型,19、这需要进一步的研究 bears research deserves effort This demands further study requires work calls for investigation,句型库_其它常用句型,20、 分成两大类 fall into major are divided into two general groups are classified into broad classes are of main categories Th

28、ere are two major groups of ,句型库_其它常用句型,21、该研究的主要目的在于 chief aim main purpose The primary object of the study is major objective principal goal,句型库_其它常用句型,in the hope of (that) with the view to do The study has been started in order to do to the end that so that The study is intended (designed) to do

29、 Performing the study we hope that intend to do (expect to do) ,句型库_其它常用句型,22、方程表明 indicates implies shows suggests demonstrates This equation reveals established bears out confirms supports favors provides,句型库_其它常用句型,23、的体积小（质量好，重量轻，价格低） small in size (good in quality, light in weight, low in price

30、) 24、毫无疑问 There is no doubt that There is no question that Without doubt (question) , Beyond doubt (question), No (out of) doubt, ,句型库_其它常用句型,25、该式适用于（对是成立的） holds for holds true for This equation is true for is valid for applies to,句型库_其它常用句型,26、这与没有（几乎没有，有一点，有很多）共同之处。 This has nothing (little, som

31、ething, much) in common with 27、最好是 It is (most) desirable to (do) that It would be best if ,句型库_其它常用句型,28、这一点应受到（引起）我们的重视（关注）。 arouse attract This should gainour attention. have receive,句型库_其它常用句型,29、这是与有关的问题。 concerned with concerning related to This is a problemrelating to bearing on dealing with

32、,句型库_其它常用句型,30、他们是根据而提出了这一理论。 put forward advanced developed proposedis based on They suggested this theory, whichrests on createdproceeds from constructed formulated elabrated,科技论文写作中的词汇,科技论文中大量使用各学科的专门术语，还经常使用一些日常语言中不怎么使用的书面词汇，主要是突出科技英语正式、庄重的语体特征，同时应避免使用浮华、带有感情色彩的词语，当然并不是说科技论文中不使用普通词汇。另外，一些动词短语往往由

33、正式动词替代，以求简练。,科技论文写作中的词汇,普通英语词汇 科技英语中的非技术词 about approximately ask inquire begin commence change transform finish complete get obtain have possess method technique quick rapid similar identical use employ, utilize enough sufficient by which whereby in which wherein in the end eventually,科技论文写作中的词汇,动词

34、短语 正式动词 turn on complete take in absorb put up erect put in add wear away erode take away remove use up consume, exhaust look over examine keep up maintain bring out introduce,科技论文写作中的词汇,注意词汇的正确搭配，希望在阅读文献时注意摘录。e.g. Three-phase slurry reactor has several advantages over fixed-bed reactor. 应避免口语中使用的词语

35、，使句子比较稳重。 lots of (a lot of ) many quite a few several 一般在科技论文中不使用生活或新闻报道中使用的缩略词语。 lab laboratory auto automobile ad advertisement,科技论文写作中的词汇,趋于用名词来表示动作。 Mass-transfer is compared with heat-transfer. A comparison of mass-transfer with heat-transfer is made. The performance of this flow meter is anal

36、yzed. An analysis of the performance of this flow meter is made. E gives an indication of (indicates) activation energy. Fig. 2-6 provides an illustration of (illustrates) the effect of reaction temperature on the yield.,科技论文写作中的词汇,在某些情况下，英、汉语的词序是不同的，写作时应特别留意。 e. g. What is called trickle-bed reacto

37、r is no more than a special kind of three-phase reactor. The main theoretical advances in this decade are as follows. This book introduces a new set of techniques for process simulation. These products have reached the advanced world level.,科技论文写作中的词汇,来回 back and forth 左右 right and left 东南 southeast

38、 西北 northwest 有时表示同一概念时，可进行多样化的表达方式，以避免文章的单调乏味。,句子的特征,句子长，结构严谨。可采用三种手段处理句子。 （1）with短语、形容词短语、分词短语等 （2）with结构、分词独立结构等 （3）各类从句，尤其是定语从句,句子的特征,With (1) “with +某些抽象名词”等效于这些名词所对应的副词，但语气更强。 These experiments should be done with care. This parameter can be measured with accuracy. (2)with 与vary, change, incre

39、ase, decrease等动词连用时可表示“随着”之意。 The conductivity of a semiconductor varies with temperature,句子的特征,(3)将with用在句首可表示“对于，有了”等意思。 With the alternating current, things are different. 对于交流电来说，情况就不同了。 With radar, we can see distant objects. 有了雷达，我们可以看到远处的物体 (4)可构成一种“with结构”，其应用特别广泛。,句子的特征,“with结构”指以下的形式： 分词 介

40、词短语 形容词（短语） with + 名词（或代词）副词 不定式短语 名词（短语）,句子的特征,作状语 写作重点：处于句首表示条件、时间和原因， 处于句尾表示附加说明、方式、条件。 With friction present, a part of power has been lost as heat. 由于存在摩擦，所以一部分功率作为热损耗掉了。 Both practical design techniques and theoretical problems are covered with emphasis on general concepts. （本书）既讲了实际的设计方法，同时也讲

41、述了理论问题，而侧重点则放在一般概念上。,句子的特征,Each planet revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit, with the sun at one focus of the ellipse. 每颗行星在椭圆轨道上绕太阳运行，而太阳处于椭圆的一个焦点上。 All present states are stable with no inputs present. 在没有输入的情况下，目前的所有状态均是稳定的。 The second term is evaluated similarly, with Z a function of y

42、 alone. 第二项可以同样计算出来，只要把Z仅作为y的函数就行。,句子的特征,An initial analysis of the device parameters has been made with satisfactory results. A brief introduction to the principles of a CSTR is given with emphasis on reactor model. 作定语 This is an inequality with zero on the right. 这是一个右边为零的不等式。,句子的特征,The dimension

43、 of the channel is about as large as a hydrocarbon, its diameter being about 10-12 cm. A new method for solving this problem is presented in this paper, which is simple and practicable. The mathematical model derived by this method proves to be of practical significance, thus creating good condition

44、s for making optimal designs.,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,（1）主语系动词表语（名词） 这种句型所表达的语气比用形容词作表语的句型更强烈。 This is too small a signal. This is so sensitive an instrument that it can measure the slight change in pressure. （2）采用“ 主谓宾” 句型代替汉语中的“ 主系表” 句型。 撰写论文时受汉语的影响，很不习惯使用这种结构。,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,“Have” 句型 即句中谓语动词为have。凡在汉语句中似

45、乎找不到的动词一般可使用这一句型，它主要用于表示尺寸、大小、比较、优缺点等概念。 A. 表示尺寸、大小、长度、高度 “Something +have +a (an)+表示大小的名词+of +数量” The wall of the reactor has a thickness of 1 centimeter. This pipe has an approximate length of 50 meters.,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,B. 表示比较 “something A +have +比较级（或as+形容词原级）+要比较的名词+than + something B” This subs

46、tance has a more complicated chemical structure than that one. Alcohol does not have as high a boiling point as water (does).,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,C. 表示优缺点 “主语+have+优缺点的名词” The reactor has the advantages of simple structure and high efficiency. The three-phase slurry reactor has the disadvantage of its he

47、ight.,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,（3）采用BE句型。这一句型我们也不是十分熟悉。 A. 表示大小、数量 Something +be+数量+表示大小的形容词（或in +表示大小的名词） The distillation column is 20 meters high. （或in height） These perforated plates are 2 centimeters thick. 当然根据语法条文，也可写成以下的句型，中国人特别习惯这一句型。 The height of the distillation column is 20 meters.,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式

48、,B. 表示比较 物A + be +比较级（或as +原级）+in+要比较的对象+than (as)+物B This substance is more complicated in chemical structure than that one. Alcohol is not as high in boiling point as water (is). 中国人的习惯 The chemical structure of this substance is more complicated than that of that substance,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,(4)不少情况下

49、使用静态结构来表示状态、特征、情况以取代采用行为或过程的句法结构。 使用“系动词+表语”的结构。表语一般是形容词，有时也可是名词或介词短语。 The flask is breakable (can be broken). This method is applicable (can be applied ) to process simulation. The resistance of mass-transfer is ignorable (can be ignored).,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,A hyperbola is indicative (indicate) of an i

50、nverse proportion. Eq. 1 is an illustration (illustrates) of global kinetics model. The problem is under consideration (is being considered). This product is in great demand (is needed by a great many companies).,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,(5)不少情况下用短语代替从句，特别是代替状语从句和定语从句，使句子更为紧凑，避免结构松散。 A. 用介词短语代替状语从句。 After the

51、 experiments have been completed, After (At or ON) the completion of the experiments , If the temperature is greater than 60 , At a temperature greater than 60, ,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,If the temperature is decreased by 10, For a decrease in temperature of 10, If the pressure remains constant , At constant

52、pressure , B. 用作主语的名词短语代替表示条件、原因、目的状语从句。 If the results are analyzed, it can be shown that =An analysis of the results shows that ,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,Since there is no atmosphere in space, scientists could make pure drugs there. =The absence of atmosphere in space would enable scientists to make pure dr

53、ugs there. If experimental data are compared with the calculated ones, it can be shown that =A comparison of experimental data ,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,(6)限定性的短语或从句 按照传统语法，当你希望从一组事物中，把其中一个(一部分)特别区分出釆，以“限定说明”其与其他部分不同之处时，要采用“that”(而不是”which”)，也就是说，that引出的是实质性的信息。这个短语或从句就成了主句或句子的必需成分，它们是限定性的短语或从句。没有这个短语或从句，主句或句

54、子就失去了基本含义。,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,Comparison will be restricted to acetylene compounds that (不用which) have the same functional end groups. Reaction leading to the desired products are shown in Scheme 1. (7) 非限定性短语或从句 当一个短语或从句虽然能传达信息，但并不是主要的而只是附加的信息，那么它们称为非限定性短语或从句。也就是，当它们被删除时，主句没有失去其根本含义。非限定性从句的引入采用“which”，

55、非限定性短语和从句与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开。,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,All the chemicals that lost labels must be labeled as waste , which will be shipped out and destroyed by the Waste Task Unit. Melvin Calvin, who won the Nobel Prize in 1961, elucidated the biochemical pathways in photosynthesis。,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,注意： 1、应模仿国外科技文献中的

56、一些固定、地道的说法及特殊的句型。 The device is small in size. Emphasis is put on what is described in this chapter. This device is characterized by small size, light weight, high efficiency and low cost. These rectors are (of different sizes) different in size.,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,These reactors vary (differ) in size.

57、The yield and temperature are related by the following equation. 一般常用 “ A and B are related by C”或“ A is related to B by C”来表示A和B之间的关系由C表示。,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,2、在表示“ 的方法是”时，往往不采用“ The method for is”的句型，而是采用“ is found (determined, increased, achieved, solved, calculated, reduced, obtained, satisfied, sep

58、arated, constructed, analyzed, adjusted, minimized etc. ) by ”这一结构。 The side reaction is minimized by proper reactor design. The operation conditions are determined by catalyst used.,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,3、并列复合句中的语法形式应一致 所谓的语法形式要一致，就是说并列复合句中各分句一般来说应使用同一时态，同一语态，有时甚至使用同一句型。特别是不要前一分句使用主动态，而后一分句用被动态 4、科技论文中不使用口语体的缩略