201510.8高中英语句子概论.ppt

1、高三英语总复习语法系列训练,英语句子概论,英语句子概论,基本成分 附属成分 独立成分 省略成分 连接成分,简单句 并列句 复合句,句 子 的 种 类,一、 陈述句： She arrived quite early. (事实) / She may have arrived now. (看法) 二、疑问句： 1一般疑问句： Has the factory gone into production? Shall I turn on the TV? 2特殊疑问句： Which colour do you prefer? How much is this table-cloth? 3选择疑问句： 一般疑

2、问句 + or + 第二个选择: Are you an Englishman or an American? 特殊疑问句 + 选择部分: Which do you prefer, red wine or white? 4反意（或附加）疑问句： You are not going out today, are you? Yes, I am. / No, Im not.,三、祈使句： Be sure to get here before nine. (You) Do it right now. 四、感叹句： what + 感叹句： What a noble-hearted man he was!

3、What good news it is! how + 感叹句： How well she dances! How fast they are working!,(1) 主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P ) The weather is very cold. (2) 主语+不及物动词(S+Vi ) He laughed. (3) 主语+及物动词+宾语(S + Vt +O ) I like Chinese food.,P,Vi,Vt,O,(4) 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 (S+V+IO+DO) She taught them physics. (5) 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(S

4、+V+O+C) We must keep the room warm.,IO,DO,C,双宾语,复合宾语,主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语： She made herself a new dress. 注：这种结构中的谓语动词一般只限于某些双宾语及物动词，它们可以分为两类： 第一类：give, show, send, bring, offer, read, pass, lend, leave, tell, hand, return, write, pay, throw, allow, wish, teach, promise, owe, refuse等。 第二类：make, buy,

5、 do, fetch, get, paint, play, save, reserve, spare, order, cook, sing, find等。 注：间接宾语有时可以改成一个由to或for引导的短语，这在意思上没有什么差别： Ill return you the book tomorrow. Ill return the book to you tomorrow. She made a new dress for Mary. She made Mary a new dress.,注：第一类可以改为由 to 引导的短语；第二类可以改为由 for引导的短语。 注：间接宾语用介词词组表示的

6、场合： a. 对间接宾语加以强调时： Ive bought it for you, not for myself. Ill hand this letter to the secretary and not to the director. b. 当直接宾语是一个人称代词时： Ill send it to you tomorrow. Youd better hand it directly to the headmaster. c. 当直接宾语比间接宾语短时： She showed the picture to the students sitting near her. d. 当间接宾语置于

7、句首时： Who did you send it to? To him I told the story, not to his brother. e. 当间接宾语和直接宾语都是代词时： He gave it to me. Ill lend them to you.,请说出下列句子类型。,1.Summer is coming. 2.They wont let me go. 3.He showed me a new TV set. 4.She knows what to do. 5.The weather is very cold.,S+Vi,S+V+C,S+V+IO+DO,S+V+O,S+V+

8、P,S+V+PS+ViS+V+OS+V+IO+DOS+V+O+C,主语 不及物动词 （ S + Vi ） 主语 及物动词 宾语 ( S + Vt + O) 主语 系动词 表 (S + LV + predicative) 主语双宾动词+间宾+直宾(S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir) 主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语 (S + Vt. + O + O. compl) There + be / stand/ lie / live.,简单句的五种基本句型,主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。 完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4

9、个基本成分。,noun adj. / adv. infinitive V-ing V-ed etc.,主语,谓语,宾语,表语,Vt,V-l,Vi,Noun / Pronoun The + adj V-ing / Clause Infinitive,Noun / Pronoun / The + adj V-ing / Clause / Infinitive,英语句子基本成分示意图,be / feel / seem / look appear / stand / lie become /get / grow / turn go / come / remain/ keep taste / smell

10、 etc.,noun pronoun adj. / adv. infinitive V-ing / V-ed clause etc.,附属成分,基本成分的修饰语。可以是： 定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。,定 语 Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearby She likes oranges imported from the USA. John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrations Have you seen the b

11、ook on the desk? The boy playing over there is my brother. People there like sports.,John often came to chat with me John likes oranges very much Whenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angry Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday. She is sitting at

12、 the desk, doing her homework. My father worked in this school ten years ago. Youd better stay here.,状 语,Examples: Oh！What is that！（惊叹词） He has，alas，failed again Come here，John（呼语） Roll on，Ocean，roll on,句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。,独立成分,（You） Come here （I wish you）Good luck！ Some gave

13、him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggs He runs as fast as, if ( he does ) not ( run ) faster, than you. ( I ) Hope you like it. John should clean the room today and Peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.,句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：,省略成分,连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。 另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句

14、子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。 一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。,连接成分,简单句,简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。 作一种陈述 提出一个问题 发出一种命令或请求 表示一种感叹,Examples: The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy. The girl read the books. / The books pleased the gi

15、rl. Stephen apologized at once. Does the shop close at 7 tonight? Shut the door. What a slow train this is!,简单句的基本词序,主语动词部分宾语 状语 （谓语） 方式地点时间 Iboughta hat yesterday. The children ran home. The taxi driver shouted at me angrily. We ate our meal in silence. The car stopped suddenly. A young girl walked

16、 confidently in the room. They drove him away in a police car.,简单句的扩展成份,简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。 I bought a rain coat with a warm lining. The dog jumped through the window. He is saving up to buy a mobile phone. A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles o

17、f milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock. He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday. The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.,两个简单句的主语可以 由连词and、but、both.and、eitheror、neithernor、not onlybut also等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。 The boss is flying to Paris. His secretar

18、y is flying to Paris. The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. The boss is flying to Rome. His secretary is not flying to Rome. The boss but not his secretary is flying to Rome. The boss may be flying to Berlin. His secretary may be flying

19、to Berlin. Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin. The boss is not flying to York. His secretary isnt flying to York. Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to York.,主语、谓语、宾语的合并,两个简单句的宾语可由and、bothand等连词连接组成一个简单句。 I met Jane. I met her husband. I met Jane and her husband. I met bo

20、th Jane and her husband. It was cold. It was wet. It was cold and wet. I didnt meet Jane. I didnt meet her husband. I didnt meet either Jane or her husband. I met neither Jane nor her husband. 两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。 We sang all night. We danced all night. We sang and danced all night.,主语、谓语、宾语的合并,并列

21、句,需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。,用分号： We fished all day; we didnt catch a thing.,用分号，后跟一个连接副词： We fished all day; however, we didnt catch a thing.,用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等） We fished all day, but (we) didnt catch a thing.,并列句,常用并列连词coordinating conjunctions,平行并列连词: 转折并列连词： 因果并列连词:

22、选择并列连词:,and, bothand, not onlybut also, neither nor,but, however, while, yet,for, so,or, eitheror,并列句,并列句的词序：并列句基本上保留了简单句的词序。,主语 谓语 宾语 连词 主语 动词 表语 Jimmy fell off his bike but (he) wasnt hurt.,五种简单句型可用并列连词连接起来组成并列句。,主 谓 状（方式） 连 主 谓 表 Frank worked hard and (he ) became an architect. 主 谓 宾 连 主 谓 地点 I v

23、e got a cold, so I m going to bed. 主 谓 宾 宾补 连 主 谓 宾 They made him chairman, but (they) didnt increase his salary.,Exercise: 请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。,He was tired, so he went to bed.,1. He was tired. He went to bed.,2. The child hid behind his mothers skirt. He was afraid of the dog.,3. He made a prom

24、ise. He didnt keep it.,He made a promise, but he didnt keep it.,The child hid behind his mothers skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.,4.Mary is opening the door. John is greeting her guests.,Mary is opening the door , and John is greeting her guests.,5. I like volleyball. My brother likes basketball

25、.,I like volleyball, while my brother likes basketball.,由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所 构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。 主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。 从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个 主句连用，不能独立存在。 复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接 在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非 同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引 导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。 复合句 = 主句 + 从句,复合句,复合句:主句+从句 主句是一个完整的句子(independent sentence),它可以独立存在。 从句是一个不完整的句

26、子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在.,By the time he arrived, 1 we had already left. 2,请指出该复合句的主句和从句部分。,从句,主句,复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句： 1. 主语从句 2. 宾语从句 3. 表语从句 4. 定语从句 5. 状语从句 6. 同位语从句,英文写作中最常使用的从句 宾语从句 状语从句 定语从句,复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句,He told me,the news.,t

27、hat the match had been cancelled.,宾语,how much he was prepared to pay for my car.,that I could have the money without delay.,how much he was prepared to pay for my car and that I could have the money without delay.,when he was leaving for Paris.,that his fathered was working in that school.,宾语从句,复合句与

28、简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句,I dont know,him.,He has finished his work,that he has finished his work. whether he has finished his work.,宾语从句,He is leaving for Washington.,that he is leaving for Washington. when he is leaving for Washington. why he is leaving for Washington. how he is leaving for Washin

29、gton. whether he is leaving for Washington.,复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句,the people,surprised,That,What he said What he did,主语,That he didnt know the answer,in the room.,定语,who were sitting in the room. who were present. whose sons were at war. who had signed the contract.,复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词

30、+简单句,That,is,the fact.,表 语,what he needs. what he gave me. why he was late. because he was ill. what has happened.,复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句,He worked,in that factory,three years ago.,地点状语,时间状语,where his father worked,in that factory,where I lived,when he lived there,His father worked there.,I l

31、ived there.,He lived there three years ago.,复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句,Put the book,on the desk.,where you took it.,where it was.,地点状语,where you found it.,You cant camp,here.,where there are a lot of trees.,wherever you like.,指出下列各从句的类型,I believe that everything is going on well. She was reading

32、a novel when I came in. She is the girl who sings best in my class.,宾语从句,状语从句,定语从句,Practice,用所给连词连接句子。,He has found out. She was late. (why),He has found out why she was late.,I still remember the day. I first went to York on that day. (when),I still remember the day when I first went to York.,将各组句子

33、连接为一个含有状语从句的复合句。,Practice,He didnt come yesterday. He was ill. (原因),He didnt come yesterday because he was ill.,Ill give the letter to him. I see him. （时间） It is such a big box. Nobody can move it. （结果） Well go to the great wall. Its fine tomorrow. (条件) We should not go there all the time. The place

34、 is quite pleasant.(让步）,It is such a big box that nobody can move it.,Well go to the Great Wall if its fine tomorrow.,Although the place is quite pleasant, we should not go there all the time.,Ill give the letter to him when I see him. Ill give the letter to him as soon as I see him. Ill give the le

35、tter to him the moment I see him.,高考书面表达新评分标准重要的一条规定是： “有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，是全文结构 紧凑。” 而“较少使用语句间的连接成分，内容 缺乏连贯性”则被划入第二档（较差）（6 10分）。,衔接手段作为语篇的逻辑纽带，在句与句之间、甚至 段与段之间起承上启下的作用，保证句子、段落和篇章 逻辑上关联、语义上连贯。衔接手段可以是词、短语 或片语，也可以是分句。以下对常用衔接手段做一简单 分类：,（1）表示时间顺序：,first / firstly, then, next, after, after that, before, during, throughout, later, while, when, meanwhile, at present, by now, finally, in the end,