翻译简介1Chapter One费下载.ppt

1、Chapter One,General Introduction to the Translation Studies,contents,1.Globalization and Translation 2.The Type of Translation 3. The Definition of Translation 4. The nature of translation in its narrow sense and in its broad sense 5. The Scope or Category of Translation Study 6.Literal Translation

2、and Free Translation 7.Translator Competence 8.Criteria for Translation,Globalization and Translation,At present, the process of globalization is moving faster than ever before and has had an enormous impact on our lives and cultures. Cultures that readers are traditionally not familiar with have be

3、come more familiar as a result of globalization. Translation is becoming a more and more important tool to enhance understanding between cultures; globalization has had an enormous impact on translators lives and work.,Translation contributes to learning, understanding foreign cultures,and enriching

4、 the target language with loan words. Translation enriches the target text, makes it more exotic and thus more interesting for those who want to learn more about the culture in question. So it is the task of translator to make the target language readers to understand the source culture.,I.The Type

5、of Translation,oral interpretation written translation Mode full-text translation 全文翻译 abridged translation 摘译 adapted translation 编译 machine translation scientific materials Materials literary works political essays practical writing,II. The Nature of Translation,Whats translation? 1. In a narrow s

6、ense 2. In a broader sense,III. The Scope or Category of Translation Studies,Translation studies happened to fall into two categories: Traditional translation studies Contemporary translation studies Q: What are the differences between traditional and contemporary translation studies?,stage of trans

7、itional period, cultural turn,Traditional translation studies,Aim: the faithful representation in one language of what is written and said in another language. Base: linguistics, semantics, pragmatics, symbology, syntax, stylistic, rhetoric. Perspective: comparison of two different languages Focus:

8、focus on the source language,Contemporary translation studies,Aim: Exploring in turning one cultural connotation in one language into another cultural form. Base:culture,history,religion, anthropology, sociology Perspective: comparison of two different cultures and literatures Focus: focus on target

9、 language,Traditional translation studies Aim: the faithful representation in one language of what is written and said in another language. Base: linguistics, semantics, pragmatics, symbology, syntax, stylistic, rhetoric. Perspective: comparison of two different languages Focus: focus on the source

10、language,Contemporary translation studies Aim: Exploring in turning one cultural connotation in one language into another cultural form. Base: culture, history, religion, anthropology, sociology Perspective:comparison of two different cultures and literatures Focus: focus on target language,Transiti

11、onal Period,The division line is about 1970s. The turning point between the two periods is called cultural turn . 1.replacing the traditional literal translation with cultural translation and interpretation; 2. replacing the passive conversion with the active, dynamic interpretation and reconstructi

12、on.,Definition of Translation,1. Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. -Columbia Encyclopedia 2. Translating is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual in another language(TL). -J. C. Carford 3. Tra

13、nslating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. -Eugene A. Nida,4.(Translating) is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended t

14、he text. - Malcolm Cowley 5.把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一种言语表达出来的活动。 -中国大百科书全书 语言文字卷 Key words: textual (text) natural flavor (style),In a narrow sense,The nature of translation is turning the content of one language into another language. (In other words, we also can say its rendering the meaning of a text into

15、another language. In Chinese, we say 完成双语之间意义上的转换),The conversion occurs at different levels: 1.conceptive meaning 概念意义 2. contextual meaning 语境意义 3. formal meaning 形式意义 4. stylistic meaning 风格意义 5. figurative meaning 形象意义 6. cultural meaning 文化意义 end,In a broader sense,Translation is an art a craft

16、 a process a scientific discipline recreation/rewriting/representation Q: Of the various opinions, which one holds truth/ water?,Process,comprehension of the original material presentation in target language. Its a process of decoding and recoding. Eugene Nidas Model of Tr. Process,Eugene Nidas Mode

17、l of Tr. Process,S.L T.L Text Translation Analysis Restructuring Transfer,Art strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original”. It takes sentences as its basic units and takes the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. Furthermore

18、, it strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the original works and retains as much as possible the figures of speech.,For example, the concept of “death” may be expressed as follows:,breathe ones last, 断气 go to ones eternal rest 安息 the long sleep 长眠 pass away 去世,see God 见

19、上帝 see Marx 见马克思 see ones ancestors 见祖先 go west 归西 go to heaven 进天国 kick the bucket 蹬腿儿了,6.2 Free translation,Free translation is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech. The

20、approach is most frequently adopted when it is really impossible to translate the original literally.,For example:,Adams apple 喉结; at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟; It rains cats and dogs 大雨滂沱;,Dont cross the bridge till you get to it 不必担心得过早。 不必自寻烦恼 Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗？,literal tran

21、slation and free transltion may be alternately used in the process of translation,1 Theres no pot so ugly it cant find a lid. LT :再丑的罐儿也不愁配个盖。/罐儿再丑，配个盖儿不犯愁。 F T: 再丑的姑娘也不愁找不到婆家。 Or:丑女不愁嫁。 2 Little fish does not eat big fish L T:小鱼吃不了大鱼。 F T: 胳膊拧不过大腿。,3 What the tongue says , the neck pays for L T:舌头说

22、话，脖子还账。 F T:舌头闯祸，脖子遭殃。 4. What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster! LT:孵出来是母鸡就别想冒充公鸡！ FT:生就是个女人就别想冒充男人！ 5. A gift is the key to open the door closed against you. LT:礼物是打开把你关在门外的房门的钥匙。 FT:大门把你关在外，礼物送到门自开。,7. Translator Competence,7.1 Bilingual Competence First of all, the translator must p

23、ossess linguistic competence in both languages. 7.2 Bicultural Competence A qualified translator should be not only bilingual, but also bicultural. It is always assumed that translators are at least bilingual, but is really not enough. A translator must possess communicative competence in both cultu

24、res.,7.3 A Sense of Responsibility Another important factor involved in translation is a translators sense of responsibility towards the original test. 7.4 A Keen Insight In addition, a keen insight is something a competent translator cant do without. Of course, translators insight is not something

25、to be developed in a vacuum; rather, it needs practice and a solid background. It needs both the support of theory and the experience of practice.,7.5 A good-command of a subject matter. In addition to an excellent command of both source and target languages, translators usually should specialize in

26、 one or more areas of knowledge in which their competence is needed, e.g. aeronautics, chemistry, artificial intelligence, mechanics.,7.6 A strong capacity for writing Bilingualism, biculturalism, and adequate knowledge of the content of a text are insufficient without the ability to write effective

27、ly. To some extent the skills required in writing can be taught, but persons need to have special aptitudes for clear and pleasing verbal expression.,8. Criteria for Translation,8.1 Translation Criteria Put Forward by Famous Translators or Translation Theorists 严复 （1853-1921）：Triple Principle of Tra

28、nslation 信 (faithfulness):忠实准确 达 (expressiveness):通顺流畅 雅 (elegance):文字古雅 鲁迅： 信(faithfulness)、 顺(smoothness) 林语堂：忠实(faithfulness)、通顺(smoothness)、美(beautifulness) 傅雷： 神似(resemblance in spirit) 钱钟书：化境(reaching the acme of perfection) 刘重德：信、达、切(faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness),8.2 Alexander Fraser Tytler（泰特勒）: Three Principles of Translation,1) The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work; 2) The style and manner of writing in the translation should be of the same charact