普格尔_国际经济学课件chapter1 international-economics-is-different

1、Feng zhijianJ HengYang Normal University of Economics & ManagementJ J QQ：549206081Chapter One:u 1 What is nation?u 2 Four Controversiesu 3 Economics and the Nation-Stateu 4 The Scheme of the book1 What is Nation（国家）? Nations are not like regions（地区） orfamilies. They are sovereign（独立自主的

2、）, meaning that no central court can enforce its will onthem with a globalpolice force. Nations can put all sorts of barriers between their residents and the outside world.What is Nation（国家）? Use police tools（政策工具） that areseldom available to a region and neveravailable to a family. A nation can hav

3、e its own currency(货币), its own barriers（ 壁 垒 ） to trading with foreigners, its own government taxing（税收） and spending（支出）, its own laws（法律） of citizenship and residence.2 Four Controversies 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4金Outsourcing:外包Immigration：移民Chinas Exchange Rate：中国汇率Soveregion Wealth Funds：国家财富基2.1Outsourc

4、ing：外包 International outsourcing leapt to prominence in the early 2000s. For a typical firm international outsoucing can reduce its cost（降低成本） of these service activities by about half.2.1Outsourcing Why : it makes international economics different. 境内外包 离岸外包 Case: India1991：open its economy to inte

5、rnationaltrade and foreign companies.Firms in the U.S. and Britain are the larget users of international outsourcing .Important providers:PhilippinesChinaRussia the coutries of Central Europe2.1Outsourcing How large is this international outsourcing? Which kinds of jobs have been affected, or might

6、be affected in the future?The U.S. Economy is very likely to benefit from（得益于） international outsourcing of service.high-cost domestic（国内） prodcution lower-cost foreign provision of services This is the essence of comparative advantage （ 比 较 优 势 ）as a basis for international trade and the gains from

7、 trade.2.2Immigration:移民2.3 Chinas Exchange Rate：中国汇率 An exchange rate(汇率) is the value of acountrys currency（货币） in terms of some other countrys currency. 1997-2005：8.28 yuan per U.S.dollar 2004: the U.S. trade deficit（贸易逆差） with China-$160 billion The U.S. Government levy large new tariffs on impo

8、rts from China. The European Union was also pressuring China to revalue（重估） the yuan. There was evidence that the exchange-rate value of the Chinese currency was too low, but by how much? 1 China had trade deficits（贸易逆差） with many countries. 2 China had a remarkably high national saving rate（国民储蓄率）.

9、 3 Private speculators（私人投机者） began to move “hot money”（热钱） into the country in the hope of profiting when the value of the yuan increased. July 21,2005: $8.28$8.11 Policy: “crawing peg”（爬行钉住） in whichgovernment allows small daily changes Reasons for Chinas government allowed faster appreciation（升值）

10、:Foregin countriess pressurethe conditions in Chinas national economy had changed The increase in the exchange rate value of the yuan can assit the Chinese government to manage its domestic economy better, through at least three channels. 1 It lowers import prices（进口价） in China,thereby reducing infl

11、ation（通货膨胀） pressures in China. 2 It slows the growth of Chinas exports, removing some of the demand pressure on the prices of resource and products. 3 It reduces the amount of intervention needed, reducing the pressure for growth of Chinas domestic money supply（国内货币供给）.3 Economics and the Nation-St

12、ate Factor Mobility:要素流动 Different Fiscal Polices：不同的财政政策 Different Moneys：不同的货币政策3.3 Factor Mobility(要素流动) Labor(劳动力), land(土地), and capital(资本) were seen as mobile（ 流 动 ） within a country, in the sense that these resources（资源） could be put to different productive uses within the country. The diffe

13、rence between intra-national factor mobility（国家内部的要素流动） and international factor immobility（国际间要素不流动性） would have implications for many features of the global economy（全球经济）.3.2 Different Fiscal Polices（财政政策） 国家财政：财政收入+财政支出 财政支出：政府购买+转移支付 财政收入：税收+公债3.1 Different Moneys International transactions(交易)

14、often involvethe use of different moneys Monetary policy （货币政策）affects not only the country using that money but also other countries, even if they use different moneys. Monetary policies affect the relative value of different moneys.4 The Scheme of This Bookfour parts:In Part we look at why countries trade goods and services.In Part we examine what government poli