柏拉图哲学.ppt

1、于滢 270301128 吴琼 270301116 宋安琪 270301119,制作人：,柏拉图哲学,柏拉图生平 柏拉图主要著作 柏拉图思想,柏拉图,柏拉图 原名：阿里斯托勒斯 公元前(428348) 雅典贵族,PLATO Originally: Aris Torres BCE(428 -348) Athenian aristocrats,柏拉图生平,Born into a prominent aristocratic Athenian family, Plato grew up during the twenty-seven-year Peloponnesian War between At

2、hens and Sparta. The war ended in 404 B.C.E. with the surrender of Athens and the overthrow of the worlds first democracy. Instead of taking up the politicallife for which his family had prepared him, Plato became a disciple of Socrates and went on to become one of the greatest and most influential

3、philosophers of all time. Among his many achievements, he founded what would become the avatar of todays university, the Academy, a center for the advancement of wisdom and a training ground for philosophers that lasted nearly a thousand years. Under Platos direction, the Academy also spawned a slew

4、 of scientific and mathematical innovations, linking fifth-century B.C.E. Pythagorean mathematics with Egyptian geometry and Alexandrian arithmetic. Unlike his beloved mentor Socrates, who wrote nothing, Plato was a prolific writer. He produced more than two dozen dialogues that cover nearly every t

5、opic. Their impact upon Western thought has been so great that the twentieth-century philosopher Alfred North Whitehead called the entire history of Western philosophy a series of footnotes to Plato.,尤息弗罗篇 普罗泰戈拉篇 会饮篇 理想国 巴门尼德篇 智者篇 政治家篇,代表作,尤息弗罗篇 普罗泰戈拉篇 巴门尼德篇 会饮篇 智者篇,platos euthyphro Protagoras Parme

6、nides of Elea Symposium wise,The Republic,柏拉图式的爱情,Platonic Love Rational moral purity of love. 柏拉图式的爱情有以下的意义: 1. 理想式的爱情观 (比喻极为浪漫或根本无法实现的爱情观) . 2. 纯精神的而非肉体的爱情 . 3. 男女平等的爱情观 . 4. 在这世上有, 且仅有一个人, 对你而言, 她(他)是完美的, 而且仅对你而言是完美的。也就是说, 任何一个人, 都有其完美的对象, 而且只有一个 .,理念论 灵魂学说 三个比喻 理想国,Theory of ideas Soul Theory Th

7、ree kinds of metaphor The republic,柏拉图思想,In the Meno, another early dialogue, Plato gives a detailed argument for his view that not only is knowledge possible, but you already had it but lost it at birth: knowledge is in fact recollection(回忆). He uses a slave to show that even someone completely une

8、ducated has the capacity（能力） for understanding and that this capability demonstrates that the soul once knew what it has now forgotten. This theory - that knowledge ultimately comes from within, that it is already in you, waiting to be discovered - will become one of the most recurrent themes in sub

9、sequent philosophy .,灵魂回忆说,Starting with the Phaedrus, probably an early middle dialogue, Plato uses the examples of love and beauty to present his theory of the immortality（不朽的） of the soul and of the ideas, or forms .,Written at the Academy, they focus on many of the same questions as the earlier

10、ones, but instead of the dialectical cross-examination（诡辩论） by Socrates that leaves his interlocutors, as well as the reader, perplexed and frustrated without any solution to the questions posed, the Socrates of the middle and late dialogues is much less adversarial（对抗性）, the main characters often e

11、nd up in agreement with positive answers to even the most vexing questions.,Written at the Academy, they focus on many of the same questions as the earlier ones, but instead of the dialectical cross-examination（诡辩论） by Socrates that leaves his interlocutors, as well as the reader, perplexed and frus

12、trated without any solution to the questions posed, the Socrates of the middle and late dialogues is much less adversarial（对抗性）, the main characters often end up in agreement with positive answers to even the most vexing questions.,Replying on the Parmenidean distinction between reality and appearan

13、ce, armed with the demonstrability of Pythagorean mathematics, Plato shifts focus in these dialogues from the state of Socratic unknowing to the attainment of knowledge of the forms.,理念论,洞穴的比喻太阳的比喻四线段的比喻,The myth of the cave The simile of the sun The divided line,And what is the organ with which we

14、see the visible things The sight Sight being, as I conceive, in the eyes, and he who has eyes wanting to see, color being also present in them, still unless there be a third nature specially adapted to the purpose, the owner of the eyes will see nothing and the colors will be invisible Of what natur

15、e are you speaking? Of that which you term light You mean the sun, as you and all mankind say And the power which the eye possesses is a sort of effluence which is dispensed from the sun？ Exactly Then the sun is not sight, but the author of sight who is recognized by sight True And this is he whom I

16、 call the child of the good, whom the good begat in his own likeness, to be in the visible world, in relation to sight and the things of sight, what the good is in the intellectual world in relation to mind and the things of mind,Now, that which imparts truth to the known and the power of knowing to

17、 the knower is what I would have you term the idea of good, and this you will deem to be the cause of science, and of truth in so far as the latter becomes the subject of knowledge, beautiful too, as are both truth and knowledge, you will be right in esteeming this other nature as more beautiful tha

18、n either, and, as in the previous instance, light and sight may be truly said to be like the sun, and yet not to be the sun, so in this other sphere, science and truth may be deemed to be like the good, but not the good, the good has a place of honour yet higher .,知识 意见 无知,1 12 0,可感领域 可知领域 影像 自然物 数学

19、型相 本原 幻想 信念 数学知识 理性知识 意见 知识,None of the objects of knowledge, according to Platos dialogues written during his middle period, can be found in the world of appearances, our senses only obscure them. What this ultimately means in terms of our understanding of reality, the relationship between the mind

20、 and the world, the nature of knowledge and the limitations of language in which we describe this, Plato himself likens to the realization that we live in a cave and that appearance is to reality as shadows are to things that cast shadows .,Plato said that the community originated in the economic needs. A man and others co-operation（合作） is aimed to obtain more and better necessities of life. Mutual help and cooperation of the people gathered door, and called the city home to gather.,The Republic,The principle of specialization is the fi