天河区初中英语专题辅导讲义(3)

1、天河区初中英语专题辅导讲义第四讲：阅读理解（一） 天河区教育局教研室 田小群Part I：专题分析：一、 体裁介绍：1、 记叙文 2、说明文 3、议论文 4、应用文二、题目设计：1、语义理解题。特点：要求对文中个别难词、关键词、词组或句子做出解释。解答这类题目时需要对有关上下文，甚至整篇文章的内容建立准确、立体的理解才能做出正确答案。2、事实细节辨认题:。特点：首先要求理解文章的内涵，抓住事件发生的时间、地点、人物、发展过程和结局这几个环节，去分析、理解或计算得出结论。可从文章表面找到答案，只要通读全文所叙述的重要事实，就可以解答出来，有的甚至可以从文章的原句中直接找到答案。3、综合判断题特点

2、：需要理解文章内涵，读完全文后要通过分析理解或计算才能得出结论。标志：1）Which of the following sentence is not true according to the story?2) Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage?3)The following statements are true except _?4、逻辑推理题特点：往往不能直接从文中找到答案，而必须根据上下文及其相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后，才能找到答案。有时甚至还得联系作者的意图、态度等弦外之音和文外之意加以推理，才

3、能获得正确答案。应从情节所提供的基本事实出发，寻找一定规律，如：时间关系、条件关系、因果关系、比较关系、转折关系等作为推理的根据。标志：1)From the story we know that_. 2)How does the writer feel about ?5、归纳概括性题特点：要求在阅读和理解全文的基础上对文章做出归纳、概括或评价。比如涉及文章的标题(title)、主题(main idea)、结论(conclusion)、结局(end)等有关问题，都需要在细读全文的基础上，结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识、科学专业知识进行逻辑思维、推理、判断，从而获取文章中暗含的信息。标志：1

4、) The passage mainly shows us_.2) The passage is mainly about3)The best title of the story is _.4) The main idea of the passage is that_.Part III: 解题技巧一、学会快速阅读1、略读(Skimming)看文章的大小标题，然后以快读的速度阅读文章每段的第一句，这样可以基本了解文章的大意。也可以快速地阅读文章的第一小段和最后小段，因为作者可能在第一段论述文章的主题或叙述内容概要，也可能在最后一段总结全文论述的内容。 2、寻读(Scanning) 寻读的目的

5、是寻找某种特定的信息，如人名、地名、时间、数字、事例等，从而解决某些具体的问题，对于那些无关信息可以忽略。如在做阅读测试时，可根据试题提出的问题到文章中去寻读与试题相关的信息。这种方法特别使用于应用文。二、学会寻找主题句 主题句是表达段落中心思想的句子，是段落中的关键性句子，抓住了主题句就抓住了段落中心思想。主题句一般在段首、段尾或段中。据统计，绝大部分的主题句在段首。主题句在段尾的段落通常采用归纳法撰写，段尾的主题句往往是依据上文的细节得出的结论或归纳的要点。三、学会猜测词义 1、利用上下文猜测词义：在阅读中我们可以利用熟悉的词所创设的上下文语境，来猜测生词的词义。 2、根据下定义或解释猜测

6、词义 3、利用同义词或反义词猜测词义 4、利用所举示例猜测词义（ 标志：for example，such as等词语） 5、利用生活常识猜测词义 6、根据构词法猜测词义 四、学会顺读和倒读 顺读就是先读文章，后读阅读测试题，看了测试题后，再回头到文章里找出正确答案。倒读就是先看测试题内容(一般只需看题目，不需看其选项)，然后带着这些疑问去读文章，找出正确答案。这种方法目的明确，容易集中注意力，较容易抓住文章与测试题关系密切的信息，也比较节省时间。表格式的、图标式的、时间表式的阅读材料常可采用倒读的办法。Part III: 例题精讲一、Try to find the topic sentence

7、. Waves(波浪)are beautiful t0 look at，but they can destroy ships at seaand wash away fields houses and buildings near the shoreWhat causes waves? Most waves are caused by winds blowing over the surface(表面)of the waterThe sun heats the earthThe sun causing the air to rise and the winds to blowThe winds

8、 blow across the sea, paddling little waves into bigger and bigger ones The size of a wave depends On how strong the wind is, how long it blows and how large the body of water is. That means：the stronger the wind is，the bigger the waves are, the larger the waves are. In a small bay(海湾)big waves will

9、 never build upBut at sea the wind can build up great powerful waves A rule says that the height of a wave(in meters)will usually go by no more than one-tenth of winds speed(in kilometers)In other words，when the wind is blowing at 120 kilometers per hour，most waves will be about twelve metersof cour

10、seSome waves may combine(使结合)to form giant(巨大的)waves that are much higherIn 1933, the United States Navy(海军)reposed the largest wave in history，which rose in the Pacific Ocean to a height of 34 meters 这是一篇有关海浪的说明文。第一小段说明了什么是海浪，海浪是怎样形成的。警一句话是对海浪进行定义，引出说明的主题；第二句是第一段的主题句，说明海浪的成因。第二段的主题句是开头的第一句，提示海浪的大小是

11、由三个因素决定的。第三小段的主题句也在开头，告诉我们海浪的高度与风速有关系。整篇文章主题明确，层次分明，有数据，让人一目了然。二、Try to find the right answer.A traveler came out of the airport. There were a lot of taxis. He asked every taxi-drive his name. Then he took the third one. It cost 5 dollars from the airport to the hotel How much does it cost for the w

12、hole day? The man asked. One hundred dollars, saidThe taxi driver . This was very expensive, but the man said it was OK.The taxi-driver took the man everywhere. He showed him all the parks and museums in the city. In the evening they went back to the hotel. The traveler gave the taxi-driver one hund

13、red dollars and said, What about tomorrow? The taxi-driver looked at the man and said, Tomorrow? Its another one hundred dollars. But the man said, Thats OK! See you tomorrow. The taxi-driver was very pleased.The next day the taxi-driver took the traveler everywhere again. They visited all the parks

14、 and museums again. And in the evening they went back to the hotel. The man gave the taxi-driver one hundred dollars again and said, Im going home tomorrow. The taxi- driver was sorry because he liked the traveler and, above all, one hundred dollars a day was a lot of money. So youre going home. Whe

15、re do you come from ? He asked. I come from New York. New York! said the taxi driver. I have a sister in New York. Her name is Susannah. Do you know her?Of course I know her. She gave me two hundred dollars for you !1. Why did the traveler ask every taxi-drivers name?A. Because he wanted a driver to

16、 show him around.B. Because be wanted to know the price.C. Because he wanted to find Susaanahs brother.D. Because be wanted to know them.2. Why did the traveler choose the third one?A. Because the other drivers asked for more money.B. Because the third driver was very kind.C. Because the other drive

17、rs didnt like him.D. Because he didnt want to spend his own money on the coming visit.3. How much may the cost of traveling one day by taxi usually be?A. 100 dollors B. 200 dollars. C. Less than 100 dollars. D. More than 200 dollars.4. The underline phrase above all means _.A. most important B. and

18、then C. all he said D. clearly5. What do you think of the taxi-driver ? A. Very kind. B. Very selfish. C. Very friendly. D. Very helpful.解析：文章记叙了一位游客受人之托，带200美元给她开taxi的弟弟，而他却分两天以每天100美元的价钱，以出租车司机为他开车游览公园和博物馆的方式交给Suannah的弟弟。第1题答案为C。（分析判断题，可以用排除法来解） 第2题答案为D。（逻辑推理题，可以用排除法来解） 第3题答案为C。（推断题，从“This is very

19、 expensive.”可以推断：坐出租车一天不需要花100美元。） 第4题答案为A。（词义猜测题，当听说客人离开时，司机最感到遗憾的是他将要失去每天争得100美元得机会。钱对司机来说是最重要的。） 第5题答案为B。（综合概括题，要求综合分析后说出自己的观点。） 三、Try to make it out yourself.On 26th January, the biggest earthquake(地震) in India took the lives of 25,000 people. In the morning, when everybody was enjoying holiday,

20、 earthquake began. It was about 7.5 on the Ritcher scale. “There is nothing left between the sky and the earth any more. Everything has been pulled down,” said one of the villagers alive. “There is no water, no food and no one has come to help.”Nobody died in Pakistan, a country next to India. The C

21、ity of Lahore was lucky. In Lahore American School, where I was studying, all of the students were safe. They were on the field, so most children didnt feel anything. The earthquake was felt by the teachers that were on the second floor. However, though Mrs. Young was also on the second floor, she d

22、idnt feel anything. She didnt know what happened until a teacher told her about it. Those teachers who were on the other floors had different feeling. Mr. Emond, the maths teacher from Australia, said that it was an earthquake. After those words Mr. Emond felt better. Mrs. Davis and Mr. Frost didnt

23、feel anything either. My mother didnt feel anything. She didnt even know that it was an earthquake till she saw a shaking (moving from side to side) light. My dad saw the computer shaking and then he looked out of the window and saw many people going out. 6. We learn that _ from the sentence “There

24、is nothing left between the sky and the earth any more”.A. India is a large countryB. the Indian people had nothing after the earthquakeC. there is no tall building in IndiaD. the earthquake in India was serious7. The City of Lahore is _. A. in India B. in America C. in Pakistan D. in Australia 8. W

25、hich is true? A. I was with my parents when the earthquake happened. B. The earthquake in the City of Lahore wasnt serious. C. People in the City of Lahore were frightened when they knew it was an earthquake. D. The teachers in Lahore American School were afraid of the earthquake.Speak out.第6题答案为D。（

26、推断题，从“There is nothing left between the sky and the earth any more”中的内容可以得出“the earthquake in India was serious .”的结论） 第7题答案为C。（细节题，可从“Nobody died in Pakistan, a country next to India. The City of Lahore was lucky.”得知。） 第8题答案为B。（事实细节辨认题，结合文章内容，对其他选项逐个排除。）Part IV: 解题步骤:一、“先文后题” 1、快读全文，掌握大意。 2、浏览问题，选择

27、答案。 3、带着“疑题”，跳读文章。 4、复读全文，验证答案。 二、“先题后文” 1、读题：当拿到一篇阅读材料后，先读材料后的测试题目。但此次读题只能是读其问题或题干，而不能读问题后的选项。 2、记题：在读了题之后，要把这些问题记在心里，并带着这些问题去阅读文章，这是要经过反复的训练才能形成的能力。 3、读文：即带着问题读文章。阅读时对文章中出现的那些与问题有关的词句，可以用一支铅笔在文章中作些记号，以便为下一步选择作好准备。4、答题5、验证 Part V: 专题练习一、Try to read in a new way (先文后题) Passage A School LibraryTo Jan

28、et Wang,Just to remind 1 you that you have four overdue(到期未还的)books.Title Author2 The age of Innocence Edith Whartion due(到期) 22/1Mr Standfast John Buchan due 24/1 Imagine Alison Lester due 26/1Selected Tales Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm due 26/1Please return these books tomorrow. Other people may be wai

29、ting to borrow them.Mrs Jane JohnsLibrarian Date 3/2/2004Note: You may not borrow any new books until these books have been returned. 1remind: tell someone to remember to do something 2 author: writer of a book1. This is .A. a piece of news B. a story C. a reminding letter D. an ad.(广告)2. This note

30、was written by .A. Alison Lester B. John Buchan C. Janet Wang D. Jane Johnes3 . John Buchan was .A. the writer of Mr Standfast B. Mr Standfast C. due on 26th January D. a friend of Janet Wang4. From this note we know that .A. Janet doesnt like reading B. the library has a few books to lend C. Mrs Ja

31、ne Johns has borrowed these books D. Janet may not borrow any new books at the moment(The answers: CDAD)Passage BPeople like reading newspapers every day. Newspapers tell us about all kinds of news in our home town, in our country, and in other parts of the world. Today we can read about important t

32、hings that took place in foreign countries on the same day they happened, even in countries far, far away. But hundreds of years ago, news of such things took months or even years to travel from one country to another. In those times, news was often passed from one person to another and was never co

33、mpletely true. Newspapers today bring us with much more than just what happened at home and in foreign countries. If we want to know what the weather will be like, we can read the weather reports. If we want to find out what films are being shown, or what plays or concerts we can go to, we can look

34、in the newspapers. In many countries notices(告示) or ads(广告) are put in newspapers. People who want to get jobs, to buy houses or cars, or even to look for a missing person, would look in the newspapers. And whats more, some people read newspapers only to kill time! 5. The first paragraph mainly(主要地)

35、 tells us that _ . A. why people read newspapers B. newspapers bring us news that took place everywhereC. we can learn news outside our countryD. we can learn news that happened on the same day6. We know that hundreds of years ago _ according to this passage. A. newspapers were carefully passed from

36、 one person to anotherB. newspapers traveled slowly from one place to another C. news that people learned was not trueD. news would often changed as it went around7. The main idea of the last two paragraphs is that _. A. people often put some information in newspapersB. newspapers have some other im

37、portant uses besides bringing newsC. newspapers can help people get new jobs or buy housesD. we can read the weather report in newspapers（The answers: BDB）二、Try to read in another new way (先题后文) Passage CRead the questions first. 8. The story as a whole is about_A. rain and rocks B. cracks in rocks

38、C. how caves are made D. a very large groove9. From the passage we can infer that _A. all caves are about the size of rooms B. caves are formed by water washing away dirtC. a cave can be formed in a very short timeD. it takes a long time for water to make a cave10. The underlined phrase wear away me

39、ansA. 冲洗 B. 穿越 C. 冲垮 D. 穿走（The answers: CDA）Then read the passage.When it rains, water goes down into the ground. Some of the water feeds plants.Some runs off to fill lakes and rivers. Some finds its way deep into the ground, down to where there are layers (层) of rock.The water runs through cracks (

40、裂缝) in this rock. It wears away the softest rock, and the cracks get bigger. The cracks become deep grooves (沟). The grooves get bigger year by year and become large openings. Sometimes, the open places become as large as rooms. These great openings under the ground are what we call caves (洞穴). Not

41、all caves are made this way, but many are.One of the largest caves in the world is in the state of New Mexico. It is so deep that the Empire State Building could lie in it.Passage DRead the questions first. 11. Geoffrey Payne was a _. A. doctor B. policeman C. judge D. taxi driver 12. _ while Payne

42、was turning into his road that night. A. A man suddenly ran in front of his carB. His wife called him from the concert hallC. A man stopped him and asked him the way D. A man hit Paynes car with a big stone and ran away13. When Payne got home, he found _. A. Ellen waiting for him B. the bedroom wind

43、ow closedC. Ellen lying on the floor, blood all overD. a burglar in his house14. After he found Ellen dead, Payne _. A. called the police at once B. called out for helpC. tried to find out who killed his wifeD. sat beside his wifes body without knowing what to do15. Which of the following is NOT TRU

44、E?A. Payne called the police the next morning. B. Payne could remember clearly what had happened.C. The policemen arrived thirty minutes after Paynes call. D. Payne wondered what the man was doing in his neighborhood that night. 16. In this passage Payne tried to _.A. say something about his familyB

45、. show he was very sorry for his wifes deathC. tell why his wife was killed that nightD. make people believe the man on the road probably killed his wife（The answers: AACDBD）Then read the passage.Geoffrey Payne talks for the first time about the night his wife was killed. The judge thought it was he

46、 who killed his wife. Now he wrote to a magazine from the prison (监狱) about what happened on the night of 13 October 1999.I had to stay late at the hospital that night to do an operation. I finally left at about 11p.m. I drove home slowly because the weather was terriblethe wind was blowing and it w

47、as raining heavily. I was turning into our road when a man suddenly ran in front of my car. I almost hit him but I stopped just in time. I was frightened and the man looked frightened, too. I got out of the car but he ran away before I could ask if he was all right. It was very strange. When I got h

48、ome, the lights were on but it was very quiet. I called to my wife but there was no answer. Then I remembered that she was out at a concert. I was still very upset about what happened on the road, so I made myself a drink. Then I went upstairs to have a bath. I saw that the window in the bedroom was

49、 open. This was strange because my wife always locked the doors and windows before she went out. She was afraid of burglars (夜盗者). When I went to close it, I found Ellen. She was lying on the floor. There was blood everywhere. I rushed over and felt for her pulse but she was dead. I sat on the floor

50、 beside her body and was too frightened to do anything. The next thing I knew, the sky was getting bright. I cant remember a thing about that night. In the morning I phoned the police. They arrived about half an hour after I phoned them. But it seemed like hours. During that time I tried hard to rem

51、ember anything I could about the night before. I couldnt stop thinking about the man on the road. What was he doing at that time of night in our quiet neighborhood? Why did he look so frightened? Why did he run away? 三、Try to read in your own wayPassage EI found out one time that helping someone cou

52、ld get you into a lot of trouble. I was in the eighth grade at the time and having a maths test. During the test, the girl sitting next to me spoke to me in a low voice but I didnt hear it clearly. So I leaned（靠）over to her and found out she was trying to ask me if I had a free pen. She showed me th

53、at hers was out of ink. I happened to have one, so I took it out of my pocket and put it on her desk. Later, after the test paper had been handed in, the teacher asked me to stay in the room after all the other students left home. As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what is meant

54、to grow up. She told me how important it was to stand on my own feet and be responsible for my own mistake. She also talked about honesty（诚实）and made me promise that I would think carefully about all that she had said, and then she told me I could leave. I walked out of the room and didnt know why s

55、he had chosen to talk to me about all those things. Later I found that she still thought I had cheated（作弊）on the test. When she saw me lean over to talk to the girl, it looked as if I was copying answers from her papers. I tried to explain about the pen, but all she could say was that it seemed surp

56、rising to her that I didnt tell her anything about the pen the day she talked to me after the test. I am sure she still believed that I had cheated on the test.17. The writer thought that_.A. it would bring you much trouble to help othersB. it was right to help others in troubleC. the teacher was right to ask him to leave behindD. the girl was not right to