英汉对比研究 替换与重复幻灯片.ppt

1、第十章 替换与重复(Substitutive vsRepetitive) 葛 星 白 阳 李彦丽,1,替换 (Substitutive),2,Commercials seldom make for entertaining and relaxing listening. We listened to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village. The bachelors degree is a necessary for matriculation,3,“It was the best of times, and i

2、t was the worst of times. It was the age of wisdom, and it was the age of foolishness. It was the epoch of belief, and it was the epoch of incredulity. It was the season of light, and it was the season of darkness. It was the spring of hope, and it was the winter of despair. We had everything before

3、 us, and we had nothing before us. We were all going direct to Heaven, and we were all going direct the other way.,4,这是最好的时期，这是最坏的时期；这是智慧的岁月，这是愚昧的岁月；这是坚定信仰的时代，这是怀疑一切的时代；这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节；这是希望之春，这是绝望之冬；人们应有尽有，人们一无所有；人们直登天堂，人们径堕地狱。,5,替代,省略,变换,替换,6,一、替代(Substitution) 用替代的形式(pro-form)来代替句中或上文已出现过的词语或内容(sh

4、ared words and content)，这是用英语说话或写作的一项重要原则。 英语中主要有三种替代现象：名词性替代，动词性替代和分句性替代,7,1名词性替代(nominal substitution) 名词性替代是以名词性替代词替代一个名词词组或它的中心词，这种替代现象叫做名词性替代。 这类词如：第三（非）人称代词、指示代词(this, that, these, those)、关系代词(who，whom，whose，that，which)、连接代词(who，where, what，which)、不定代词(both，either，oneones，much，other，another，so

5、me，any)以及名词 enough，the same，the kind，the former，the latter 等。英语常用这类替代词来避免重复，汉语则较常重复其所代替的名词(词组)。,8,1.1第三（非）人称代词：she, he, it, they The more we practice a foreign language, the easier it is. 我们练习一门外语越多，这门外语就变得越容易。 The country needs new leadership if she(he) is to play a role in future development . 如果该

6、国要在未来的发展中发挥作用的话，该国就需要新的领导班子。,9,1.2 指示代词(that，those) The language of a child differs from that of his parents. 孩子的语言不同于家长的语言 。 Mens work histories differ in most respects from those of their female colleagues. 男性的工作经历在很多方面都和女性同事的工作经历不同。,10,1.3 关系代词(whom, where，that，which) He, a typical Kaifenger, gre

7、w up in Kf where he was born. 他生在开封，长在开封，是个典型的开封人。 In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry. 在柏林，他第一次遇见那个女人，后来他终于跟那个女人结了婚。 化学变化是改变粒子结构、形成新物质的一种变化。 A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed and a new substance is formed 英译汉不如英译法容易。 Translation from E

8、nglish into Chinese is not so easy as that from English into French,11,1.4 不定代词(both，either，oneones，much，other，another，some，any) 1）The gray horse is stronger than the black one. 灰色的马比黑色的马强壮 2）The new design is much better than the old ones. 新的设计方案比旧的方案好。 3）Can you give me a few nails? I need some .

9、你能给我几个钉子吗？我需要一些钉子。 4）We offered the old begger some food, but he didnt want any. 我们给老乞丐一些食物，但是他一点食物都不想要。,12,5）比尔心里早有计划，所以当第一个计划失败后。他就试了另一个计划。 Bill had a card up his sleeve, so when his first plan failed he tried another. 6）他在香港和澳门都住过，但他对这两个地方都不喜欢。 He has lived in Hongkong and Macao, but he doesnt li

10、ke either. 7）看发展有两种基本方式：一个方式是看结果，另一个方式是看过程。 There are 2 basic ways to see growth : one as a product, the other as a process. 8）我不会花20美元买这件上衣，她不值20美元 I wont pay 20 for the coat ; its not worth all that much. 9）英语和法语是加拿大的官方语言，联邦发布的文件都是使用这两种语言。 English and French are the official languages in Canada an

11、d federal documents are published in both languages.,13,1.5 名词 enough，the same，the kind，the former，the latter I dont want any more coffee. I ve had enough. 我不想再要咖啡了。我的咖啡够了。 I wish to have a cup of milk with sugar .Wont you have the same？ 我想要一杯加糖的牛奶。你不想要一样的吗？ American food is not the same as the Engl

12、ish kind. 美国的食物和英国的食物不完全一样。 一定的文化是一定社会的政治和经济的反映，又给予一定社会的政治和经济以巨大的作用和影响。 Any given culture is a reflection of the politics and economics of a given society，and the former in turn has a tremendous effect and influence on the latter,14,2、动词性替代(verbal substitution) 替代词主要有：代动词do，复合代动词do so，do it，do that，

13、do this，do the same，以及替代句型so+do+主语，so+主语+do，so+be+主语，so+主语+be等。汉语也有替代的方式，但也常常重复其所代替的动词(词组)。,15,1）However, we actually learn a foreign language much faster than we do our mother tongue. 然而，事实上我们学习一门外语比学习母语快得多。 2）in other words, you were studying the language all day long! You did this for five years,

14、 换句话说，你整天在学习语言，你这样学习已经五年了。 3）You should help him since you have promised to do so. 你答应了要帮助他就应当帮助他 4）你晚上不想去电影院，我也不想去。 You dont want to go to the cinema tonight, neither do I. 5）我喜欢读小说，他也喜欢读小说。 I like reading novels, so does he. 6）-狗正在抓门。 -是的，总是抓门。 -The dog is scratching the door. -Yes,he always does

15、it /does that. 7）-玛丽要去参加竞赛。-简也要参加竞赛。 -Mary will enter the competition. -So will Joan . 8）你要求我离开我就离开了。 You ask me to leave , and so I did.,16,3、分句性替代(clausal substitution)。用替代词so或not来取代充当宾语的that从句，用if so或if not来取代条件从句等等。汉语也有替代的方式，但为了使表达正确、清楚，也常常重复其所代替的词语，如：,17,1）People believe that the American team

16、will win the football gamePeter thinks so，but I believe not 人们认为美国队将赢得这场足球赛，彼得也是这样想的，我却认为并非如此。 2）Ill probably see you on Sunday; if not, it will be Monday. 我可能周日见你，如果周日见不了，那就周一见面。 3）总理打算去莫斯科吗？如果去的话，那是在什么时候。 Does the President intend to go to Moscow? And if so, when?,18,英语的代词在汉译时常常采用还原、复说或省略的办法加以处理，如

17、： Exchange of ideas is necessary. For without it, it is possible to achieve mutual understanding. 思想交流是必要的，没有思想交流，便不可能达成互相理解。 There were once 3000 people in our village. In the old days, some died, some fled. 我们村过去有3000人口。旧社会里死的死，逃的逃。 哈利德放下烟斗，两手交叉着放在脖子后面，转过头去看窗子。 Halliday put his pipe down，crossed h

18、is hands behind his neck，and turned his face towards the window(“The Apple Tree”),19,二、省略(Ellipsis) 省略和替代一样，也是避免重复的一种常用手段。两者常常互相替换使用，有的语言学家甚至把省略称为“零位替代”(zero-substitution)。英语省略的类型很多，有名词性省略、动词性省略、分句性省略；有句法方面的省略，也有情景方面的省略。在并列结构中，英语常常省略前面已出现过的词语，而汉语则往往重复这些词语，如：,20,1 .名词性省略 1）Old (men) and young men wer

19、e invited. 老人和年轻人都被邀请了。 2）He has workers from Ireland and (workers) from France in his factory. 在他的工厂里，有来自爱尔兰的工人，也有来自法国的工人。 3）这是他最新的书，我这希望不是他最后一本。 This is his latest book; I hope it is not his last (book).,21,2. 动词性省略 1）The picture was not finished. If it had been (finished) , I would have brought i

20、t. 这幅画还没有完成。一旦（完成），我将会把它买下。 2）可能下雨，但我认为它不会（下雨）。 It might rain, but I dont think it will (rain).,22,3. 分句性省略 1） -Do you think it will rain? -No, I think not.(I dont think it will rain.) -你认为会下雨吗？ -不，我认为不会下雨。 2） I dont know when (to meet him) and where to meet him. 我不知道什么时候去见他，在哪儿见他。 3）他走了，但是没人知道他去哪了。

21、 He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone).,23,4. 句法方面的省略： 英语中的由when、while、until等引导的时间状语从句、if、unless等引导的条件状语从句、although、though等引导的让步状语从句中都有大量的省略句。如： 1）When (he was) at college, he often went to the library. （他)在大学的时候,他经常去图书馆。 2） While (you are) crossing the street, look out for cars. （你）过马路时

22、，注意车辆。 3） Dont leave unlessuntil (you are) told to. 不要离开,除非直到有人告诉(你)。 4）The prospects for cure, though (theyre ) still distant, are brighter. 治愈的前景尽管仍然遥远，但已经明朗些了。 5）虽然他懂法语,但是他还是用英语写他的论文。 Although knowing French, he wrote his essay in English. (Although he knew French,.) 6）每个贡献无论(它是)多么小可以有助于产生影响。 eac

23、h contribution-no matter how (it is) small-can help make a difference.,24,5. 情景方面的省略 1）(Im) Sorry Ive kept you waiting so long. （我）对不起，让你久等了。 2）(I) Hope you like it. （我）希望你喜欢它。 6. 并列结构中的省略 1） John should clean the shed and Peter （should）wash the dishes. 约翰应该打扫小屋，比特应该洗盘子。 2） She will work today, and

24、(she) may (work) tomorrow. 她今天要工作，明天也要工作。,25,汉语习惯于重复词语，有时是为了保持语法的正确，有时是为了促成结构的整齐、匀称；有时既是语法的要求，也是修辞的需要。 1.近朱者赤，近墨者黑。 Association with the good can only produce good，with the wicked, evil 2.一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。 One boy is a boy，two boys half a boy，three boys no boy,26,三、变换(Variation) 上述的替代和省略也是变换的

25、手段，此外，英语还常用同义词替代、近义词复现和句式变化等方法来避免重复。汉语也讲究用词造句形式的多样化，以避免单调、枯燥，但英汉表现方法不尽相同。,27,1 . 同义词替代,英语同义词替代的现象常见于用不同的名称来表示同一人或事物，即所谓“同名异称法”。 例如： 有很多不同种类的蜜蜂。 1）There are many different varieties of bee. 2）There are many different kinds of bee.,28,2. 近义词复现 近义词复现常常是概括词(generic term)和下属词(specific word)之间的互相替换(hypony

26、my)，如用the furniture来代替 table，用the animal来代替horse，用the planet来代替Mars，以回避重复。 1)Johns bought himself a new FordHe practically lives in the car 约翰给自己买了一部新的福特牌汽车，他几乎就住在这部汽车里。 2)I dont know where to stay when I arrive in New YorkI have never been to that place 我不知道到了纽约要住在哪里，我从来就没有去过那个地方。,29,汉语一般较少采用英语的这类变

27、称，而较多重复同一名称，以下各例也可以说明这种情况： 读书吧。书能给你知识和力量。 Read books. They will give you knowledge and power. 无知是恐惧的根源，也是崇拜的根源。 Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.,30,3. 句式变化,Shakespears plays are notable for their moral neutralityFor example，in Julius Caesar, Shakespeare is not wholly sympath

28、etic to CaesarShakespear does not sympathize with Brutus, Antony, or Octavius. Caesar is killed in the middle of Julius CaesarThen Shakespear directs the audiences attention to Brutus，Antony, and Octavius. As a result，Shakespear gives Julius Caesar no single hero. Shakespear gives an objective view

29、of the charaeters throughout Julius Caesar by alternating between favorable and unfavorable assessmentsShakespeare does not give final approval to the favorable assessment or unfavorable assessment,31,Shakespeares plays are notable for their moral neutralityFor example，in Julius Caesar Shakespeare i

30、s not wholly sympathetic to Caesar，Brutus，Antony，or OctaviusCaesar is killed in the middle of the play and the audiences attention is then directed to the other main charactersAs a resultJulius Caesar has no single heroThroughout the play Shakespeare maintains an objective view of the characters by

31、alternating between favorable and unfavorable assessments，without giving final approval to either,32,Shakespeares plays are notable for their moral neutralityFor example，in Julius Caesar，the playwright is not wholly sympathetic to CaesarThe great bard does not sympathize with Brutus，Antony，or Octavi

32、usCaesar is killed in the middle of the playThen the “swan of Avon” directs the audiences attention to the other main charactersAs a result，the master of dramatic poetry gives Julius Caesar no single hero,33,琵琶琴瑟，八大王王王在上 魑魅魍魉，四小鬼鬼鬼犯边,34,汉语的重复,广义上把重复分为两大类： 1.有意运用相同、相似或相对的词语句式，以突出或强调所要表达的意思，增添文采，是积极的修

33、辞方式。（重叠、反复、对偶和排比） 2.使语言啰嗦，叠床架屋现象，是语言表达的大忌，应极力避免。,35,一.重叠,重叠构词不仅使得词语音节对称、形式整齐，而且赋予词语以新的意义和感情色彩。 1）名词重叠（每个、所有、许多、小、杂） AA：人人 ，年年，岁岁 AABB:世世代代，生生世世，风风雨雨 2）数量词重叠（每个，逐个，许多） AA：本本，件件，层层 一BB：一朵朵，一辆辆，一片片 ABAB：一步一步，一条一条 AABB：七七八八，千千万万,36,3）动词重叠（动作轻微，反复，完成，连续，轻松，随便） AA：想想，谈谈，听听 A一（了）A：看一看，试一试，闻了闻，踩了踩 ABAB：摇摇晃晃

34、，勾勾搭搭 A着A着：看着看着，想着想着 4）形容词重叠（程度的加深，加强，减轻或喜爱，厌恶） AA:细细，小小，远远 AABB：干干净净，明明亮亮，奇奇怪怪 ABAB：雪白雪白，崭新崭新 5）附加式重叠（使表达形象，生动） AAX：呱呱叫，步步高，团团转 XAA：亮晶晶，水汪汪，明闪闪 AAXY：心心相印，历历在目 XYAA：含情脉脉，衣冠楚楚 A里AB：流里流气，糊里糊涂,37,6) 偏正并列式，动宾并列式，主谓并列式以及其他形式的重叠： ABAC：假情假意，难兄难弟，有声有色 ABCB：以毒攻毒，爱理不理，大闹特闹 ABA：心连心，肩并肩，手拉手 7) 象声词重叠 呜呜，呱呱，突突，叮叮

35、当当，噼噼啪啪，咕噜咕噜,38,在英汉转换中，适当的运用汉语的重叠形式何以加强译文的表现力，也更符合汉语表达习惯 1.The road was packed with a noisy crowd of men and women, who were selling and buying all kinds of things. 路上挤满了一群吵闹的男人和女人,他们买卖着各种东西。 路上挤满了男男女女，他们熙熙攘攘，正在买卖各种各样的东西。 2.Walking up and down the empty room, he stopped here and there to touch or lo

36、ok. 房间里空空荡荡，他走来走去，这儿停停，那儿停停，东摸摸，西瞧瞧。,39,二.重复 连续反复和间隔反复 反复、联珠、回环、对照、部分对偶和排比,40,1.反复（连续反复和间隔反复） 盼望着，盼望着，东风来了，春天的脚步近了。 周总理，我们的好总理，你在哪里啊，你在哪里？ 2.联珠 天时不如地利，地利不如人和。 你站在桥上看风景，看风景的人在楼上看你。 3.回环 总理爱人民，人民爱总理。 有的人活着，他已经死了；有的人死了，他还活着。 4.对照 大处着眼，小处着手。 5.部分对偶 感时花溅泪，恨别鸟惊心。 抽刀断水水更流，举杯消愁愁更愁。 6.排比 自私是一面镜子，镜子里永远只看得到自己；

37、自私是一块布匹，蒙住了自己的眼睛，看不见别人的痛楚；自私是一层玻璃，看上去透明，却始终隔开了彼此的距离。,41,连续反复和间隔反复 反复、联珠、回环、对照、部分对偶和排比 1.沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。 Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence! 2.我为人人，人人为我。 One for all and all for one. 3. 国王脾气很坏因为他经常生病，他经常生病是因为他吃的太多。 The King was bad tempered because he was

38、often ill. He was often ill because he ate too much.,42,汉语的重复分为两大类: 词语的重复（词复） 自作孽，不可活。 When trouble befalls you from Heaven, there is still hope of avoidance; but when you ask for it, there is no hope of escape.,47,2.排比（把三个或三个以上结构相似、意思相关、语气一致的词组、句子或段落排列成串，形成一个整体） 例：啊，我思念那洞庭湖，我思念那长江，我思念那东海，那浩浩荡荡的无边无际

39、的波澜呀！那浩浩荡荡的无边无际的伟大的力呀！那是自由，是跳舞，是音乐，是诗。 Ah, I long for the Dongting Lake, I long for the Yangtze River, I long for the Eastern Sea, that mighty and boundless expanse of waves, that mighty and boundless expanse of strength! That is liberty, dancing, music, poetry!,48,Conclusion,49,替换,名词性替代 替代substitut

40、ion 动词性替代 分句性替代 名词性省略 、动词性省略、分句性省略 省略ellipsis 句法方面的省略 情景方面的省略 同义词、近义词替换 变换variation 上义词替代下义词 抽象词指代具体词,50,北京的天气比广州的天气冷。 The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Guangzhou. 这台机器工作正常，但那个工作不正常。 This machine works well，but that one doesnt (work well). 封建社会代替奴隶社会，资本主义社会代替封建主义，社会主义经历一个过程后代替资本主义。 Feuda

41、l society replaced slave society, capitalism supplanted feudalism, and, after a long time, socialism will necessarily supersede capitalism.,51,世界各地正在为世界的和平、进步、繁荣而不懈努力。 Nations of the world are doing their best to realize peace, progress and prosperity on the globe. 肺炎伴随着寒冷和潮湿来了。三分之一的人感染上了肺炎。 Pneumon

42、ia has arrived with the cold and wet conditions. Third of people catched the illness. 为了推动中美关系的发展，中国需要进一步了解美国， 美国也需要进一步了解中国。 To promote the development of Sino-U.S relations, China needs to know the United States better and vice versa.,52,重复,重叠reduplication：名词重叠、数量词重叠、动词重叠、形容词重叠、附加式重叠、象声词重叠、偏正并列式、动宾

43、并列式、主谓并列式及其他形式的重叠 重复repetition： 反复、联珠、回环、对照、部分对偶和排比 词语的重复（主语与表语重复、主语与宾语重复、 主语与谓语重复、主语与宾语的修饰语重复、 重复谓语、重复带宾语的及物动词、重复宾语、 重复“也好”“也罢”之类、重复“各”或“自己”） 意义的重复（成语、谚语、合成词） 对偶antithesis、排比parallelism：,53,In spite of difficulties, he succeed in finishing the task. 尽管困难重重，他成功地完成了任务。 Problems are like washing machi

44、nes. They twist us, spin us and knock us around. But, in the end, we come out cleaner, brighter and better than before. 麻烦就像洗衣机，让我们在里面搅搅搅，转转转，碰来碰去，但最终我们还是会从中解脱，并且比以前更干净，更明亮，更好。,54,We should be loyal to our party, to our people and to our motherland. 我们要忠于党，忠于人民，忠于祖国。 The Peoples Daily guides, educates and encourages the masses. 人民日报指导群众，教育群众，鼓舞群众。,55,壶小易热，量小易怒。 A little pot is soon hot.（省略引申义） 取之不尽，用之不竭。 inexhaustible（融合重复义） 耳闻为虚，眼见为实。 Seeing is believing.（省略近似