大学英语翻译专业汉译英理论笔记

1、理论复习：1. 严复的翻译理论：信、达、雅（faithfulness; expressiveness; elegance）2. 翻译的基本过程（程序）包括：理解、表达、修改comprehension (or understanding); expression (or representation); testing(checking).3. 翻译的要素包括：译者（translator）, 作者(author), 源语言(source language), 目标语言 （target language），原文读者(source-text readers), 译文读者(target-text re

2、aders)4During the process of representation, we should try to avoid 翻译过度over-representation and 翻译不足under-representation which means that the translator can omit anything of the source text at will or overlook the features of the source text.5 教材中常见的翻译方法有： annotation加注, paraphrase释义分译, amplification

3、; 增词, omission,减词, shift of perspective; 视角转换, adaptation(or domestication)归化, division分译and combination合并. （见下面解释）6在翻译中使用增词法 （amplification） 主要是出于语法需要 grammatical need(s)， 语义需要semantic need(s) ，修辞需要 rhetorical need.7. 现代英语最主要的特征是形合（Hypotaxis） 汉语是意合(parataxis)8. The sociosemiotics-oriented principle

4、 (社会符号学) for translation requires us to pay due attention to the three types of meaning in translation: designative meaning（指称意义）, linguistic meaning （言内意义）and pragmatic meaning（语用意义）. （见课件）annotation加注，如：1. The Beat Generation 跨掉的一代(指二十世纪五十年代初在美国出现的一个文学流派,也指他们所代表的一代人.他们不满于战后美国的社会现实,否定传统的文化道德和价值观念,追

5、求无拘无束的自我实现和自我表达.)；2. The Fifth Avenue 第五大道(指纽约曼哈顿区第34街到第59街这一片区域.街上到处都是百货商店以及各种商铺,也是万圣节游行的必经之地.现已成为高贵与富有的象征.)；3.The American Dream 美国梦(即美国式的民主与自由.不依赖世袭的物质条件和社会地位,白手起家的个人奋斗精神.)）; paraphrase释义分译，如：1) I am no Hamlet. 我决不犹豫.)2) I wonder whether he is a Trojan Horse.我不知道他是否是个内奸.)3) The goalkeeper is the

6、heel of Achilles.那守门员太弱是致命的缺陷. ) amplification; 增词，如：(A) For the sake of grammar1. One interesting study was successfully done with chimps. Six chimps were trained to operate a special vending machine. One ripe grape came out for each while token put into the slot.曾经对黑猩猩成功地进行了一项有趣的实验,实验对六只黑猩猩进行训练,让它

7、们操纵一台专用售货机,往投币孔里塞入一枚白色筹码可得到一颗热葡萄.(增量词)2. - observing the deer as their behavior changed from more activity in summer and fall to less as winter progressed, followed by an increase again in the spring as the snow melted.- 观察鹿是如何从夏季的活动频繁状态慢慢进入冬季的不频繁状态的,而到冰雪逐渐 融化的春季时,它们的活动又是如何增多起来的.(增副词)3. Her eyes wer

8、e filled with tears.她双眼满含泪水.4. The old man said, They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.老头说:听人说,他爸爸过去是打鱼的,他以前八成跟咱们现在一样穷. (B) For clarity5. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.读书足以怡情,足以傅采,足以长才.6. Earl and I decided to walk our dog. Somehow our path to

9、ok us toward the park, across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the Los Angeles River. It is like a dream to me now, floating through my mind in slow motion. Many children were playing close to the waters.我和艾勒决定把狗带出去溜溜,不知不觉朝公园走去,公园就在小桥那边,桥下很深的地方,汹涌的落杉矶河水滚滚流过.现在回想起来,就仿佛是一场梦,当时的情景还在脑海里缓缓

10、流动.那一天,许多小孩在靠近水边的地方玩耍.(增主体和时间状语)7. With this in mind, he decided to revive scholasticism as an academic lark to challenge the Sputnik-panicked classrooms of America.考虑到这一点,他便决定重新搬出中世纪经院哲学的一套来开个学术性玩笑,向惊恐于苏联第一颗人造卫星的美国课堂教育发出挑战.(增反映背景情况的词)(C) For the sake of rhetoric8. All is not gold that glitters.闪闪发光

11、的东西不一定都是金子.9. We all enjoy applause, compliments and praise. 我们都喜欢博得掌声,听到赞扬或受到称赞.10. This power is strong enough to shatter complacency.这种力量足以打破自满情绪.(增表具体的词)omission,减词 1. A soldier must obey orders.军人必须服从命令.(省冠词)2. When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.气压低,沸点就低.(省动词)3. It was an

12、 early September day, cool and bright and just right for running, and I was in the first few miles of a 10.5-mile race over a course through steep exhausting hills.那是九月初的一天,秋高气爽,阳光明媚,正是赛跑的好时光.我正参加一场10.5英里的比赛,刚跑了几英里.比赛路线要穿越一些陡峭,使人精疲力竭的山坡.(省连词) 4. It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that ke

13、eps freedom alive.使自由保持活力的是冲突而不是绝对的一致.(省强调句中的it)5. One must make painstaking efforts before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language.要掌握一门外语,非下苦功夫不可.(省代词)6. Never trouble yourself with trouble till trouble troubles you.不要自寻麻烦.(省名词)7. Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成.(省表条件的连词)8.

14、The joint decision to build the Tunnel was announced by President Francois Mitterrand and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in a ceremony at Lille on 21 January.一月二十一日,弗朗索瓦o密特朗总统和玛格丽特o撒切尔首相在里尔举行的一次仪式上宣布了联合修建英法隧道的决定.(省介词)9. University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over th

15、ose who had not.报考大学的人,有工作经验的将优先录取.(修辞性省略)10. As it is late, let us go to bed.不早了,睡吧!(省重复部分)shift of perspective; 视角转换，如：1. The University of San Francisco is located near the Golden Gate Park.旧金山大学座落在金门公园附近.(语态的转换)2. Her parents are both in their seventies.她父母都已年过古稀.(表达方式的转换) 3. If children are so

16、well able to learn their mother tongue, it is precisely because they plunge themselves into the sea of language instead of reading a few textbooks only.孩子们之所以能把自己的母语学好,恰恰是因为他们投身于语言的海洋之中,而不单单是读几本教科书而已.4. You can mass-produce incredible quantities of facts and figures. You cannot mass-produce knowledg

17、e, which is created by individual minds, drawing on individual experience, separating the significant from the irrelevant.你可以大批制造数量惊人的事实与数字,但不可能大批生产知识,因为知识是个人头脑用个人经验,经过去伪存真后创造出来的.(定语从句转换成原因状语从句) 5. Coming! Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the verandah, and into the p

18、orch.来啦!她转身蹦跳着跑了,越过草地,跑上小径,跨上台阶,穿过凉台,进了门廊.(介词转换成动词)6. Highway and air traffic came to a standstill in most of Eastern Washington. 华盛顿州大部分地区的公路交通和空中航线都已陷入停顿.(名词转换成动词)7. I believe equally that it is in the interests of the world as a whole that Europe should increasingly unite and speak with a common

19、voice.我同样认为,欧洲应该日益团结起来,并且用一个共同的声音说话,这是符合全世界的利益的.(词序调整)8. Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality.当时我确实不大懂得战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事.(词序调整) 9. It is a good workman that never blunders.智者千虑,必有一失.(反说正译)10. Keep off the lawn!请勿践踏草地!(正说反译)adaptation(or domestication)归化,如： Lead a dogs life 过着牛马不如的生活 Jack of all trades 三脚猫 A drowned rat 落汤鸡 Let the cat out of the bag. 露马脚 Every dog has his day. 风水轮流转. Dont shed crocodile tears to me; you know you are really glad that theyre met with misfortune.