第6章海洋船舶防污染管理.ppt

1、Chapter Prevention of Pollution from Ships,海洋船舶防污染管理,随着海洋运输业的发展，世界船队规模不断增大，从船舶上排入海洋及大气中的各种有害物质的数量与日俱增，使海洋环境日趋恶化，海洋的生态环境被破坏，尤其是一些沿岸及河口海域已遭受着严重的污染损害，危害人类健康（在此不仅是船舶污染损害，还包括沿岸工业污 染。为了当代人类健康，也为子孙后代创造一个良好的生存环境，使人类杜会可持续发展，必须严格控制对海洋的污染。 船舶污染物的控制是目前航运界主要考虑的问题之一。,Substances of Pollution from Ship,oil chemical

2、s(Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk) harmful substances in packaged form Sewage Garbage Harmful air Other substances.,船舶对海洋造成污染的主要物质：,石油; 散装有毒液体物质； 包装有害物质； 生活污水； 船舶垃圾； 有害排气； 其他。,Source of Pollution from Ship,operational or deliberate causes, from routine operations accidental or negligent causes,船舶对

3、海洋的污染,船舶对海洋造成污染的途径： 操作性污染； 事故性污染。,The MARPOL Convention,Introduction technical Annexes,Introduction to MARPOL73/78,History : national regulations in the first half of the 20th century the United Kingdom organized the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (OILPOL)

4、, 1954. in 1958, the IMO Convention entry into force.,Introduction to MARPOL73/78,History : The 1954 Convention, which was amended in 1962, 1969 and 1971, primarily addressed pollution resulting from routine tanker operations and from the discharge of oily wastes from machinery spaces - regarded as

5、the major causes of oil pollution from ships.,Introduction to MARPOL73/78,History : In 1967, the tanker Torrey Canyon ran aground while entering the English Channel and spilled her entire cargo of 120,000 tons of crude oil into the sea. The incident raised questions about measures then in place to p

6、revent oil pollution from ships and also exposed deficiencies in the existing system for providing compensation following accidents at sea.,Introduction to MARPOL73/78,History : an international Conference in 1973 adopted the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. the P

7、rotocol of 1978 relating to the 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (1978 MARPOL Protocol) - adopted on 17 February 1978.,Introduction to MARPOL73/78,History : The combined instrument - the International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ship

8、s, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78) - finally entered into force on 2 October 1983 (for Annexes I and II).,国际防止船舶造成污染公约,历史背景 20世纪上半叶部分国家法规； 1954年在伦敦召开国际会议制定“54公约”； 1958年“54公约”生效； “54公约”经1962、1969、1971年修正，重点在于控制油轮和机舱操作性污染。 1967年油轮Torrey Canyon 造成世界第一列大规模事故溢油。,国

9、际防止船舶造成污染公约,历史背景 1973年，IMO在伦敦召开国际海洋防污染会议，制定第一个不限于油污染的具有普遍意义的1973年国际防止船舶造成污染公约，简称MARPOL73。 MARPOL73迟迟未能生效,1978年3月，超级油轮Amoco Cadiz的触礁，导致法国海域和海岸的严重污染; 1978年通过1978议定书，吸收了MARPOL73的内容（对附则1作了许多修正），将公约和议定书作为一个整体，通常称为“73/78防污公约”。 MARPOL73/78 于1983年10月2日生效。,Introduction to MARPOL73/78,technical Annexes: Annex

10、 I: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil Annex II: Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk Annex III: Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form, entered into force on 1 July 1992,Introduction to MARPOL73/78,techn

11、ical Annexes: Annex IV Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships (entry into force date 27 September 2003) Annex V Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships, enter into force on 31 December 1988 Annex VI Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships (adopted in September 1997 and will enter into for

12、ce on 19 May 2005),Introduction to MARPOL73/78,technical Annexes: States Parties must accept Annexes I and II, but the other Annexes are voluntary.,国际防止船舶造成污染公约,公约共有20条，另附有二个议定书和六个附则。 议定书1是关于涉及有害物质事故报告的规定; 议定书2是关于争端的仲裁。,国际防止船舶造成污染公约,附则I：防止油污规则， 1983年10月2日生效； 附则II：控制散装有毒液体物质污染规则， 1987年4月6日生效； 附则III ：

13、防止海运包装有害物质污染规则， 1992年7月1日生效； 附则IV ：防止船舶生活污水污染规则，2003年9月27日生效； 附则V ：防止船舶垃圾污染规则， 1988年12月31日. 生效； 附则VI：防止船舶造成大气污染规则，1997年9月26日制定，2005年5月19日生效；,国际防止船舶造成污染公约,附则I、附则II时必选附则； 其他四个为可选附则。,议定书I：关于涉及有害物质事故报告的规定,报告的责任 当船舶发生有害物质事故时，船舶的船长或负责管理该船的其他人员，应毫不迟延地按本议定书的规定，对事故作出详细报告；,议定书I：关于涉及有害物质事故报告的规定,报告的时间 当涉及下列事故时，

14、应作出报告： （1）不论何种原因，包括为保障船舶安全和救助海上人命而进行的油类或有毒液体物质的超标排放或可能的排放；或 （2）排放或可能排放包装形式的有害物质，包括货物集装箱、可移动罐柜、公路和铁路车辆和船载驳船装载的有害物质；或,议定书I：关于涉及有害物质事故报告的规定,（3）长度15m及其以上的船舶发生： a 影响船舶安全的损坏、失灵或故障，包括（但不限于）碰撞、搁浅、火灾、爆炸、结构损坏、浸水和货物移位；或 b 导致影响航行安全的损坏、失灵或故障，包括（但不限于）操舵装置、推进装置、发电系统和船上主要助航设备的失灵或故障；或,议定书I：关于涉及有害物质事故报告的规定,（4）船舶营运期间，

15、排放油类或有毒液体物质超过现行公约允许的排放总量或瞬间排放率。,议定书I：关于涉及有害物质事故报告的规定,报告的内容 在任何情况下，报告应包括如下内容： （1）船舶的特征； （2）事故发生的时间，种类和地理位置； （3）有害物质的数量和类别； （4）援助和救助的措施。,议定书I：关于涉及有害物质事故报告的规定,补充报告 报告责任人如有可能： （1）在必要时，应对最初的报告提供关于进一步发展的情况； （2）应尽可能地满足受影响国家索取有关补充资料的要求。,议定书I：关于涉及有害物质事故报告的规定,报告的程序 报告应通过可利用的最快的电信通信渠道，最优先地发送给最近的沿岸国。 为执行本议定书规定，

16、缔约国应按照IMO的指南，颁发或敦促颁发关于报告有害物质事故应遵循的程序的规定或指令。,附则I:防止油污染规则,主要内容：共有四章26条， 第一章总则 第二章控制操作性污染的要求 第三章关于将油船因船侧和船底损坏而造成油污减至最低限度的要求 第四章防止油污事故造成污染,Annex I: Prevention of pollution by oil,Definitions: Nearest land. The term from the nearest land means from the baseline from which the territorial sea of the terri

17、tory in question is established in accordance with international law. Instantaneous rate of discharge of oil content means the rate of discharge of oil in litres per hour at any instant divided by the speed of the ship in knots at the same instant.,Annex I: Prevention of pollution by oil,Definitions

18、: Special area means a sea area where for recognized technical reasons in relation to its oceanographical and ecological condition and to the particular character of its traffic the adoption of special mandatory methods for the prevention of sea pollution by oil is required. the special areas are th

19、e Mediterranean Sea area, the Baltic Sea area, the Black Sea area, the Red Sea area, the Gulfs area, the Gulf of Aden area, the Antarctic area and the North West European waters,附则I:防止油污染规则,定义 （1）油类系指包括原油、燃料油、油泥、油渣和石油炼制品在内的任何形式的石油。 （2）油性混合物系指含有任何油类的混合物。 （3）燃油系指船舶所载并用作推进和辅助机器的燃料的任何油类。 （4）油船系指建造为或改造为主

20、要在其装货处所装运散装油类的船舶，并包括油类散货两用船以及全部或部分装运散装货油的化学品液货船。 （5）最近陆地系指按国际法划定的领海基线。,附则I:防止油污染规则,定义 （7）特殊区域由于其海洋学和生态学的情况以及其运输的特殊性质等方面公认的技术原因，需要采取防止海洋油污染的特殊强制办法的海域。本附则的特殊区域有：地中海区域，波罗的海区域，黑海区域，红海区域，“海湾”区域，亚丁湾区域，南极区域,西北欧区域（含北海）。 （8）油量瞬间排放率系指何一瞬间每小时排油的升数除以同一瞬间船速节数之值，其单位为“L/NM ”（即“升/海里”）；,附则I:防止油污染规则,定义 （9）清洁压载系指装入已清洗

21、过的货油舱内的压载水，从静态的船舶排入清洁而平静的水中，不会在水面或邻近的岸线上产生明显痕迹，或形成油泥或乳化物沉积于水面以下或邻近的岸线上。 （10）专舱压载系指装入与货油或燃油系统完全隔绝并固定用于装载压载水的舱内的水。 （11）长度系指量自龙骨上面最小型深85% 处水线总长的96% ，或指该水线处自船首柱前边至舵杆中心的长度，两者中取大者。,Annex I: Prevention of pollution by oil,Survey and certification Every oil tanker of 150 tons gross tonnage and above, and ev

22、ery other ship of 400 tons gross tonnage and above shall be subject to the surveys specified below：An initial survey ,renewal survey, intermediate survey ,annual survey ,additional survey International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate,检验与证书,150总吨及以上的油船和400总吨及以上的其他船舶，应进行初次检验、定期检验、期间检验、不定期检查或强制性年度

23、检验。以保证船舶的结构、设备、各种系统、附件、布置和材料完全符合本附则的要求。对通过该类检验的船舶，发给或签署国际防止油污证书(I0PP)。,Annex I: Prevention of pollution by oil,Operational discharges from tankers (i) the tanker is not within a special area; (ii) the tanker is more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest land; (iii) the tanker is proceeding en rout

24、e; (iv) the instantaneous rate of discharge of oil content does not exceed 30 litres per nautical mile;,Annex I: Prevention of pollution by oil,Operational discharges from tankers (v) the total quantity of oil discharged into the sea does not exceed for existing tankers 1/15,000 of the total quantit

25、y of the particular cargo of which the residue formed a part, and for new tankers 1/30,000 of the total quantity of the particular cargo of which the residue formed a part; and () the tanker has in operation an oil discharge monitoring and control system and a slop tank arrangement as required by re

26、gulation 15 of this Annex.,控制操作性排油-在特殊区域外的排油控制,油船（机器处所除外）的排放： 1 油船不在特殊区域之内； 2 油船距最近陆地50海里以上； 3 油船正在途中航行； 4 油量瞬间排放率不超过30L/NM； 5 排入海中的总油量，对现有油船不得超过该项残油所属该种货油总量的1/15000，对新油船不得超过该项残油所属该种货油总量的1/30000； 6 本附则要求的船上排油监控系统及污油水舱设施，正在运转。,Annex I: Prevention of pollution by oil,Machinery Space Operation : (i) th

27、e ship is not within a special area; (ii) the ship is proceeding en route; (iii)the oil content (concentration) of the effluent without dilution does not exceed 15 ppm (parts per million) (iv) the ship has in operation Oil discharge monitoring and control system and oil filtering equipment as requir

28、ed by this Annex.,在特殊区域外的排油控制,对于从400总吨及以上的非油船舱底，从油船机器处所（不包括货油泵舱）舱底的排放（不得混有货油残余物）： 1 船舶不在特殊区域之内； 2 船舶正在途中航行； 3 未经稀释的排出物的含油量不超过15PPM,； 4 本附则要求的船上滤油设备，正在运转。,Annex I: Prevention of pollution by oil,Machinery Space Operation within a special area : (i) the ship is proceeding en route; (ii) the oil conten

29、t(concentration)of the effluent without dilution does not exceed 15 ppm (parts per million); (iii) the ship has in operation Oil discharge monitoring and control system , oil filtering equipment and Automatic stopping device as required by this Annex,在特殊区域内的排油控制,经处理的机器处所舱底污水（即机舱含油污水）的排放，只要满足下列所有规定，可

30、以排放入海： 1舱底污水不是来自货油泵舱的舱底；!舱底污水未混有货油残余物； 2船舶正在途中航行； 3未经稀释的排出物的含油量不超过15PPM； 4本附则要求的船上滤油系统，正在运转； 5当排出物含油量超过15PPM时，该过滤系统备有的停止装置能确保自动停止排放。,Annex I: Prevention of pollution by oil,Oil Record Book Every oil tanker of 150 tons gross tonnage and above and every ship of 400 tons gross tonnage and above other t

31、han an oil tanker shall be provided with an Oil Record Book Part I (Machinery Space Operation). Every oil tanker of 150 tons gross tonnage and above shall also be provided with an Oil Record Book Part II(Cargo/Ballast Operations).,油类记录簿,150总吨及以上的油船和400总吨及以上的其他船舶，应备有油类记录簿第一部分（机器处所的作业）; 150总吨及以上的油船，还应

32、备有油类记录簿第二部分（货油和压载作业）。,油类记录簿,每当船舶进行下列任何一项作业时，均应按舱填入油类记录簿： (机器处所的作业（所有船舶） （1）燃油舱的压载或清洗； （2）燃油舱污压载水或洗舱水的排放； （3）残油（油泥）的处理； （4）机器处所积存的舱底水向舷外的排放或处理。,油类记录簿,货油5 压载的作业（油船） （1）货油的装载； （2）航行中货油的内部转驳； （3）货油的卸载； （4）货油舱和清洁压载舱的压裁； （5）货油舱的清洗（包括原油洗舱）； （6 ）污压舱水的排放（但专舱压载除外）； （7）污油水舱的水的排放； （8）污油水舱排放作业后，阀门或类似装置的关闭； （9）污油

33、水舱排放作业后，清洁压载舱与货油和扫舱管路隔离所需阀门的关闭； （ 10）残油的处理。,油类记录簿,上述每项作业由高级船员或作业负责人员记入油类记录簿并签字，每记完一页由船长签字。 油类记录簿使用船旗国的官方文字记录，持有IOPP证书的船舶，还应有英文或法文记录，当有争议或不一致时，以船旗国官方文字的记录为准。记完最后一项后留船保存3年。 船舶事故造成任何油类和油性混合物的排放，不论是有意的还是意外的，均应记入油类记录簿，并说明排放情况和理由。,结构、设备及其他要求,油船防污染构造 专用压载舱及原油洗舱等 排油监控系统和滤油设备 油类与压载水分隔和首尖舱内不得载油 港口接收设备,Annex I

34、: Prevention of pollution by oil,PREVENTION OF POLLUTION ARISING FROM AN OIL POLLUTION INCIDENT Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan Every oil tanker of 150 tons gross tonnage and above, and every ship other than an oil tanker of 400 tons gross tonnage and above shall carry on board a shipboard oi

35、l pollution emergency plan approved by the Administration.,防止油污事故造成污染,凡150 总吨及以上的油船和400 总吨及以上的非油船，应备有经主管机关批准的船上油污应急计划,Annex I: Prevention of pollution by oil,Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency shall consist at least of: The procedure to report an oil pollution incident The list of authorities or pers

36、ons to be contacted in the event of an oil pollution incident a detailed description of the action to be taken immediately by persons on board to reduce or control the discharge of oil following the incident The procedures and point of contact on the ship for co-ordination shipboard action with nati

37、onal and local authorities in combating the pollution,船上油污应急计划,该应急计划应符合IMO制定的指南，并使用船长和驾驶员的工作语言。该计划至少应包括： 报告油污事故的程序； 在油污事故中，需联系的有关当局或人员的名单； 为减少或控制事故溢油，船上人员需立即采取措施的详细描述； 抗污染过程中，为使船上与国家和地方当局协同行动的联系程序和要点。,Annex II:,Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk Internation

38、al Bulk Chemical and Bulk Chemical Codes International Pollution Prevention Certificate for the Carriage of Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk (NLS Certificate),附则II控制散装有毒液体物质污染规则,定义 （1）化学品液货船系指建造或改建为主要用于装运散装有毒液体物质的船舶，并包括全部或部分散装有毒液体物质货物的油轮。 （2）液体物质在温度为37.8时，蒸发压力不超过2KP的物质。 （3）有毒液体物质本附则附录II中列入的物质，或经暂时评

39、定为A、B、C和D类的任何物质。 （4）特殊区域涉及其海洋学和生态学的情况及其运输特性等公认的技术原因，要求采取特殊强制办法，以防止有毒液体物质污染的海域。本附则的特殊区域为：波罗的海区域，黑海区域，南极区域。,Survey and certification,Vessels carry Noxious Liquid Substances shall be subject to the surveys specified below：An initial survey ,renewal survey, intermediate survey ,annual survey ,additional

40、 survey International Pollution Prevention Certificate for the Carriage of Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk (NLS Certificate),检验与证书,散装运输有毒液体物质的船舶，应进行初次检验、定期检验、期间检验和年度检验，以保证结构、设备、系统、附件、布置和材料完全符合本附则的要求。 任何航行于其他缔约国所辖的港口或装卸站的散装运输有毒液体物质的船舶，应持有按本附则规定检验后，主管机关签发的国际防止散装运输有毒液体物质污染证书。,Annex II:,Categorization

41、 and listing of noxious liquid substances Category A - Noxious liquid substances which if discharged into the sea from tank cleaning or deballasting operations would present a major hazard to either marine resources or human health or cause serious harm to amenities or other legitimate uses of the s

42、ea and therefore justify the application of stringent anti-pollution measures.,Annex II:,Categorization and listing of noxious liquid substances Category B - Noxious liquid substances which if discharged into the sea from tank cleaning or deballasting operations would present a hazard to either mari

43、ne resources or human health or cause harm to amenities or other legitimate uses of the sea and therefore justify the application of special anti-pollution measures.,Annex II:,Categorization and listing of noxious liquid substances Category C - Noxious liquid substances which if discharged into the

44、sea from tank cleaning or deballasting operations would present a minor hazard to either marine resources of human health or cause minor harm to amenities of other legitimate uses of the sea and therefore require special operational conditions.,Annex II:,Categorization and listing of noxious liquid

45、substances Category D - Noxious liquid substances which if discharged into the sea from tank cleaning or deballasting operations would present a recognizable hazard to either marine resources or human health or cause minimal harm to amenities or other legitimate uses of the sea and therefore require

46、 some attention in operational conditions.,有毒液体物质分类,Annex V Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships,Definitions “Garbage” means all kinds of victual, domestic and operational waste excluding fresh fish and parts thereof, generated during the normal operation of the ship and liable to be dispos

47、ed of continuously or periodically except those substances which are defined or listed in other Annexes to the present Convention.,有毒液体物质的排放控制: A类,A类有毒液体物质，或含有这类物质的压载水、洗舱水、或其残余物或混合物，在一切区域禁止排放入海。,有毒液体物质的排放控制,如果要清洗含有这类物质或混合物的液货舱，所产生的残余物应排入接收设备。当排往接收设备的排出物中的物质浓度等于或低于附录II对该物质所规定的剩余浓度，并且该液货舱完全排空。随后加入该舱的水

48、，如能满足下列所有条件，可直接排放入海： （1）船舶正在航行途中，自航船航速至少7Kn ，非自航船航速至少4Kn； （2）在水线以下进行排放； （3）距最近陆地不少于12nm和水深不少于25m。,有毒液体物质的排放控制: B、C、D类,B类、C类、D类有毒液体物质，或含有这类物质的压载水、洗舱水、或其残余物或混合物，应禁止排放入海，除非能完全符合本附则关于在特殊区域外或特殊区域内中相应的全部排放条件。排放清洁压载水或专舱压载水入海，不受本附则任何要求的约束。 附则II要求缔约国港口应设置足够的处理船上有毒液体物质的残余物和混合物的接收备。,货物记录簿,凡适用于附则II的船舶，应备有一本规定格式

49、的货物记录簿（ Cargo Record Book ） 每当船舶进行下列任何一项作业，均应逐项按舱记入货物记录簿：（1）装货；（2）货物在船内转驳；（3）卸货；（4）液货舱的清洗；（5）液货舱的压载；（6）液货舱的压载水的排放；（7）残余物排至接收设备；（8）残余物按规定排放入海或用通风程序清除残余物。,货物记录簿,货物记录簿，每项记录的内容应用船旗国官方语言和英文或法文书写。 每项记录应由负责该项作业的驾驶员签字，每记完一页由船长签字。记完最后一页应留船保存3年。 由于船舶事故，造成任何有毒液体物质或含有这种物质的混合物排放，不论是有意的还是意外的，均应记入货物记录簿，并说明排放情况和理由。

50、,程序与布置手册,散装运输有毒液体物质的船舶必须备有一本经主管机关认可的适用于本船的程序与布置P,Disposal of Garbage outside Special Areas,(b) the disposal into the sea of the following garbage shall be made as far as practicable from the nearest land but in any case is prohibited if the distance from the nearest land is less than: (i) 25 nautica

51、l miles for dunnage, lining and packing materials which will float; (ii) 12 nautical miles for food wastes and all other garbage including paper products, rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery and similar refuse;,Disposal of Garbage outside Special Areas,(c) disposal into the sea of garbage specifie

52、d in sub-paragraph (b)(ii) of this Regulation may be permitted when it has passed through a comminuter or grinder and made as far as practicable from the nearest land but in any case is prohibited if the distance from the nearest land is less than 3 nautical miles. Such comminuted or ground garbage

53、shall be capable of passing through a screen with opening no grater than 25 millimetres.,垃圾排放-在特殊区域外,（1）一切塑料制品（包括但不限于合成缆绳、合成渔网及塑料垃圾袋）均不得排放入海； （2）不得在距最近陆地25NM 以内将漂浮的垫舱物料、衬料和包装材料排放入海； （3）不得在距最近陆地12NM 以内将食品废弃物和一切其他的垃圾，包括纸制品、破布、玻璃、金属、瓶子、陶器及类似的废物排放入海；但经粉碎机和磨碎机后，粒径不大于25mm的，可在距最近陆地3nm 以外投弃入海； （4）如果垃圾与具有不同处

54、理或排放要求的其他排放物混在一起时，则应适用其中要求较为严格的。,Disposal of Garbage within Special Areas,special areas are the Mediterranean Sea area, the Baltic Sea area, the Black Sea area, the Red Sea area, the Gulfs area and the North Sea area and the Wider Caribbean Region, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean sea,

55、垃圾排放-在特殊区域内,“特殊区域”，系指由于其海洋学和生态学的情况以及运输的特殊性质等方面公认的技术原因，需要采取防止垃圾污染海洋的特殊强制办法的海域。本附则的特殊区域有：地中海区域，波罗的海区域，黑海区域，红海区域，“海湾”区域，北海区域，南极区域，泛加勒比海区域。,Disposal of Garbage within Special Areas,(a) disposal into the sea of the following is prohibited: (i) all plastics, including but not limited to synthetic ropes, s

56、ynthetic fishing nets, plastic garbage bags and incinerator ashes from plastic products which may contain toxic or heavy metal residues; and (ii) all other garbage, including paper products, rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery, dunnage, lining and packing materials;,Disposal of Garbage within Spec

57、ial Areas,(b) except as provided in subparagraph (c) of this paragraph, disposal into the sea of food wastes shall be made as far as practicable from land, but in any case not less than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land.,Disposal of Garbage within Special Areas,(c) disposal into the Wider Cari

58、bbean Region of food wastes which have been passed through a comminuter or grinder shall be made as far as practicable from land, but in any case not subject to regulation 4 not less than 3 nautical miles from the nearest land. Such comminuted or ground food wastes shall be capable of passing through a screen with openings no greater than 25 millimetres.,垃圾排放-在特殊区域内,1）禁止将下述垃圾排放入海： （1）一切塑料制品（包括但不限于合成缆绳、合成渔网和合成塑料垃圾袋）； （2）一切其他垃圾，包括纸制品、破