语言学 第三章.ppt

1、Hello, Everyone!,现代英语语言学概论 第3讲,A STUDY ON MODERN ENGLISH LINGUISTICS,王金巴 运城学院英语系,Chapter Three,Morphology,Focuses: 1. the definition of word 2. classification of words 3. types of morphemes 4. inflection and word-formation 5. lexical changes,1. word?,a unit of expression that has universal intuitive

2、 recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. a minimal free form: a smallest form that can occur by itself,Three senses of “word”,(1) A physically definable unit: a cluster of sound segments or letters between two pauses or blanks, eg Phonological: Orthographic

3、: It is wonderful.,However, in casual speech or writing, it often becomes: Phonological: Orthographic: Its wonderful. Are they two words or three?,(2) both a general term and a specific term: boy, boys: 1(GT) or2(ST)? walk, walks, walking, walked: 1 or 4?,(3) A grammatical unit: the grammar: a set o

4、f layers sentence clause phrase word morpheme,2. Identification of words,Stability: the most stable linguistic units in respect of their internal structure. chairman, but not *manchair,Relative uninterruptibility: new elements are not to be inserted into a word,A minimum free form (Bloomfield): the

5、smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, eg -Is Jane coming tonight? -Possibly. Hi, shit, darling a, the,3. Classification of words,(1) in term of variability: Variable words: (ordered cat, cats. Invariable words (no inflective endings): since, when, seldom, through, etc.,(2

6、) In terms of meaning: Grammatical/Function words (express grammatical meanings, linking): conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns. Lexical/Content words (having lexical meaning, refer to substance, action eg self-control: a kind of control armchair: a kind of chair Exocentric: there is no he

7、ad, so not a relationship of “a kind of something”, eg scarecrow: not a kind of crow breakneck: not a kind of neck,Written forms of compounds,Solid: blackboard, teapot, bodyguard Hyphenated: wedding-ring, wave-length Open: coffee table, washing machine Free variation: businessman, business-man, busi

8、ness man winebottle, wine-bottle, wine bottle no one, no-one, noone,Derivation,Class-changing: NV: lengthen, hospitalize, discard NA: friendly, delightful, speechless VN: worker, employee, inhabitant VA: acceptable, adorable AN: rapidness, rapidity AV: deafen, sweeten AdjAdv: exactly, quickly,Class-

9、preserving: NN: nonsmoker, ex-wife, booklet VV: disobey, unfasten AA: grayish, irrelevant,5. Morpheme语素,The smallest meaningful unit of language, a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. e.g

10、. un-accept-able; days;jumped,Allomorph 语素变体: the different variants of a morpheme are called allomorphs. e.g. the plural morpheme “-s”: dogs; pests; houses z s iz,Types of morphemes,(1) Free vs. Bound morphemes: Free morphemes: occur alone, constitute words by themselves, eg. boy, girl, table, nati

11、on. Bound morphemes: cannot occur alone, appear with at least another morpheme , eg -s, -ed, dis-, un-.,root, affix and stem root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity, eg friend as in unfriendliness.,Roots may be free: can stand by themselves, eg. n

12、ation+-al; bound: cannot stand by themselves, eg. -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.,Affix: the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme. prefix (dis-, un-) and suffix (-en, -ify).,Stem: a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix may be add

13、ed, eg. friend+-s; write+-ing, possibility+-es.,(2) inflectional DM: create an entirely new word. e.g. antislavery,6. Lexical change,Formation of new words Phonological change Morphosyntactic change Semantic change Orthographic change,Formation of new words, Invention/Coinage: the new lexical items

14、coming directly from the consumer items, their producers or brand names. Mostly brand names: Kodak, Coke, nylon, Xerox, Lycra, Blending: joining the initial part of the 1st word and the final part of the 2nd word.,transfer+resistortransistor smoke+fogsmog motorist+hotelmotel breakfast+lunchbrunch mo

15、dulator+demodulatormodem dance+exercisedancercise advertisement+editorialadvertorial education+entertainmentedutainment information+commercialinfomercial, Abbreviations(Clipping): shortening a longer word into a shorter form.,Back-clippings: ad(vertisement), lab(oratory), piano(forte), Fore-clipping

16、s: (ham)burger, (omni)bus, (tele)phone, (earth)quake. Fore-and-aft clippings: (in)flu(enza), (de)tec(tive)., Acronym: made up from the first letters of the name of an organization. AIDS, Aids: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ASAP: as soon as possible CD-ROM: compact disc read-only memory dink(y)

17、: double income, no kids WASP: white Anglo-Saxon protestant,AI: artificial intelligence a.s.a.p.: as soon as possible ECU: European Currency Unit HIV: human immunodeficiency virus PC: personal computer PS: postscript RSVP: rpondez sil vous plait (please reply in French), Back-formation逆构词法,An unusua

18、lly abnormal type of word formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. e.g. television - televise editor - edit peddler - peddle, Analogical creation类推造字: account for the co-existence of 2 form, regular and irregular,work: wrough

19、t worked beseech: besought beseeched slay: slew slayed?, Borrowing借词法,French: public, art, college, music, poet, prose, story, study Latin: admit, client, conviction, custody, Greek: acme(顶点), bathos（突降法）, catastrophe,Spanish and Portuguese: tank, tobacco, tomato, vanilla Italian: bandit, broccoli,

20、piano, pizza Dutch: apartheid, booze, boss, brandy, Hebrew: amen, babel Arabic: admiral, zero,Indian: bungalow, veranda Chinese: chop suey（烩菜）, chow（吃）, chow mein（炒面）, ginseng（人参）, ketchup (or catchup or catsup番茄酱), kung fu, tea, tofu (via Japanese), typhoon,Types of borrowing words,Loanwords借词: for

21、m and meaning are borrowed with a slight adaptation. au pair（以做家务来换取食宿的人）, encore（再来一个）, sputnik（人造卫星） Loanblend混合借词:part form is native and part is borrowed. coconut: coco (Spanish) + nut (English),Loanshift转移借词:meaning is borrowed, the form is native. bridge: meaning as a card game borrowed from I

22、talian ponte Loan translation, or calque (equivalent translation) free verse L verse libre black humor Fr humour noir found object Fr objet trouv,Phonological change: change in sound leading to change in meaning,Loss of sound: loss of sound in fast speech, eg library, laboratory,Addition of sound: E

23、nglish: rascal rapscallion Metathesis换位: changing the sequence of sound brid bird, ox/ax ask Assimilation: impossible, immovable irregular, irresponsible illogical, illegal,Morphosyntactic change,Morphological change: third person singular present tense: -(e)th: do(e)th, goeth, hath, findeth -(e)s:

24、does, goes, has, finds the campus of the university the universitys campus,Syntactic change: He saw you not. He didnt see you. Fusion/blending: equally good + just as good equally as good,Semantic change,Broadening: holiday: holy day (religion) day for rest bird: young bird any kind task: tax work N

25、arrowing: meat: food girl: young person young woman deer: beast a special kind of animal,Meaning shift: bead: prayer the prayer bead small, ball-shaped piece of glass, metal or wood Class shift: conversion to other word classes engineer: person trained in engineering to act as an engineer (NV),Folk

26、etymology（俗词源）: a change in form of a word or phrase, resulting from an incorrect popular notion of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous. e.g. history herstory,Manhattan: man with hat on MBA: married but available PhD: perhap

27、s have divorced golf: Gentlemen Only; Ladies Forbidden,Orthographic change,Change of spelling: Iesus Jesus sate sat Sunne Sun,7. Lexicon general sense: vocabulary technical sense: analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations,Lexeme(词位，词素): the smallest unit in the meaning system of a lge

28、that can be distinguished from other smaller units; an abstract unit and may occur in many different forms in actual spoken or written texts e.g. the lexeme speak: speak, speaks, speaking, spoke, spoken,Features of English lexicon: borrow constantly from other lges; a rapid expansion of knowledge an

29、d tech people always desire for originality; the num of verbal taboos has been growing; social changes is constantly taking place,Idioms: Semantic unity: meaning cannot be predicted by adding up the meaning of constituent words. do sb brown Structural stability: cannot alter or substitute its compon

30、ent words of ones own will,Proverbs: in the form of sentence, succinct in lge and pregnant in meaning. An army travels on its belly. 兵马未动，粮草先行. Fish begins to stink at the head. 鱼要腐烂头先臭.( 上梁不正下梁歪 ).,Exercises: 1. define: 1) morpheme 2) inflectional morphemes 3) bound morphems 4) morphology 5) inflec

31、tion 6) stem,2. Label the morphological category of the morpheme underlined in each of the following expressions: 1) Ive been there. 2) transform 3) oxen 4) recur 3. Illustrate the difference between root and stem. 4. What are the methods for the addition of new words in the English language? Explain the various word-formation processes and give an example for each process. 5.What are the three semantic changes in historical linguistics? Give examples to show your point.,5. 1) broadening: a process to extend or elevate the meaning from its originally specific sense to a rela