计算机的发展历史.ppt

1、Chapter 2Development of the Computer,计算机的发展历史,Terms and New Words generation n.产生, 发生, 一代, 一代人 vacuum tube n.真空管, 电子管 install vt.安装, 安置, 使就职 symbolic adj.象征的, 符号的 magnetic drum 磁鼓 span n.跨度, 跨距, 范围 v.横越 efficient adj.(直接)生效的, 有效率的, 能干的 media n.媒体 medium n.媒体, 方法, 媒介 adj.中间的, 中等的, 半生熟的,auxiliary adj.

2、辅助的, 补助的 magnetic disk 磁盘 program n.节目, 程序, 纲要, 计划 vt.规划, 拟.计划, 安排.入节目 vi.安排节目, 编程序(电脑)程序,(电视)节目 capacity n.容量, 生产量, 智能, 能力, 接受力, 地位 integrated circuit 集成电路 silicon chip n. 硅片 characterize vt.表现.的特色, 刻画的.性格,minicomputer 小型机 capability n.(实际)能力, 性能, 容量, 接受力 remote terminal link n.链环, 连结物, 火把, 链接 vt.连

3、结, 联合, 挽 vi.连接起来 large scale integration(LSI) 大规模集成电路 microprocessor n.计微处理器 dense adj.密集的, 浓厚的 pack n.包裹, 一群, 一副, 背包, 包装 vt.包装, 捆扎, 塞满, 压紧, 挑选 vi.包装货物, 挤, 群集, 被包装背包,package n.包裹, 包 microcomputer n.微型 计算机 very large scale integration(VLSI)超大规模集成电路 miniaturize vt.使小型化 challenge n.挑战 vt.向.挑战 intellige

4、nce n.智力, 聪明, 智能,As we review the history of computer, we become aware of a tremendous simplification in operation: a vast improvement of the machine/human interfaces and dramatizes reduction in equipment size. 我们回顾计算机的发展史时，就会清楚地发现操作计算机的复杂程度得到了大幅度的简化：人机界面有了巨大的改进，设备体积大大减小。 review: vt.回顾, 复习;n.回顾, 复习,

5、 评论 tremendous: adj.极大的, 巨大的 simplification: n.简化 interface: n.地质分界面, 接触面, 物、化界面;接口 dramatize: vt.改编成为戏剧, 编写剧本;vi.戏剧地表现,Both of these elements contribute significantly to the expanding computer utilization in society in general. 一般说来，正是由于这两点，才使计算机在当今社会的应用得到了广泛的普及。 contribute: v.捐助, 捐献, 贡献, 投稿 signif

6、icantly: adv.意味深长地, 值得注目地 expanding: adj.展开的, 扩大的 utilization: n.利用,Since its inception , the computer has gone through several stages of development. Generally, writers classify these technological advances in generations, a marketing term. 从计算机问世以来，它经历了几个不同的发展阶段一般作者都把这些技术进步的阶段用一个市场术语代来划分 inception

7、: n.起初, 获得学位 technological: adj.科技的,Even though there is some overlap, it is convenient to view the computers technological development in this manner. 即使代与代之间存在一些重叠，以这种方式来回顾技术的发展还是比较方便的 overlap: v.(与.)交迭 convenient: adj.便利的, 方便的 manner: n.礼貌, 风格, 方式, 样式, 习惯,The Original Computers The original compu

8、ters lasted from 1951 until 1958. They were large, costly to buy, expensive to power, and often unreliable . 第一代计算机 第一代计算机从年到年它们体积大，价格昂贵，能耗大，且常常不可靠 power: n.能力, 力量, 动力, 权力, 数幂, 物功率;vt.使.有力量, 供以动力, 激励 unreliable: adj.不可靠的,Their internal operations were controlled through the use of vacuum tubes. Thes

9、e tubes were fairly large, and they generated so much heat that special air conditioning had to be installed to handle it. 它们通过使用真空管来控制内部操作这些真空管体积相当大，而且它们产生的巨大热量需要安装专门的空气调节设备来处理 air conditioning: n.空气调节装置 handle: n.柄, 把手, 把柄, 口实, 手感; vt. 触摸, 运用, 买卖, 处理, 操作: vi.搬运, 易于操纵; n.计句柄,It was during this peri

10、od that symbolic languages were developed. Symbolic languages use symbols made up of letters and numbers to stand for the 0s and 1s of machine language.For example, ADD may stand for additional . 正是在这个时期，开发出了符号语言. 符号语言用字母和数学组成的符号来代表由，组成的机器语言 例如，ADD代表加法 stand for: v.代表, 代替, 象征, 支持, 做.的候选人 additional:

11、 adj.另外的, 附加的, 额外的,Computer instructions written in symbolic languages were easier for people to use than machine language.But symbolic language had to be translated into machine code before the computer could follow the ( insurrections ) instructions.The machine code was stored on the outer surface

12、 of magnetic drum. 用符号语言编写的计算机指令比用机器语言编写的指令更便于人们理解但在计算机执行这些指令之前，符号语言必须先被翻译成机器码机器码存储在磁鼓的外表面 surface: n.表面, 外表, 水面; adj.表面的, 肤浅的,The 2nd Generation Computers. The 2nd generation of computers spanned the years from 1959 through 1964.It was during this time that the technology race really began. 第二代计算机。

13、 第二代计算机从年到年在这段时间里，展开了真正的技术竞争。 race: n.种族, 种族气质, 种族特征, 赛跑, 急流, 姜根; vi.赛跑, 疾走; vt.与.赛跑, 使空转,The not notable change was that transistors replaced vacuum tubes. As a result, computers became much smaller, faster, and more reliable. They also became more efficient. Also at this time, magnetic cores repla

14、ced magnetic drums as storage media. 最显著的变化是晶体管代替了真空管。结果，计算机变得更小，更快，更可靠。同时也变得更高效了。也是在这个时期，磁芯代替磁鼓作为存储介质 notable: adj.值得注意的, 显著的, 著名的 core: n.果核, 中心, 核心,Next, the 2nd generation computers were given auxiliary storage, sometimes called external or secondary storage. Data was stored outside the computer

15、 on either magnetic tapes or magnetic disks. 其次，第二代计算机有了辅助存储器，有时也叫做外存或二级存储器。数据可存储在计算机外的磁带或磁盘上。 2nd : second; 3rd : third; 4th :fourth,The use of auxiliary storage ended the limitation on how much data the computer could store and reduced the use of punched cards.Using magnetic tapes for input and ou

16、tput operations increase the speed of the computer. 辅助存储器的应用结束了对计算机存储器的限制，并减少了穿孔卡的使用。用磁带来输入和输出还提高了计算机的速度。 limitation: n.限制, 局限性,Finally, improvements were in the symbolic programming languages.New languages were more like English than the earlier ones, making programming the computer much easier. 最后，符号程序语言也得到了改善。改进后的语言更接近于英语，从而使计算机的程序设计更加容易。,The 3rd Generation Com