泛读教程.ppt

1、Unit10 Christianity Partners:张嵩 张潇方 陈薇 于云祥,WORD PRETEST,1.She was a devout Catholic.,A. devoted B. enthusiastic C. pious answer: C,她是个虔诚的天主教徒。,Catholic klik adj.天主教的 n. 天主教徒 Devout divaut adj.虔诚的, 虔敬的, 衷心的 Example: ThedevoutChristian persists in his belief. 那个虔诚的基督教徒坚持他的信念,A. devoted diVutid adj.投入的

2、,深爱的,全心全意的 B. enthusiastic inju:zistik adj.热心的,热情的,热烈的 C. pious pais adj.虔诚的,伪善的,尽责的,值得的 Example：Some secular Americans voice the opposite complaint : that Mormons are too pious and too likely to knock on your door.一些世俗主义美国人也发出反对的声音，他们抱怨摩门教徒太过虔诚，并且极有可能会登门拜访。,2.By the grace of God the ship come safel

3、y home through storm.,A. elegance B. prayer C. favor answer: C,受上帝的恩惠,那艘船历经暴风雨后安全返航。,Grace greis n.优美,优雅,恩惠 Example: By thegraceof God their lives were spared. 蒙上帝恩宠, 他们免於一死,A. elegance eligns,elgns n. 高雅, 典雅, 优雅 B. prayer pr,prei,pr n.祈祷,祷告 C. favor feiv n.偏爱,给予,支持,3.She did sincere penance for hur

4、ting her sister.,A. confession B. voluntary self-punishment C. self-criticism answer: B,因为伤害到了她的妹妹,她做了诚挚的自我惩罚.,sincere sinsi adj.真诚的,诚挚的 penance penns n. 自我惩罚, (赎罪的)苦行 Example: If our good senator was a political sinner, he was in a fair way to expiate it by his nightspenance. 如果我们这位好心的参议员在政治上有罪的话，那

5、么他那天夜晚的苦行也足以抵消他的罪名了。,A. confession knfen n.自认,自白,招供,忏悔 B. voluntary self-punishment 自愿的自我惩罚 C. self-criticism n. 自我批评,4.The army soon suppressed the revolt.,A. depressed B. crushed C. pressed answer: B,军队很快便镇压了叛乱。,Suppress spres vt.镇压,隐瞒,压制,止住,禁止 Example: The revolt was suppressed in a matter of hou

6、rs. 叛乱在几小时之内就镇压下去了 revolt rivult n.叛乱,反抗,反感,A. depressed diprest adj.沮丧的,降低的,不景气的,萧条的 B. crushed krt adj.压碎的,碾碎的,起皱的 example: Crushed bones make one of the best fertilizers. 碎骨是最好的肥料之一。 C. pressed prest adj.（金钱、时间等）紧迫的,压平的,5. Since the contract was signed under illegal circumstances, we requested th

7、at it be annulled.,A. canceled B. discussed C. changed answer: A,既然合同是在一个不合法的境况下签署的，我们要求它应该被废除。,circumstance s:kmstns,s:kmst:ns n.环境,详情,事件,(复数)境况 annulled nld adj. 取消的, 废除的 annul nl v. 废除, 消减, 取消, 宣告无效 example: The effect of the statute was to annul this covenant. 但州法规废除了这一契约。,6. She had to sever al

8、l ties with her parents.,A. develop B. establish C. cut answer: C,她不得不断绝与父母的一切联系 。,sever sev v.切断,脱离,分开 Example: The church severed into two factions. 教会分裂为两派。,7. Endless gossips on the newspapers widened the breach between the two rivals.,A. break B. conflict C. quarrel answer: A,报纸上无尽的留言蜚语扩大了两位竞争者

9、关系之间的裂痕。,gossip gsip,gsp n.流言蜚语,爱说长道短的人,闲话 Example: There has been much gossip in political circles. 政界里有许多流言蜚语 rival raivl n.竞争者,对手,同伴 Example: He is hound out of his job by jealous rival. 他受到忌妒他的竞争者的算计而被迫离职。 breach bri:t n.破坏,违背,决裂,裂口,（浪的）冲击 v.违反,突破,在 . 上打开缺口 Example: Union officials denounced the

10、 action as a breach of the agreement. 工会负责人谴责这一行动破坏了协议,8. Language registers human thought in words,A. records B. expresses C. shows answer: B,register redist v.登记,记录,注册,挂号 流露;表达,显示 n.登记簿,记录,暂存器 Example: Her face registered surprise. 她脸上露出了惊异之色,Christianity,Religion stemming from the teachings of Je

11、sus in the 1st century AD. It scared scripture is the bible, particularly the New Testament. Its principal tenets are that Jesus is the Son of God (the second person of the Holy Trinity), that Gods love for the world is the essential component of his being ,and that Jesus die to redeem humankind. Ch

12、ristianity was originally a movement of Jews who accepted Jesus as the messiah, but the movement quickly became predominantly Gentile. The early church was shaped by St. Paul and other Christian missionaries and theologians; it was persecuted under the Roman empire but supported by Constantine I, th

13、e first Christian emperor. In medieval and early modern Europe, Christian thinkers such as St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, and Martin Luther contributed to the growth of Christian theology, and beginning in the 15th century missionaries spread the faith throughout much of the world. The major divisio

14、ns of Christianity are Roma Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism. Nearly all Christian churches have an ordained clergy, member of which are typically though not universally male. Members of the clergy lead group worship services and are viewed as intermediaries between the laity and th

15、e divine in some churches. Most Christian churches administer two sacraments, baptism and the Eucharist. In the early 21st century there were more than two billion adherents of Christianity through the world, found on all continents.,Picture,The Reformation,To contemporaries, the reordering of relig

16、ion and the sundering of the social unity that it had once provided to European culture was the most significant development of the sixteenth century. It is impossible to understand the time without taking a look at this. Religion was not a matter of personal preference or opinion, it was the very b

17、asis of society.,Luther In 1517, a dispute about who was entitled to a cut of the revenues generated by itinerant papal indulgence sellers provoked the controversy that led the Augustinian monk, Martin Luther, to nail his 95 theses to the church door at Wittenberg. The upshot of Luthers theses was t

18、hat Christians are saved by faith, and faith alone, and that no amount of works (including the purchase of indulgences) made any difference at all. A drastic enough view, but not one that was immediately perceived as having the ultimate consequences that it eventually did. The Pope, Leo X, was a fai

19、rly easy going fellow, not inclined to vigorously prosecute this first appearance of heresy. There were plenty of heterodox views in the air at the time, and he thought it could be worked out diplomatically.,As it turns out, it could not. Luther was not immediately burnt for a heretic; he was allowe

20、d to present his case in court and had a powerful effect on the populace. He also had a powerful patron and protector in the Elector of Saxony, who shielded him from the ecclesiastical authorities. In addition, the media explosion brought on by the printing press spread his message much further than

21、 it otherwise might have gone, and made him the focus for all sorts of religious, spiritual, political, and economic discontent. The right to read and interpret scripture lead to the throwing off of the chains of papal and ecclesiastical authority; and taking this to mean political and economic free

22、dom as well, there were widespread revolts among the German peasantry. This horrified Luther and many of the civil powers.,The deep belief that religious uniformity was essential for political and social stability made heterodox opinions a potential act of treason. It was not the desire of the intel

23、lectual reformers to challenge civil authority, but it was a consequence. The German states were small political units: principalities, duchies, electorates, and so on, all theoretically owing loyalty to the Holy Roman Emperor as overlord, but most exercising a fairly independent course a lot of the

24、 time. As the leaders of these states made their choices for or against the new opinion, their populations went with them (like it or not). For many, the attractions of nationalizing church property was a powerful incentive to become a reformer. Political alliances were made and remade in the name o

25、f religion throughout the rest of the century.,Calvin In the wave of suppression that followed the Day of the Placards, one of the exiles was a evangelical humanist named Jean Calvin (Latinized as Calvin), from Noyon in Picardy. He had studied law and had made a bit of name in humanist circles with

26、a work on Seneca. In 1536 Calvin published (in Latin) The Institutes of the Christian Religion in Basel. He sojourned in Strasbourg from 1538-1541, refining his thoughts on how to create Gods kingdom on earth, and ultimately landed in Geneva. The Institutes were published in French in 1541, and had

27、the most profound effect of any book save the Bible on the development of Protestantism in France. Ironically, the first edition of this book was dedicated to King Franois, perhaps in the hope that the generally open-minded king could still be persuaded to adopt the reformed religion.,Calvin did not

28、 really add anything particularly new to Protestant theology in the Institutes, but he gave much more logical and analytical structure to its doctrines. His book was an effective educational tool, intended to be the foundation for organizing a new Christianity (and by implication, a more godly new s

29、ociety). Calvinism is strongly identified with the doctrine of predestination, but this was not really a novel view - it was implicit in St. Augustines work of centuries before. It was Calvins legalistic explanation of the significance of it and other standard articles of Protestant confession that

30、made the difference. It is an intense irony that the citizens of Geneva, a people who were so determined to be free from an oppressive church hierarchy, who held as an article of faith the priesthood of all believers, and who were fanatical about the liberty to study and interpret the scriptures for

31、 themselves, should end up establishing a theocracy where the Kingdom of God was so rigidly enforced that staying up after 9 oclock in a public inn was a crime.,Incidentally, the Lutherans and Calvinists came to despise each other. Montaigne recounts the story of visiting a town in Germany and havin

32、g an interesting discussion with the pastor of the church there. (Montaigne was insatiably curious about others beliefs and never passed up the opportunity to talk to Lutherans, Jews, witches, and anyone else of interest). This Lutheran pastor held that he would rather celebrate the mass of Rome tha

33、n so much as walk into the service of the Calvinists.,Henry VIII and his contribution to the Reformation.,Following his marriage and coronation in June 1509 Henry spent a great deal of time and money in splendid entertainments and jousting tournaments in which he enjoyed participating, meeting with

34、success on merit. But the joys of the new king were soon dimmed by a proposition from Pope Julius II to attack France. Feeding vanity once more Julius offered to give Henry the title Most Christian King. Cardinal Bembridge wrote to Henry His holiness hopes that your grace will utterly exterminate th

35、e King of France. Despite sound advice to the contrary Henry chose war and in the June of 1511 invaded France accompanied by his almoner, the rising star Thomas Wolsey. At the battle of Spurs (so called because the French knights ran for their lives rather than fight) Henry had a convincing win but

36、did not follow up his advantage to seize the whole country. In the event, Louis XII at 53 years old and a widower, sued for peace and the hand of Henrys sister, the 16 year old Princess Mary. The Princess did her duty and married although she was in love with a courtier, Charles Brandon. Among her a

37、ttendants that went to France was a young Anne Boleyn. It was a short marriage, wed on 9 October 1514 - Louis died 1 January 1515 allowing a happy ending as Mary was reunited with her paramour, married and later forgiven by Henry for acting without his permission. In later years Henry was not so for

38、giving.,About this time the focus for culture and learning moved from Italy and France to Oxford where several young men were critical of the church, they made sarcastic comments, and suggestions of reform were discussed. to burst the bonds of clerical domination and emancipate the human mind . Henr

39、y turned to literature and summoned Sir Thomas More to his Court and before long More was a constant companion. Meanwhile critics focused on the monasteries and held up as an example the abbot of St Albans who had taken a married woman as his concubine and placed her at the head of a nunnery; profli

40、gacy and lechery was rampant among the monks. Notably Wolsey complained to the pope and obtained permission to secularize some 22 institutions. He then appropriated their 2000 revenues to found colleges at Ipswich and Oxford. Significantly the monasteries had been attacked by a cardinal, and Thomas

41、Cromwell, now Wolseys secretary, duly noted the action taken. A particular friend in London to the men of letters, was Dean Colet of St Pauls who made many sermons supportive of reformation.,Avoiding entanglement in wars on the continent, Henry turned inwards to his kingdom into which, in 1516, arri

42、ved the New Testament translated into Greek, with a new Latin translation, by Erasmus. It was received with unprecedented enthusiasm. Instantly the church reacted, not by attacking men of social standing and intellect, but by monks and friars trying to stir up the common people. To add to the conste

43、rnation of the clerics Erasmus was very vocal in his support for translations into vulgar tongues. Cleverly the priests accused Erasmus of correcting the Vulgate Bible and pointed to some minor word changes, thus the cry of heretic was made. The cry was taken up especially by Edward Lee, archdeacon

44、of Colchester and Archbishop of York. Lee organized what we would call briefing material which was circulated to monasteries and convents et al, and enabled a concerted attack to be made on the new publication,But it was too late to stop the book being circulated and read, and discussed. The seeds o

45、f the Reformation had been sown, now it was being nurtured not least by Martin Luther declaring his Theses on All Souls day, 31 October 1517 in Wittenberg, Germany. Among those at Trinity Hall Cambridge, was Thomas Bliley, a young man who cared greatly for his soul. He later went on to teach at Camb

46、ridge and become another sufferer for his beliefs at the hands of the prelates.,Throughout his lifetime Henry always claimed to be a “Catholic.” But, for political expediency he excluded the pope from home affairs, whether political or religious. When it suited him, as in 1529, he allowed quite seve

47、re changes in law concerning probate etc in order to get a money bill passed by the Commons. Nevertheless he retained many of the old doctrines, without examining them for himself in the light of Scriptures. He was proud to think of himself as a Defender of the Faith but had no qualifications for be

48、ing so - save a great vanity. With the help of Sir Thomas More he had written an attack on the writings of Luther which became a best seller of its day. But he executed a number of Roman Catholics who would not agree to his opposition to the papacy, including Sir Thomas More. At the same time he con

49、tinued to allow burning at the stake for heresy (under changed rules), usually for denying transubstantiation. In all this he was malignly served by the papist Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, who continued to inveigle change that reverted to the practices of Rome, even to the extent of tryin

50、g to entrap Katherine Parr, Henrys sixth wife.,Worse was to follow in 1546, again with the connivance of Gardiner, in that a league was proposed between the Emperor, France and England. Gardiner advised that the ongoing Reformation would be a hindrance to an agreement. Thus Henry instructed Cranmer

51、to stay further changes until a more propitious time. Yet on 8 July 1546 there was a Proclamation abolishing English Books, including Tindals English version.,picture,Three World Religions,Definition,1.Redemption 赎回，拯救 n. the act of delivering from sin or saving from evil 2.Salvation n.拯救，救助 3.Resur

52、rection n.复活，起死回生 .(New Testament) the rising of Christ on the third day after the Crucifixion刑罚，苦难 .a revival复活 from inactivity and disuse,4.Catholic Church天主教；天主教会；天主教堂；大公教会 n. any of several churches claiming to have maintained historical continuity with the original Christian Church 5.Protestant

53、 Churches 新教,The structure of the passage,Part 1. （P1） The rising and developing of religious reformation. Part 2. （P2-9） Martin Luthers movement for protesting against the Christian and the success of his reformation. Part 3. （P10-12） The religious reformation in other area. （Calvin and England） Pa

54、rt 4. （P13） The influence of the reformation.,（Line6）Holy Roman Empire 神圣的罗马帝国 devout 虔诚的 denounce 痛斥，斥责 bishop 主教 （Line7）worldliness 俗气，俗心 piety 虔诚，孝敬 （Line12）pious 虔诚的 （Line18）pardon 饶恕，赦免 （Line19）confess 承认，坦白 priest 神父 penance 悔过 （Line20）fasting 禁食 （Line34）doctrine 教义 （Line37）justify 无罪的，合理的 （Li

55、ne38）redemption 拯救，赎回 （Line39）vocation 使命 （Line41）legitimate 合理的，合法的,（Line47）Lutherans 马丁路德的教徒 （Line53）demonstrate 示威，表明 （Line55）suppress 镇压 （Line57）Protestants 新教徒 （Line59）Catholics 天主教 Pope 教皇 （Line60）Augsburg Confession奥格斯堡信纲 （Line63）theologian 神学研究者 （Line64）Calvinism 加尔文派 （Line65）abuse 陋习，滥用 （Li

56、ne67）predestination 得救预定论 （Line70）predestine 预先指定 （Line72）missionary 传教士 （Line74）Huguenots 胡格诺派教徒,（Line75）Presbyterian Church 基督教长老会 （Line77）annul 取消 （Line79）the Act of Supremacy 至尊法案 （Line83）papacy 教皇制度 （Line85）sacrament 圣礼 creed 教义,1.An indulgence, it was believed, reduced the time that ones soul

57、would have to spent in suffering or punishment before the soul reached heaven. （Line21-22） 人们相信，特赦减少了灵魂在抵达天堂之前花费在受折磨和惩罚上的时间。,2.Like earlier reformers, Luther said that the Bible provided all the guidance a person needed to live a Christian life. Luther believed that people should read the Bible to f

58、ind the path to faith. He did not think they had to rely on the interpretations given by the Pope or the clergy. He urged changes in church services and said that members of the clergy should be allowed to marry. （Line29-33）,像早期的改革者一样，路德认为圣经提供了一个人在作为基督教徒的一生中所需要的所有指导。路德相信我们应该读圣经来找寻通向信仰的道路。他认为人们不一定非要依

59、赖教皇和牧师所给的解释。他极力主张改变宗教服务并且认为牧师人员应该被允许结婚。,3.Some German princes backed Luther because they saw a chance to acquire property owned by the Church. The princes support for Luther was a way of demonstrating their independence from the Holy Roman Emperor. （Line51-54） 一些德国贵族支持路德因为他们看到了一个能从教皇那获得财产的机会。贵族们对路德的支持是向神圣的罗马皇帝表明独立的一种方式。,4.A central idea of Calvins philosophy, however, was predestination, the belief that certain people were chosen by God for salvation. According to Calvin, those