工程专业英语.ppt

1、special english of civil engineer Chen Lingli Department of civil engineering,Background,学习专业英语是拓宽专业视野、学以致用的重要体现： 巩固和提高英语水平 学习专业知识，提高专业技能, 以英语为工具获取国际上最新的专业科技知识,情报资料以及其他与本专业有关的信息， 提高英语综合应用能力, 并能积极参与到国际科学技术的交流中去，,课程学习目的,Background,Research International communication,掌握与本专业相关的英语术语、词汇 具有初步的阅读专业英文文献的能力

2、会用英语进行基本的专业学术交流 初步具备撰写英文专业文献及科技论文的能力,课程目的,Reference:,陈汉生: 阅读教程，上海外语教育出版社 马玉蕾，苗瑞琴：英语文化与交流，上海交大出版社（第五章：语言交际） Don Snow：跨文化交际技巧（学生用书） 钱永梅等：土木工程专业英语 秦卫红：土木工程专业英语,Characters of language,data, formula, sysbol, diagram and chart, procedure Style: paper, summary, report, handbook, book Accuracy （用词） Civil en

3、gineering offers a particular chanenge because almost every structure or system that is designed and built by civil engineers is unique. One structure rarely duplicates another exactly. Brevity（句子结构） The yield criterion for a material is a mathematical description of combination of stresses which wo

4、uld cause yield of the material. In other words it is a relationship between applied stresses and strength. Clarty(逻辑、概念、关系) The materials are the basic elements of any building. Building materials may be classified into three groups, according to the purposes they are used for.,Contents,Lesson 1 阅读

5、技巧 Lesson 2 翻译技巧 Lesson 3 写作技巧 Lesson 4 英语交流 Lesson 5 土木工程概论 Lesson 6 建筑结构 Lesson 7 基础工程 Lesson 8 工程抗震 Lesson 9 基础设施工程,Methodology,How to learn?,Reading (Professional English paper and material) Practicing (Translation and writing Professional English paper ) Attention (Professional trends and devel

6、opments, etc),Lesson 1：Reading skill,What do we read? Why do we read? How do we read?,What do we read?,Facts Methods Models tools Data Cases Historys ,Why do we read?,Clarify the contents of passage Plain fact (direct reference) Inplied fact (inference) Deduced meaning (supposition) evaluation,How d

7、o we read?reading skills,Extensive reading: reading longer texts, mainly involving global understanding. Intensive reading: reading shorter texts, reading for detail, more accuracy. Skimming: quickly running ones eyes over a test to get the gist of it. Scanning: quickly going through a text to find

8、a particular piece of information.,Reading steps,Words, sentence, paragraph, papers structure Title, abstract, conclusion, and diagram Skim through the passage, find out key words/ topic words Read again, more slowly and carefully Gain main idea,科技英语的构词特点,外来语多（很多来自希腊语和拉丁语）etc, i.e.,构词方法多；,有大量半科技英语词汇

9、（semi-scientific words） Eg. annual output , produceevery year, Econimical, foreword,转化法 派生法 合成法 大量使用后缀、词根,压缩法 混成法 符号法 字母象形法,Eg. Standard-standardlize； Former-the former；Wide-widen QC(quality Control) ; Eng.(Engineering); T-beam,1 转化法（conversion）,科技英语的构词方法,2 派生法（derivation）,通过加前、后缀构成一个新词,科技英语的构词方法,2

10、派生法（derivation）,科技英语的构词方法,3 合成法（composition）,由两个或更多的词合成一个词，叫合成法。有时需加连字符,科技英语的构词方法,4 压缩法（shortening）,只取词头字母 ASCE： American Society of Civil Engineers ACI: American Concrete Institute CAD: Computer Aided Design ppm: parts per million 百万分之一 将单词删去一些字母： lab： laboratory 实验室 Kilo：kilogram 千克、公斤 sym.: Symme

11、try or symmetrical,科技英语的构词方法,5 混成法（blending）把两个词的一头一尾连在一起构成一个新词 positron=positiveelectron 正的电子=正电子6 符号法（signs） H-steel column7 字母形象法（letter symbolizing） X-ray U-pipe,8 常用后缀、词根,科技英语的构词方法,Inference : Recognize synonyms and antonyms同义词、反义词,Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.

12、 Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms. Types of Synonyms 1. Dialectal 2. Stylistic 3. Differing in emotive or evaluative meaning (e.g. Commendatory Vs. derogatory) 4. Collocational 5. Semantically different Eg. Earthquake Vs. seismic urban Vs. suburban Lorry Vs. Truck,Inference : Reco

13、gnize synonyms and antonyms同义词、反义词,Antonymy means oppositeness of meaning; word that are opposite in meaning are antonyms. Types of antonyms 1. Gradable antonyms hot Vs. Cold 2. Complementary antonyms male Vs. Female；rigid Vs. flexible 3. Relational opposites teacher Vs. pupil,科技论文中常用的同义词、反义词,Infere

14、nce : Homonymy多义词,Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. Types of Homonymy 1. Homophones: When two or more words are identical in sound but different in both spelling and meaning

15、, they are called homophones, e.g. rain/reign. 2. Homographs: When two or more words are identical in spelling but different in both sound and meaning, they are called homographs, e.g. bow/bow 3. Complete homonyms: When two or more words are identical in both sound and spelling but different in mean

16、ing, they are called complete homonyms, e.g. fast/fast.,Inference : Hyponymy上下位关系，多由多词共同决定词义,Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words

17、are called its hyponyms. Eg. Minor axis, detailing requirements. Question: Tell the sense relations between the following words:bed, table,Inference : Lexical sets and collocation建筑结构词汇集,Against slip coefficient between friction surface of high-strength bolted connection：高强度螺栓摩擦面抗滑移系数 allowable rati

18、o of height to sectional thickness of masonry wall or column：砌体墙、柱容许高厚比 allowable slenderness ratio of steel member钢构件容许长细比 allowable slenderness ratio of timber compression member：受压木构件容许长细比 allowable stress range of fatigue：疲劳容许应力幅 allowable ultimate tensile strain of reinforcement：钢筋拉应变限值 allowab

19、le value of crack width：裂缝宽度容许值 deflection of structural member：构件挠度 deflection of timber bending member：受弯木构件挠度 approval analysis during construction stage：施工阶段验算 deformation of steel member：钢构件变形 deformation of structural member：构件变形 drift angle of earthquake resistant structure：抗震结构层间位移角限值 amplif

20、ied coefficient of eccentricity偏心距增大系数 anchorage length of steel bar：钢筋锚固长 archshaped roof truss：拱形屋架,aggregate：骨料 admixture：外加剂 air content：含气量 acceptance lot：验收批量 acceptable quality：合格质量 Anchorage：锚具 arch：拱 arch with tie rod：拉捍拱 rea of shear plane：剪面面积 area of transformed section：换算截面面积 aseismic d

21、esign：建筑抗震设计 assembled monolithic concrete structure：装配整体式混凝土结构 automatic welding：自动焊接 auxiliary steel bar：架立钢筋 backfilling plate：垫板 balanced depth of compression zone： 界限受压区高度 balanced eccentricity：界限偏心距 bar splice：钢筋接头 batten plate：缀板 beam：次梁,Inference : Lexical sets and collocation建筑结构词汇集2,charac

22、teriseic value of live load on floor or roof：楼面、屋面活荷载标准值 characteristi cvalue o fwindload：风荷载标准值 Characteristic value of concrete compressive strength：混凝土轴心抗压强度标准值 characteristic value of earthquake action：地震作用标准值 characteristic value of horizontal crane load：吊车水平荷载标准值 characteristic value of masonr

23、y strength：砌体强度标准值 characteristic value of permanent action：永久作用标准值 characteristic value of snowload：雪荷载标准值 characteristic value of strength of steel：钢材强度标准值 characteristic value of strength of steel bar：钢筋强度标准值 characteristic value of uniformly distributed live load：均布活标载标准值 checking section of str

24、uctural member：构件计算截面 circular double-layer suspended cable：圆形双层悬索 circumferential weld：环形焊缝 classfication for earthquake-resistance of buildings：建筑结构抗震设防等级 ：建筑结构抗震设防类别 (9) clear height ：净高 (21) clincher ：扒钉 (?0) coefficient of equivalent bending moment of eccentrically loaded steel memher(beam-colu

25、mn) ：钢压弯构件等效弯矩系数 (58) cold bend inspection of steelbar ：冷弯试验 (39) cold drawn bar ：冷拉钢筋 (28) cold drawn wire ：冷拉钢丝 (29) cold formed thin walled sectionsteel ：冷弯薄壁型钢 (53) cold-formed thin-walled steel structure ：冷弯薄壁型钢结构 (50) cold rolled deformed bar ：冷轧带肋钢筋 (28) column bracing ：柱间支撑 (7) combination v

26、alue of live load on floor or roof ：楼面、屋面活荷载组合值 (15) compaction ：密实度 (37) compliance control ：合格控制 (23) composite brick masonry member ：组合砖砌体构件 (42) composite floor system ：组合楼盖 (8) composite floor with profiled steel sheet ：压型钢板楼板 (8) composite mortar ：混合砂浆 (43) composite roof truss ：组合屋架 (8) compo

27、stle member ：组合构件 (8) compound stirrup ：复合箍筋 (36),bearing plate：支承板 bearing stiffener：支承加劲肋 bent-up steel bar：弯起钢筋 block：砌块 block masonry：砌块砌体 block masonry structure：砌块砌体结构 board：板材 bolt：螺栓 bolted connection(钢结构)螺栓连接 bolted joint:(木结构)螺栓连接 bolted steel structure：螺栓连接钢结构 Bow：弯 brake member：制动构件 bric

28、k masonry：砖砌体 butt connection：对接 butt weld：对接焊缝 cantilever beam ：挑梁 cavitation：孔洞 cement：水泥,Inference : Lexical sets and collocation建筑结构词汇集3,bonded prestressed concrete structure有粘结预应力混凝土结构 breadth of wall between windows：窗间墙宽度 brick masonry column：砖砌体柱 brick masonry structure：砖砌体结构 brick masonry wa

29、ll：砖砌体墙 building structural materials：建筑结构材料 building structural unit：建筑结构单元 Built-up steel column:格构式钢柱 calculating area of compression member：受压构件计算面积 calculating overturning point：计算倾覆点 load-carrying capacity of member：构件承载能力 cap of reinforced concrete column：钢筋混凝土柱帽 carbonation of concrete：混凝土碳化

30、 cast-in-situ concrete slab column structure ：现浇板柱结构 cast-in-situ concrete structure：现浇混凝土结构 concentration of plastic deformation：塑性变形集中 construction and examination concentrated load：施工和检修集中荷载 concrete floded-plate structure：混凝土折板结构,cold-formed thin-walled steel structure：冷弯薄壁型钢结构 column bracing：柱间

31、支撑 compaction：密实度 composite floor system：组合楼盖 composite mortar：混合砂浆 composite roof truss：组合屋架 compostle member：组合构件 Eccentricity：偏心 cement mortar：水泥砂浆 cement content：水泥含量 concrete：混凝土 Column：柱 concrete consistence：混凝土稠度 Foundation：基础 concrete mix ratio：混凝土配合比 constant cross：等截面 core area of section：

32、截面核芯面积 corrosion of steel bar：钢筋锈蚀 coupled wall：连肢墙 coupler：连接器 coupling wall-beam ：连梁 coupling wall-column：墙肢 coursing degree of ：砂浆分层度 crack：裂缝 crack resistance：抗裂度 crack width：裂缝宽度 crane girder：吊车梁 crane load：吊车荷载,Inference : Lexical sets and collocation建筑结构词汇集4,degree of gravity vertical forwall

33、 surface：墙面垂直度 design value of earthquake-resistant strength of materials：材料抗震强度设计值 distribution factor of snow pressure：屋面积雪分布系数 down-stayed composite beam：下撑式组合粱 earthquake-resistant detailing requirements：抗震构造要求 elasticity modulus of materials：材料弹性模量 elongation rate：伸长率 embeded parts：预埋件 enhanced

34、 coefficient of local bearing strength of materials：局部抗压强度提高系数 equivalent slenderness ratio：换算长细比 eulers critical load：欧拉临界力 excessive penetration：塌陷 fiber concrete：纤维混凝仁 fillet weld：角焊缝 final setting time：终凝时间 fired common brick：烧结普通砖 fissure：裂缝 flexible connection：柔性连接,hoop：箍筋 impact toughness：冲击韧

35、性 impermeability：抗渗性 inclined section：斜截面 inclined stirrup：斜向箍筋 lintel：过梁 load bearing wall：承重墙 longitudinal steel bar：纵向钢筋 longitudinal stiffener：纵向加劲肋 losses of prestress：预应力损失 lump material：块体 Main/major axis：强轴 main beam：主梁 manufacture control：生产控制 map cracking：龟裂 masonry：砌体 method of sampling：抽

36、样方法 minimum strength class of masonry ：砌体材料最低强度等级 minor axis：弱轴 mix ratio of mortar：砂浆配合比 wind fluttering factor：风振系数,Inference : Lexical sets and collocation建筑结构词汇集5,flexural rigidity of section：截面弯曲刚度 flexural stiffness of member：构件抗弯刚度 frame structure：框架结构 frame with sidesway：有侧移框架 frange plate：翼

37、缘板 friction coefficient of masonry：砌体摩擦系数 full degree of mortar at bed joint：砂浆饱满度 grider：主梁 grip：夹具 grith weld：环形焊缝 gusset plate：节点板; warping：翘曲 hanging steel bar：吊筋 heat tempering bar：热处理钢筋 height variation factor of wind pressure：风压高度变化系数 High-strength bolt：高强度螺栓 hinge support：铰轴支座 hingeless arch

38、：无铰拱 hollow brick：空心砖 hollow ratio of masonry unit：块体空心率 visual examination of weld：焊缝外观检查,coupling wall-column：墙肢 coursing degree of ：砂浆分层度 crack：裂缝 crack resistance：抗裂度 crack width：裂缝宽度 crane girder：吊车梁 crane load：吊车荷载 creep of concrete：混凝土徐变 decay prevention 防腐 defect in timber：木材缺陷 degree of pla

39、inness：平整度 depth of neutral axis：中和轴高度 destructive test：破损试验 detailing reintorcement：构造配筋 detailing requirements：构造要求 dimensional errors：尺寸偏差 dowelled joint：销连接 ductile frame：延性框架 effective length：计算长度 effective span：计算跨度 elastic analysis scheme：弹性方案 elastic foundation beam：弹性地基梁,Inference : Lexical

40、 sets and collocation建筑结构词汇集6,modulus of elasticity of concrete：混凝土弹性模量 Post-tensioned prestressed concrete structure：后张法预应力混凝土结构 ratio of shear span to effective depth of section：剪跨比 redistribution of internal force：内力重分布 rigid-elastic analysis scheme：刚弹性方案 section modulus of transformed section：换算

41、截面模量 shearing stiffness of member：构件抗剪刚度 stability reduction coefficient of axially loaded compression：轴心受压构件稳定系数 statically indeterminate structure：超静定结构 Straightline joint failure：通缝破坏 structural system composed of bar：杆系结构 structural system composed of plate：板系结构 thickness of concrete cover：混凝土保护

42、层厚度 thickness of mortarat bed joint：水平灰缝厚度 thin shell：薄壳 ; vertical bracing：竖向支撑 three hinged arch：三铰拱 torsional rigidity of section：截面扭转刚度 trussed arch：椽架 twist：扭弯,mortar：砂浆 net span：净跨度 net watercement ratio：净水灰比 purlin：檩条 ratio of reinforcement：配筋率 rigid transverse wall：刚性横墙 rigid zone：刚域 rigidit

43、y of section：截面刚度 ring beam：圈梁 rivet：铆钉 roof system：屋盖 roof truss：屋架 secondary axis:弱轴 secondary beam次粱 section steel：型钢 setting time：凝结时间 shake：环裂 short stiffener：短加劲肋 shrinkage of concrete：混凝干收缩 slump：坍落度 slab：楼板 stability calculation：稳定计算,Inference : Lexical sets and collocation力学词汇集,力学 mechanics

44、 牛顿力学 Newtonian mechanics 经典力学 classical mechanics 静力学 statics 运动学 kinematics 动力学 dynamics 动理学 kinetics 宏观力学 macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics 细观力学 mesomechanics 微观力学 microscopic mechanics,micromechanics 一般力学 general mechanics 固体力学 solid mechanics 流体力学 fluid mechanics 理论力学 theoretical mechanics 应

45、用力学 applied mechanics 工程力学 engineering mechanics 实验力学 experimental mechanics,计算力学 computational mechanics 理性力学 rational mechanics 物理力学 physical mechanics 力 force 作用点 point of action 作用线 line of action 力系 system of forces 力系的简化 reduction of force system 等效力系 equivalent force system 刚体 rigid body 平衡 e

46、quilibrium 力的平衡 equilibrium of forces 平衡条件 equilibrium condition 平衡位置 equilibrium position 平衡态 equilibrium state 分析力学 analytical mechanics 自由振动 free vibration 固有振动 natural vibration 模态分析 modal analysis 固有模态 natural mode of vibration,Predicting，previewing, anticipation,在复杂句中通过动词快速确定句子结构，确定句子含义。 The p

47、rovisions of Section H1 apply to rolled wide-flange shapes, channels, tee-shapes, round, square, and rectangular tubes, and many other possible combinations of doubly or singly symmetric sections built-up from plates. 牢记it, which, that 等代词含义 注意Link-words: because, but, instead, until, after, before,

48、 nevertheless, however, so Guess content of passage from diagram, tables, pictures Key stentence often appears at the begining of each paragraph. First and last paragraph,P-M interaction according to Section H1.3,cPnx,bMn,P-M interaction In-plane, full length,cPnx,Column axial load capacity accounti

49、ng for x axis buckling,P-M interaction for zero length,bMp,cPY,cPny,Out-of-plane Beam moment capacity accounting for lateral-torsional buckling,P-M interaction Out-plane, full length,Column axial load capacity accounting for y axis buckling,Improving reading speed,词形快速识别：beam, bent, band,bolt, bar 词

50、义的辨识：同义、反义、衍生 重整体意思捕捉，用整段意思推测难句含义 避免查字典 避免翻译,注意英语特定表达方法,The improtance of building modern installation can not be overestimated in economic development 错误：在经济发展中修建现代化设施的重要性不能过分估计 正确：在经济发展中修建现代化设施的重要性怎么估计也不过分。 A novel solution to car which runs out of control into bridge abutments and the like had be

51、come popular in North American although not yet in Europe. 错误：对于汽车失控撞到桥墩上等类似问题，尽管在欧洲还没有找到解决办法，然而在北美已经有了新的很普遍的解决办法 正确：对于汽车失控撞到桥墩上等类似问题，已经有了新的解决办法，北美已普遍使用，然而在欧洲还没做到这点。,特定表达,But for如果没有；free from免于；short of 短缺；in vain无效；make light of 不重视；in the dark一点也不知道；far from远非；but that若非；fail to 没有 We gained litt

52、le help from the them.我们从他们那里未得到帮助 There is nothing unexpected about the problem.这个问题尽在意料之中,结合专业背景确定语义,Foundation are classified as “rigid” or “flexible”, depending on how they distribute load. 错误：基础被分为“坚硬的”和“柔韧的”，这主要取决于它们怎样传递荷载。 正确：按照荷载传递情况，基础被分为“刚性的”和“柔性的”。 The method can not be used in indetermin

53、ate tructures. 错误：这种方法不能用于不定结构。 正确：这种方法不能用于超静定结构。,Reading helps writing, listening and speaking,Summarizing your reading in letter, note-making Using recorded information, matching opinions and texts Discussions, debates, appreciation,Air conditioning may include the function of heating and ventilat

54、ion but in addition is concerned with lowering the temperature of the thermal environment.,Heating, ventilation and air conditioning may be defined in general terms as the control of the environment within enclosed space.,T,T,Rooms are largely heated by convection currents.,T,T,Because the winds tra

55、nsfer heat from warm to cool areas, the density and temperature difference tends to be equalized.,T,F,The temperature of the air in the immediate vicinity of a radiator rises and so the air density changes.,After a uniform temperature has been established, molecular collisions do not continue to tra

56、nsfer.,Comprehension:,1. The radiation emitted by all bodies consists of electromagnetic waves of many frequencies,A. except visible light.,B,B. from long infrared rays through visible light to short ultraviolet rays.,C. Which are all in visible rays.,2. At ordinary temperatures,A. Electrons in an o

57、bject change energy states.,C,B. Electrons in an object change energy states for only a few times a second.,C. Electrons in an object change energy states for millions of times a second.,3. Radiation depends on,A. The materials composing the bodies.,C,B. The surroundings.,C. The temperature.,4. If a

58、n object had no way to collect heat by itself,A. It would radiate its energy away and drop to a temperature of freezing-point.,C,B. It would absorb heat from other objects to keep its temperature.,C. It would radiate its heat away and drop to a temperature of absolute zero.,Words:,mechanics n. 力学The

59、 branch of physics that is concerned with the analysis of the action of forces on matter or material systems.2. kinematics n. 运动学The branch of mechanics that studies the motion of a body or a system of bodies without consideration given to its mass or the forces acting on it.,Words:,3. dynamics n. 动力学the branch of mechanics concerned with the forces that cause motions of bodies2. kinematics n. 运动学The branch of mechanics that studies the motion of a body or a system of bodies without consideration given to its mass or the forces acting on it.,C. at rest,bin