AnalysisontheBritishpartysystem-英国政党制度研究(英语).ppt

1、A Research on the British Party System its Emergence, Development, Outlook,A presentation by：Idearat May 30th, 2009,Contents,Introduction: General view of present British institutions Body: The early English Constitutional History What we have found Emergence and development of Whig and Tory Party s

2、ystem in the 20th century with Labor Social bases of parties and the electoral system Conclusion & Outlook:,British Institutions,Constitutional Monarchy,Queen as the official Head of State/ the Commonwealth,Michael Martin: Parliamentary expense scandal First Commons speaker to resign in more than 30

3、0 years,Elizabeth II ： Supreme Governor of the church of England Born on 21 April 1926 Enthroned on 6 February 1952,Two Party System,The Westminster System,The leader of the party with most seats in the House of Commons is chosen to be the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister then selects the other Mi

4、nisters from Parliament,The party with the second highest number of supporters is called the Opposition. Supervsing the government and preparing for taking over power,First Past the Post electoral system,The Labor Party,The Conservative Party,William I the Conqueror and the Normans brought feudalism

5、 to England Legal reforms by Henry II (1154-1189) Father of the English Common Law Introduced the Constitutions of Clarendon, which placed limitations on the Churchs jurisdiction over crimes committed by priests. Trial by jury Longstanding regional peculiarities in legal custom gave way to a uniform

6、 royal law Erected the basic framework of a new legal system to be adapted and expanded Richard I, the Lion-hearted became King of England (1189-1199) The issuing of Magna Carta (Great Charter) in 1215,The Early English Constitutional History 1/3,As the influential Victorian historian William Stubbs

7、 wrote,His conflicts with the King Augustus, Pope Innocent III and the English barons ended in failure for John.,The issuing of Magna Carta (Great Charter) in 1215,King John signing the Magna Carta,No free man shall be taken or imprisoned or disseised or outlawed or exiled or in any way ruined, nor

8、will we go or send against him, except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land. To no one will we sell, to no one will we deny or delay right or justice.,The executive power must proceed by recognized legal process, never unlawfully, when taking action against an individual. No

9、 one is above the law, however high his or her status, a concept capable of evolving into the principle of equality under the law.,The earliest Parliament (1265) Simon de Montfort led the barons to rebel the king. He defeated the king and summoned the Great Council. He was defeated and killed by Pri

10、nce Edward later. The meeting was not abolished and the British parliamentary custom began. During Edward Is administration, common law reached maturity, and Parliament became an indispensable component of English government. The deposition of Edward II (1327) The formalities of the royal deposition

11、 were carried out in a parliament A constitutional means of justifying the removal of a king who doesnt abide by customary laws and the communitys will. The Petition of Right(1628) Charles I was forced to call Parliament into session because of shortages of money Parliament voted the king supplies a

12、nd made him to accept Petition of Right Charles duplicity led to the dissolution of Parliament for 11 years,The Early English Constitutional History 2/3,It was the kings need for money, which largely conditioned his policies. Concessions were granted to the commons in recognition of their power to g

13、rant subsidies.,The Early English Constitutional History 3/3,Glorious Revolution William & Mary as joint sovereigns of England English Bill of Rights,Titled: An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown,No laws or taxes without Parliament.,Marked

14、the establishment of British Constitutional Monarchy.,Freedom to elect members of parliament without interference from the sovereign.,Beheading of Charles I,Pictures Show,Return of Monarchy,What we have found,A process of change by gradual and peaceful means. Evolution rather than revolution. First

15、limited government then representative democracy. Gradual expansion of civil and political rights from elites to people alongside industrialization and economic development.,Appearance of Tory and Whig,During the era of Restoration, the commons argued over whether James II, namely Duke of York, migh

16、t inherit the throne. James was a Roman Catholic.,Evolution of Tory and Whig in the 17th & 18th centuries,In 1694, William III appointed Whigs to make up the first party cabinet. In 1721, Gorge I who distrusted Tories made Robert, a Whig, the first British Prime Minister. In 1742, Walpole resigned a

17、s a result of the Parliaments distrust. Along with the historical recession of monarchy, Tories gradually accepted the parliamentary system instead of kings reign. The difference between the two political groups, however, turned out to be their divergences on detailed policies.,Sir Robert Walpole, F

18、irst PM,10 Downing Street, Permanent Residence of PM,Evolution of Tory and Whig in the 19th century,Take the year of 1815 as an example, Whig：Care about the interests of merchants and bankers, object to parliamentary reforms Tory： Tend to agree with parliamentary reforms Great Reform Acts of 1832 (W

19、higs) Franchise extended to about 7% of adult population. Men of property can vote. 2% increase Boosted the arise of modern political parties 1867 Reforms (Tories) Some working class males enfranchised. Franchise extended to 16% of adult population. Boosted the emergence of well-organized party stru

20、cture/machine 1884 Reforms (prosperous economy & compulsory education) All males over 21 who got a home enfranchised. Franchise extended to 28% of adults. In the Victoria Era (1837-1901), the maturity of alternate governance,Queen Victoria in 1847,Enlargement of franchise From Rich to Poor among men

21、: At the end of this very century, more than a half of the commons were non-nobles.,In 1830s, Tory changed into the Conservative, while Whig became the Liberal,Liberal overtook by Labor in the early 20th century,After a long period of administration, Whigs also became quite conservative. The general

22、 election didnt appeal to voters that much as the two groups were almost the same. As liberal economy replaced by monopoly economy and free trade converted into protect trade in industrialized countries, the Liberals met a cleavage. Upper merchants joined the Conservative, working class embraced the

23、 Labor The collapse of Liberal was followed by Labors being the Official Opposition in 1922 Labor Representation Committee founded in 1900, changed name into Labor in 1906 It is the labor movement it is actually an organization whose constituent members include the labor unions ,socialist societies,

24、 and the Co-Operative Party,Conservative-Labor in the 20th century,1924,In 1924， Ramsay Macdonald became the first Labor Prime Minister. In 1920s, and in period in power after WWII, Labor established much of the modern British social welfare state.,1945,1940,Labor,Conservative,Conservative-Labor in

25、the 20th century,1924,In 1979，Margaret Hilda Thatcher became the first female Prime Minister. She made a fundamental change to Conservative policies, turning the Conservative Party into an economic neoliberal party. Privatization of nationalized enterprises in coal, iron and steel, gas, electricity,

26、 water supply, railways, trucking, airlines and telecommunication. Hard lines on labor unions Reduction of social welfare state Resigned in 1990 and her successor John Major furthered her policies,1945,1940,1979,Labor,Conservative,Conservative-Labor in the 20th century,1924,Tony Blair became leader

27、of Labor in 1994 Loosened links with the unions Embraced many of Thatchers liberal economic policies Raised the motto “third way”, “new Labor” In power since 1997, after 18 years period as minority party for Labor,1945,1940,1979,Labor,Conservative,1997,SDP-Liberal Alliance,In 1981 several right-wing

28、 Labour MPs formed a breakaway group called the Social Democratic Party(SDP), a move which split Labour. The SDP eventually merged with the Liberal Party to form the Liberal Democrats in 1988. Support for the new party has increased since then. Also known as the re-emergence of the Libral. LibDems h

29、as risen a significant third party, an alternative to the two major parties. This has also brought a problem, what on earth is Britains party system? Two-party system Two-and-a-half party system Multi Party System,Social Bases of British Parties,Social class major UK-wide division (In General) Labor

30、 is left-of-center party with a base among lower middle class and worker class votes. Social welfare priorities and strong ties to labor unions. Conservative Party is a right-of-center with a base among upper middle class and upper class voters. Strong ties to private business. They compete for the

31、middle class (the center) Dominant social cleavage in C20th British politics 1945-74: two-party, two-class system arguments over ideology Weakening of class loyalties from 1974 Consensus around Keynesian Economics and the Welfare state broke down The concept of Labour supporting the Working Class an

32、d Conservatives the middle and upper class also broke down Parties tend to be moderate and catch-all,Keynesian： 凯恩斯主义的,UK General Elections 1945-2005 Votes/Seats Won (%),Votes Won,Seats Won,25.4：27.4,23: 209,The Simple Plurality Voting System,Similar to first past the post / winner-takes-all Histori

33、cally, FPTP has been a contentious electoral system Parties tend to be moderate because they need to attract opposite support Keep two parties big and penalize smaller parties Does not reflect public opinion proportionally Third parties are not seen as potential governments If minor parties come up

34、with good ideas-major parties will pinch them to sustain their popularity Proportional Representation electoral system Voters have a wide choice and are more likely to vote for the party/candidate that reflects their view If coalition government is necessary the ruling parties will compromise with each other Tiny extreme parties could join a coalition and have unwarranted power and influence Negotiations after elections can take a long time-leaving the country without a firm leader and allowing extreme partied