小升初英语语法总结_PPT_讲解与练习

1、小升初语法总复习汇总,分 类,一、名词（可数名词和不可数名词） 二、人称代词 三、冠词 四、动词 五、介词 六、数词 七、形容词和副词,八、there be结构 九、句式 1.肯定句 2.否定句 3.疑问句 4.祈使句 十、时态： 1. 一般现在时 2. 一般过去时 3. 现在进行时 4. 一般将来时 十一、“wh”的特殊疑问句,一、名词,名词（表示人和事物名称的词）,专有名词,普通名词,特定的人、地方、机构等专有的名称。第一个字母通常要大写。 e.g. Jim Green， New York， Bank of China，Peking University 星期、月份、节日、学科、报刊名也是

2、专有名词。,个体名词 表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：student , desk 集体名词 表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：class , family 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质名称，如：water , rice , sand，hair 抽象名词 表示情感，状态，品质等抽象名称，如：love ，carelessness,个体名词和集体名词多数可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，有单、复数形式； 物质名词和抽象名词通常无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词，一般只有一种形式。,英语语法中，只有可数名词才有复数形式。名词有两种数的形式： 1）单数（表示一个人或事物）； 2）复数（表示多于一个的人或数）。

3、,名词的数：,名词复数形式的构成,不规则名词的复数,由元音字母的变化构成： man-men, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, mouse-mice, woman-women 2. 有些名词的复数形式与单数的形式一样： sheep, deer, fish(但也可以是fishes) 有些名词变成复数时加-en: child-children, ox-oxen,Practise,peach_ 2. zoo _ 3. glass _4. fox _ 5. lady _6. policewoman _ 7. house _8. photo _ 9. monkey _10. wife _

4、11. rose _12. path _ 13. judge _14. map _,peaches,zoos,glasses,foxes,ladies,policewomen,houses,photos,monkeys,wives,roses,paths,judges,maps,二、人称代词和物主代,主格一般用在句子前面，宾格用在动词后面，I am Li Le. Call me le le. 形容词性物主代词指 “某人的什么”，my book (我的书), your puppy. (你的小狗) 名词性人称代词指什么是“某人的”This book is mine. (这本书是我的),Practi

5、se,_(他) is my brother. 2. I had a letter from _ (她). 3. Its all right; its only _(我). 4. Today _(我们) went in _(我们的) car; tomorrow _(我们) are going in _(他们的). 5. _(我) lend _(我的) books gladly to _ (我的) friends and to _(你的). 6. Can you help _(我) with _(我的) English. 7. When _(你) go to see _(你的) father, p

6、lease take these books to _(他). 8. _(他们) found _(它) difficult to learn German.,He,her,me,we,our,we,theirs,I,my,my,yours,me,my,you,your,him,They,it,所有格,所有格的形式 单数人称名词末尾加 schild-childs 以-s结尾的单数人称名词末尾加swaitress-waitresss 不规则的复数人称名词末尾加schildren-childrens 以-s结尾的复数人称名词末尾加girls-girls 以-s结尾的一些人名末尾加sJames-Jam

7、ess,下列情况一般用 “of”结构： 东西(没有现成的复合名词时): the book of the film 2. 东西的一部分: the bottom of the box 3. 抽象的概念: the price of success 4. 当of短语中的名词被另一个短语或从句修饰时： Cant you look at the book of the boy behind you?,双重,s结构也可以用于 “of”结构之后，如：a friend of my fathers , 出现这种情况是因为在一个名词前通常只用一个限定词，又如：this son of mine, a friend o

8、f yours, a cousin of hers等等。 Isnt Frank a friend of yours? That silly uncle of Toms has told me the same Joke five times.,冠词,不定冠词a,an,定冠词the,只能用于单数可数名词之前,单数可数名词 复数可数名词 不可数名词,零冠词,名词前可不用冠词,不定冠词的用法： 表示“一”，“任何一个”或“不管哪一个”的意思。 I have a sister and two brothers. 2. 在某些度量表示法中： We have PE lessons three times

9、a week. 3. 用在单数的表语名词前，以表示职业、行业、宗教、等级等。 George wants to be an engineer. 4. 在以what引导的感叹句中，单数的可数名词前。 What a pretty girl! 5. 一些常用短语中。 have a good time, half an hour, have a headache.,定冠词的用法： 用来表示“独一无二”的意思。 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 2. 表示“说话的人刚刚提到过的人或事物”。 There is a boat in the rive

10、r. The boat is made of wood. 3. 用在后面跟有限定性介词短语的名词前。 the letter from America, the fourteenth of April 4. 用在泛指的乐器名词前。 He plays the piano. 5. 一些常用短语。 by the way, in the morning, Whats the matter?,零冠词的用法： 泛指的抽象名词前。Life is very hard for some people. 2. 泛指的物质名词前。Water is very useful. 3. 泛指的复数名词前。Books are

11、my best friends. 4. 泛指的“餐”名前。Come to have dinner/breakfast with me. 5. 大多数的专有名词前。He comes from France. 6. 语言的名词前。She can speak French. 7. 在季节和节日的名词前。Winter is the best time for skating. 8. 当名词前已有一些代词修饰时。My brother is a soldier. 9. 在体育项目的名词前。play basketball 10. 一些常用短语。 at home, go to school, at night

12、,1. There is _notebook on my desk. I use _ notebook to keep a diary. 2. There is _bottle on the table. _ water in it is sweet. 3. Wangs mother is _English teacher. She teaches in _ primary school. 4. China is _ ancient country with _ long history. 5. China has _ population of 12 hundred million. _ C

13、hinese people are _ great people. 6. Her mother is _ university teacher. She is _ honest woman. 7. None of _books should be taken out of _ room without _ permission of _ librarian. 8. _Party always teaches us to work for _ people heart and soul. 9. She studies at _No. 3 Middle School. She goes to _

14、school by _ bus every day. 10. My elder sister is _student of _ English. She studies at _ college.,Practise,a,the,a,The,an,the,an,a,the,The,/,a,an,the,the,the,/,The,/,/,/,/,/,a,a,四、动词,动词主要表示动作，其次表示状态或性质，有时态、语态、语气等形式的变化。,小学阶段所涉及的动词主要有：实义动词、be动词、情态动词can, must等。,Be动词,am, is,are,was, were,been,Practise,

15、1. He _ very good at English. 2. My father and I _ going to Beijing next month. 3. _ you on duty the day before yesterday? 4. Mr. King _ in London two weeks ago. 5. There _ many kinds of animals in the zoo. 6. What _ the date yesterday? 7. Look! A little girl _ flying a kite. 8. Who _ not at school

16、last Monday? 9. Have you ever _ to Japan? 10. I _ not a nurse. I work as a doctor.,is,are,Were,was,are,was,is,was,been,am,动词的基本形式,第三人称单数现在式,动词be和have的第三人称单数现在式分别是is和has。,动词的过去式,现在分词,has,had,having,gives,gave,giving,gets,got,getting,reads,read,reading,sweeps,swept,sweeping,plays,played,playing,carrie

17、s,carried,carrying,Practise,五、动词的时态,动词时态是表示动作或状态发生或存在的时间和表示方式的一种动词形式。,小学阶段所学的时态有： 一般现在时：work/works 2. 现在进行时：am/is/are working 3. 一般过去时：worked 4. 一般将来时：am/is/are going to work,一般现在时基本用法介绍 一般现在时的功能 1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。 如：The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。 2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。常与时间副词连用：always, often, usually, every, on Sun

18、days, twice a week等。 如：I get up at six every day.我天天六点起床。 3.表示客观现实。 如：The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。,一般现在时,一般现在时,基本结构,一、 写出下列动词的第三人称单数 drink _ go _ stay _ make _look _ have_ pass_ carry _ 二、用括号内动词的适当形式填空。1. He often _(have) dinner at home.2. Daniel and Tommy _(be) in Class One.3. We _(not wa

19、tch) TV on Monday.4. Nick _(not go) to the zoo on Sunday.5. _ they _(like) the World Cup?6. _ your parents _(read) newspapers every day?7. The girl _(teach) us English on Sundays.8. She and I _(take) a walk together every evening。,三、按照要求改写句子1. Daniel watches TV every evening.(改为否定句)_2. I do my homew

20、ork every day.(改为一般疑问句，作否定回答)_3. She likes milk.(改为一般疑问句，作肯定回答)_4. We go to school every morning.(改为否定句)_四、改错(划出错误的地方，将正确的写在横线上)1. Isyour brother speak English? _2. Does he likes going fishing? _3. He likes play games after class. _4. Mr. Wu teachs us English. _5. She dont do her homework on Sundays

21、. _,现在进行时,通常表示说话时或现阶段正在发生或进行着的动作。它所表示的动作具有持续性、暂时性和未完成性。 常见的与现在进行时有关的词有：now, these days, look, listen等。,基本结构,动词加ing的变化规则 1一般情况下，直接加ing， 如：cook-cooking 2以不发音的e结尾，去e加ing， 如：make-making, taste-tasting 3假如末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母， 双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing如：run-running, stop-stopping,现在进行时专项练习：一、写出下列动词的现在分词：run_ swim _mak

22、e_ begin_go_ like_write_ shop _have _sing_dance _put_ see_ love_ live_ take_ come _get _stop_ sit _ 二、用所给的动词的正确形式填空：1.The boy _( draw) a picture now.2. Listen .Some girls _( sing) in the classroom .3. My mother _( cook )some nice foodnow.4. What _ you _ ( do ) now?5. Look . They _( have) an English

23、lesson .,三、句型转换：1. They are doing housework .(分别改成一般疑问句和否定句)_2The students are cleaning the classroom . ( 改一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答)_,一般过去时,通常表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或 存在的状态，其中也包括习惯性动作。 常与表示过去的时间状语连用：yesterday, last, ago, just now, in 1998等。,基本结构,动词过去式变化规则： 1一般在动词末尾加-ed，如：work- -worked , 2结尾是e加d，如：live-lived 3末尾只有一个元音字

24、母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-如：stop-stopped 4以“辅音字母 y”结尾的，变y为i， 再加-ed，如：study-studied,5不规则动词过去式： am、is-was, are-were, do-did see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got go-went, come-came, have-had, eat-ate take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put, make-made, read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank,

25、swim-swam, sit-sat,一、用动词的适当形式填空1. It _ (be) Bens birthday last Friday.2. We all _ (have) a good time last night.3. He _ (jump) high on last Sports Day. 4. Helen _ (milk) a cow on Friday.5. She likes _ newspapers, but she _a book yesterday. (read)6. _ they _ (sweep) the floor on Sunday? No, they _.7.

26、 I _ (watch) a cartoon on Monday.,一般将来时,表示将来发生的动作或情况。 常与一些表示将来的时间状语连用：tomorrow, next, Be going to do表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事；也可以表示“预见”，即现在已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生某种情况。,基本结构,练习：填空。 1.我打算明天和朋友去野炊。 I_ _ _ have a picnic with my friends. I _ have a picnic with my friends. 2.下个星期一你打算去干嘛? 我想去打篮球。What _ _ _ _ _next Monday

27、? I _ _ _ play basketball.（同义句 3. 你妈妈这个周末去购物吗？是，她要去买一些水果。_ your mother _ _ go shopping this _? Yes, she _. She _ _ _ buy some fruit. 4. 你们打算什么时候见面。What time _ you _ _ meet?,1.Today is a sunny day. We _ (have) a picnic this afternoon.2.My brother _(go) to Shanghai next week.3.Tom often _(go) to schoo

28、l on foot. But today is rain. He _ (go) to school by bike.4.What do you usually do at weekends? I usually _ (watch) TV and _(catch) insects? 5.Its Friday today. What _she _ (do) this weekend? She _ (watch) TV and _ (catch) insects.,用所给词的适当形式填空,Peter _ (play) basketball twice a week. 2. Do you believ

29、e what he _ (say) just now? 3. Look! The lazy cat _ (sleep) in the sofa. 4. There _(be) a book and two pens on the desk. 5. _you _(see ) a film tomorrow morning? 6. She _(not play) the guitar at the moment. 7. What _his father usually _(do) in the evening ? 8. They _ ( have ) a meeting next week, ar

30、ent they? 9. Both he and I _ (be) teachers. 10. I _ (not feel ) very well yesterday . 11. He put on his coat and _ (go) out. 12. Lei Feng often _ (help) others and he was helpful. Next Sunday, we _ (clean) up the park. 14. Hurry! Your mother _ (wait) for you at the school gate.,summary,plays,said,is

31、 sleeping,is,Are,going to see,isnt playing,does,do,are going to have,are,didnt feel,went,helps,are going to clean,is waiting,六、介词,介词在句子中表示名词或代词等与其他词之间的关系。不能单独作句 子成分，常位于名词或代词（或与之相当的其他词类、短语、从句） 前面构成介词短语。介词后面的成分作介词的宾语。,方位介词,in, on, at, under, to, behind, beside, near, before, in front of, next to, betw

32、een,时间介词,in, on, at, after, before, fromto, past, between,其它,of, by, with, into, out of, for,Practise,1. Look _ the picture. Its picture_ my school. 2. There is a school building _ my school. It has five floors._ the school building, there is a big playground. _school, the children always play ball

33、games there. 3. My classroom is_ the fifth floor. Its big and clean. 4. Miss Li is our class teacher. She comes _ school early every morning. She comes _bicycle. Then she does morning exercises _us. She likes sports. Tomorrow is her birthday. We will make a card _ her. We love her very much. 5. Ther

34、e are some apples _ the tree.,at,of,in,Near,After,on,to,by,with,for,on,七、数词,表示数目的词称为基数词 表示数目顺序的词称为序数词,112的基数词： one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve 1319的基数词： thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen 2090的基数词： twenty, thirty, forty, fift

35、y, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety 2129的基数： twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three, twenty-four, twenty-five, twenty-six, twenty-seven, twenty-eight, twenty-nine thirty-nine, forty-eight, fifty-seven.,-teen,-ty,十位数和个位数之间要加连字符号“-”,2. 百位数： one hundred, two hundred, three hundred, four hundred five hundre

36、d and eight-six, six hundred and ninety-nine, seven hundred and eight, eight hundred and one 3. 千位数： one thousand, four thousand, seven thousand one hundred and five,百位数和十位数之间加and。,注意,英语中没有“万”这个单位，所以常用thousand来表示。,ten thousand, thirty thousand, fifteen thousand one hundred, five hundred and one thou

37、sand four hundred and thirty-two,英语序数词第1-19除了first, second与third有特殊形式外，其余的都由基数词加后缀-th构成。 注意：fifth, eighth, ninth和twelfth的拼法。 2. 十位数的序数词的构成方法是：先把十位数的基数词的词尾ty中的y变为i，然后加后缀-eth,如： twentytwentieth, fortyfortieth 3.十位数的序数词如果含有1-9的个位数时，十位数用基数词，个位数用序数词，中间用“-”连字符。如： twenty-fourth, ninety-fifth 4. 百、千、万等的序数词由

38、hundred, thousand, million等加-th,前面加有关的基数词构成。如： one hundredth, one thousandth 注意：序数词前的one不能用a代替。 one hundred and twenty-first,Practise,1. There are _ days in a year. A. three hundreds sixty-five B. three hundreds and sixty-five C. three hundred and sixty-five D. three hundred and sixty five2._people

39、visit this museum every day.A. Hundred B. Hundreds C. Hundred of D. Hundreds of3.There are two_ people in the meeting room.A. hundred B. hundreds C. hundreds of D. hundred of4._ trees have been planted in our school in the past 10 years.A. Thousands of B. Two thousands C. Thousand of D. Two thousand

40、 of5. My brother is in_.A. Three Class, One Grade B. Class Three, Grade One C. Grade One, Class Three D. class three, grade one6. We are going to learn_ this term. A. book six B. six book C. the book six D. Book Six 7. We can say the number 78, 645 in English like this_. A. seventy-eight thousand an

41、d six hundred and forty-five B. seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty five C. seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty-five D. seventy eight thousand six hundred and forty-five,C,D,A,A,B,D,C,八、形容词和副词,形容词是用来描写或修饰名词（或代词）的词。,副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句的词。,He is a good student. 2. The film is very

42、 interesting. 3. There is something wrong with the bike. 4. Lucy is older than Helen.,The problem is very difficult. 2. He wrote the letters carefully.,1.方式副词：carefully, quickly, suddenly 2. 地点副词：here, there, up, down 3. 时间副词：yesterday, today, now 4. 程度副词：very, quite, much, just,形容词和副词的比较级和最高级,比较级的用

43、法,1. 用来把彼此独立的事和人进行比较，表示“比更一些”的意思，通常用一个由从属连词than引导的状语从句来表示和什么相比。为了避免重复，从句中有些成分可以省略。如： Helen is taller than Lucy. He got more information than I did. He runs faster than I.,2. 如果我们要说两个东西在某一方面是一样的，我们就可以用 “as+形容词/副词+as”, 形容词不用比较级而用原级。在作否定比较时，可以用not asas, not soas, 也可以用lessthan，如： Jimmy is as tall as his

44、 father. I dont write as/so well as Helen. This film is less interesting than that one.,比较级的用法,3. 为了表示持续不断的变化，我们可以用“双重比较”的方法，这种结构后面不可跟than引导的比较状语从句。如： He is crying harder and harder. Our country gets more and more beautiful. Computers are getting smaller and smaller, and computing faster and faster.

45、,4. 表示两个变化是一起发生的，可以把比较级形式和the一起用，表示“越，就越”的意思。如： The higher the mountain is, the thinner the air is. The earlier you start, the sooner you will be back.,一、写出下列形容词或副词的比较级 short_strong_ big_ small_fat_ thin_heavy_ light_nice_ good_ beautiful_low_high_ slow_fast_late_early_ far_ well_二、根据句意填入单词的正确形式：1.

46、My brother is two years _(old) than me.2. Tom is as _(fat) as Jim.3. Is your sister _(young) than you? Yes, she is.4. Who is _(thin), you or Helen? Helen is.,5._Nancy sing _(well) than Helen? Yes, she _. 6.Fangfang is not as _(tall) as the other girls. 7.My eyes are _(big) than _ (she) 8.Who gets up

47、 _(early), Tim or Tom? 9._the girls get up _(early) than the boys? No, they_.,三、翻译句子：1、谁比Jim年纪大？是你。_ is _than Jim？_ are.2.我喜欢游泳。我所有的朋友都游得比我慢。I like _.All my_ _than me. 3、谁的铅笔更长，他的还是她的？我想是她的。_pencil is _,_or _？_is, I think.4.我母亲比我父亲年纪小。My_ _ _than my _. 5.多做运动，你会更强壮。 _ more exercise, and youll _soon.

48、,Practise,1. Shanghai is _than Beijing. It is _ city in our country. (large) 2. Bill isnt as _ as Mike. Tom is _ than Mike. Who is _ of the three boys? (old) 3. Mary draws as _ as Bill, and she is much _ than him at singing. (well, good) 4. Spring is coming. The weather is getting _ and _.(warm) 5.

49、Tom, Jon and I bought a computer each last week. Johns computer is much _ than Toms and mine. It is _ of the three. (expensive) 6. It is a little _ today than yesterday. (wet) 7. Mrs Brown is much _ than she was two years ago. (healthy) 8. Which do you like _, basketball, volleyball, or football? (w

50、ell),larger,the largest,old,older,the oldest,well,better,warmer,warmer,more expensive,the most expensive,wetter,healthier,best,There be 的结构,肯定句： There is/was a There are/were 一般疑问句:Is/Was there ? Yes, there is/was. No, there isnt/was. Are there? Yes, there are/were. No, there arent/werent. 否定句： Ther

51、e isnt/wasnt . There arent/werent.,There be表示 “存在有”,即当我们告诉某人某事存在(或不存在)常用这种结构。其中there是引导词,本身无词义;be为谓语动词,后面跟的是名词,也就是主语,也就是说there be结构的运用也就是倒装的具体运用。其真正的主语在there be 之后。,There be 的结构,Some 和 any 一般情况下， some用于肯定句中， any用于否定句中。如： There is some milk in the bottle. There arent any pictures on the wall. Is ther

52、e anything new in todays newspaper?,3. 特殊疑问句： Whats in the basket? There are some eggs in it. 2) How many students are there in your class? There are fifty students.,2. Be动词与后面所跟名词的就近原则： There is a pen and two pencils in the box. There are some students and a teacher in the classroom.,Fill in the blank with “have, has”or “there is , there are” 1. I _ a good father and a good mother. 2. _a telescope on the desk. 3. He_ a tape-recorder. 4. _a basketball in the playground. 5. She