动词的时态语态

1、动词的时态,历年高考题回顾,（2010高考）1. After a four-day journey, the young man_33_ .(present) the water to the old man. His teacher took a deep drink, smiled_ warmly (warm), and thanked his student very much for the sweet water. （2009高考）1. Besides，shopping at this time of the year was not _a_ pleasant experience:

2、 people stepped on your feet or _34_ （push）you with their elbows（肘部），hurrying ahead to get to a bargain. 2. When Jane got home，with her small but well-chosen present in her bag，her parents were already _at_ table having supper. Her mother was excited. “Your father has at last decided to stop smoking

3、,” Jane _40_ （inform）. （2008高考）1.This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their natural (nature) course. Being too anxious to help an event develop often 40 (result) in the contrary to our intention. （2007高考）I was on my way to the Taiyetos Mountains. The sun was setting when my car 31 (bre

4、ak) down near a remote and poor village.,presented,pushed,was informed,results,broke,时态和语态的主要考点 1、考查在语境中判断动词时态的运用能力。常考的时 态为：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、现在进 行、过去进行、现在完成、过去完成、现在完成进 行、过去将来等。 2、时间、条件、让步等状语从句中动词的时态；主从 句时态呼应问题。 3、及物动词的被动语态。 4、一些特殊句型,一、一般现在时 1基本用法 (1)表示经常性或习惯性的行为，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。例如： He usually gets up ea

5、rly. He cycles to work every day.,(2)表示一种事实或不着眼于时间的一般性陈述。例如： Fujian lies in the east of China. Can I help you，sir? Yes, I bought this radio here yesterday, but it doesnt work. Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 (3)表示真理。例如： Water boils at 100 centigrade degrees.,1、现在时态 高考题点击： Months ago we sailed ten tho

6、usand miles across this open sea, which _ （call） the Pacific, and we met no storms. 2. I _ (play) ping-pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year. 3. Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasnt stopped ringing. People _ （phone） to ask how I am going to spend the money.,is ca

7、lled,play,are phoning,说明：自从我赢了大奖，人们不停地打电话来问我将怎样使用这笔钱。此处的 are phoning 表示“不停的打电话”。,4. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _ (change) so rapidly.,说明：选择移动电话难的原因是由于科技正在飞速发展，所以要用现在进行时；况且进行时态常给人一种情感上的描述，表示说话者的一种“感慨、赞赏、愤怒、斥责”等。,is changing,二、一般过去时 1基本用法 (1)表示过去发生的一次性

8、行为或状态。例如： When did you finish writing this report? The other day. He was born on May 3,1962. (2)表示过去发生的经常、反复的动作或状态。例如： He was always the first to come.,特别提醒：过去的习惯动作，我们还可以用 would 或 used to 来表达(不能与次数连用)。would 只表示过去的动作，不能表示状态；这种习惯动作现在可能还会存在。used to 既可以表示过去的动作，也可以表示过去的状态；这种习惯动作或状态现在已不复存在。 I would finish

9、 my English homework before nine. I used to finish my English homework before nine.,(2)句中有表示过去时间的副词或暗含过去时间的地点状语时。例如： Yangzhou was once the second biggest city in China. I saw the film in Nanjing.,高考题点击： 1. - Nancy is not coming tonight. - But she _! (98 N) A. promisesB. promisedC. will promise D. ha

10、d promised 2. My uncle _ until he was forty-five. (2000 上海) A. marriedB. didnt marry C. was not marryingD. would marry,说明：Nancy 答应要来这个动作应该发生在过去，是过去作出的承诺。,说明：until 用在肯定句中时，主句的动词必须是延续性动词，表示该动作一直持续到 until 后的时间为止；短暂性动词只能用在否定句中，表示直到此时该动作才开始。本题中 marry 是短暂性动词，所以只能用在否定句中。,B,B,三、一般将来时 1基本用法 (1)表示将要发生的动作或情况。例

11、如： The agreement will come into force (生效) next spring.,(2)表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。例如： Crops will die without water.,2“一般将来”的表达 (1)用助动词 shall 和 will。shall用于第一人称，表示“单纯的将来”，will用于所有人称，表示“单纯的将来”或“带意愿色彩的将来”。例如： Sorry，I forgot to post the letter for you. Never mind.I will post it myself after school.(句中 will 表示单纯未来

12、，不可用 be going to 来替换。) I will help you rebuild the house if I have time.(句中 will 带有意愿色彩。),特别提醒：shall 与 will 除了用做助动词外，还可用做情态动词。(详见“情态动词”部分) (2)用 be going to 表示打算、计划、安排做某事，强调人的主观意志，而will多表示一种客观未来，有时可以表示带意愿色彩的将来或表示一种主观推测。试比较： Im going to watch TV this evening.(主观行为) I will be twenty next year.(客观事实，不以人

13、的意志为转移，即不可说：Im going to be twenty next year.) Tomorrows weather will be rainy and windy.(主观推测) 用 be going to 还可表示不远的将来。例如： Its going to rain.,(3)用 be to 表示按计划将要发生或表示应该怎样。例如： We are to leave at six. All these things are to be answered for.,3. By the time Jane gets home, her aunt _for London to attend

14、 a meeting. (05天津卷) A. will leave B. leaves C. will have left D. left 4. We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _ office soon. (93 N) A. leavesB. would leaveC. leftD. had left,说明：that 引导的宾语从句中的动作“离职”应该发生在“were surprised” 之后，故需用过去将来时。,C,B,说明：by the time 表示“到为止”“在之前”，如果主句的动作发生在过去，一般需要用过去完

15、成时；如果是将来，就需用将来完成时。,(2)过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作发生时正在发生的动作。例如： I dont think Jim saw me；he was just staring into space. Why did you forget the time? Oh, sorry.I was watering the flowers.,2其他用法 (1)表示动作起止、状态转变的动词，如：go，come，arrive，set out，start off，take off (起飞)，它们的进行时可表示将来。例如： The plane is taking off at six. (

16、2)瞬间动词的进行时可表示： 即将：The wounded soldier is dying. 反复：Someone is knocking at the door. 逐渐：The house is falling down.(表示动作的徐徐发生) 比较：The house falls down.(表示突然的瞬间动作),(3)与 always，constantly，frequently，continually，forever，all the time 等连用，表示赞叹、赞扬、厌恶、不满等情感。例如： He is always thinking of others. You are always

17、 asking such silly questions.,3进行时的特点 进行时表示一个动作的进行过程，因此，它常常暗示动作的未完成性。例如： He was writing a letter yesterday evening.(不一定写完) 比较：He wrote a letter yesterday evening.(已写完) 特别提醒：由于进行时强调动作的过程，故常与持续性动词连用，而不和 accept，receive，complete，finish，give，allow，decide，refuse等瞬间动词连用。,4不能用于进行时的动词 (1)表示事实状态的动词：be，seem，ap

18、pear (似乎)，cost，owe，exist，include，matter，weigh，measure，continue 等。,(2)有关所属关系的动词：belong to，consist of(包括)，contain(包含)，have，hold，possess，own等。 但在类似 have a lesson，hold a meeting 这样的短语中，have 和 hold 已不表所属关系，而表示从事一项活动，因此，可以用于进行时。,(3)静止性的感官动词：feel (摸起来，感觉到)，smell (闻起来)，taste (尝起来)，see (看到)，hear (听到)，这类动词表示的

19、是一种感觉，是非主动的，亦即无意识的动作。使用这类动词时，通常注意的不是动作的过程，而是感受的结果。例如： You see here an old woman. The dish tastes nice.,(4)表示喜爱、憎恶的情感动词：like，love，prefer，worship，hate，dislike 等。 (5)表示要求、愿望的动词：desire，hope，want，wish，wonder 等(expect 例外)。,五、现在完成时 1基本用法 (1)表示过去的某一动作对现在产生的影响或结果。这时，谓语动词可由非延续性动词充当。如果跟有时间状语，则时间状语通常为不确定的过去时间。例

20、如： Have you seen my glasses? Yes，I saw them on your bed a minute ago. She has married a very rich film star recently.,(2)表示一个动作或状态从过去某一时起一直延续至今(可能已停止，也可能还将延续下去)，这时的谓语动词须用延续性动词或状态动词。时间状语须用段时间。例如： He has worked here since a year ago. He has been in the League for five years.,2与现在完成时连用的时间状语 (1)不确定的过去时间

21、：already，yet，before，recently，just 等。 (2)频度副词：always，ever，never，often，once，twice 等。 (3)包括说话时刻在内的一段时间：for，since，in the last (past，recent)few years，today，this morning (week，month，year)，up to now 等。,用于现在完成时的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。 It is the first time that I have visited

22、 the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late. 注意比较 Its time that 结构： It is high time that we went to school. 2 This/That / It is the only + that + 完成时 This/that / It is the best / finest / most interesting/ + that + 完成时 This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。,典型例题(1)

23、- Do you know our town at all? - No, this is the first time I _ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming (2) - Have you _ been to our town before? - No, its the first time I _ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（

24、错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I havent received his letter for almost a month.,B,D,4与现在完成进行时的区别 现在完成进行时是一兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态。由于它有现在完成时的特点，所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于它有现在进行时的特点，所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩。,现在就现在完成进行时的这些特点和现在完成时作一简单的比较： 现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所侧重的是动作的一直进行

25、和持续，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。试比较： We have been cleaning the classroom.(a) We have cleaned the classroom.(b),Be careful！John has been painting the door.(a) John has painted the door.(b) (a)句表示约翰刚刚把门油漆过，现在油漆还未干，所以你要小心。(b)句则无此含义，油漆可能已干了。,现在完成进行时有时有延续性，现在完成时往往没有。试比较： They have been widening the road.(a) They have

26、 widened the road.(b) (a) 句的意思是他们在加宽马路，但尚未完工。(b) 句的意思多半是已完工了。 现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则常常不带重复性。试比较： Have you been meeting her lately？(a) Have you met her lately？(b) (a)句有“经常相会”之意，(b) 句则没有。当然，(b) 句如与 often，every day 等时间状语连用，也可表示动作在重复。,现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感情色彩，而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，平铺直叙，没有什么感情色彩可言。试比较：

27、 What have you been doing？(a) What have you done？(b) (a) 句表示惊异，(b) 句只是一个问题。,Recently Mary has been doing her work regularly. (a) Recently Mary has done her work regularly. (b) (a)句显然是在表扬玛丽，(b)句只说明一个事实。 I have been wanting to meet you for long. (a) I have long wanted to meet you. (b) (a)句比(b)句更亲切，更有礼

28、貌。 用于现在完成时的动词可以是延续性的，也可以是非延续性的，可以是行为动词，也可以是状态动词；而用于现在完成进行时的动词只能是延续性的行为动词。,1. - Hi, Tracy, you look tired. - I am tired. I _ (paint) the living room all day. 2. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy_ going back to school, but she hasnt decided yet. （04北京） A had consideredB has been considering C conside

29、redD is going to consider,说明：这句话的意思是“我一整天都在刷起居室”，现在完成进行时表示从过去开始的一个动作一直持续到现在，而且还在进行当中。强调的是“一直在做”。,have been painting,B,说明：她“一直在考虑返校”是现在完成进行时，“还没作决定”是现在的结果。,六、 过去完成时 常用过去完成时的几种情况： （A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。 如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000

30、 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. (B)表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/though / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned + to have done。 （C）“时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。 如：He said his first teacher had d

31、ied at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.,3过去完成时常用于以下固定句型： (1)hardly，scarcely, barely过去完成时when过去时。例如： Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. (2)no sooner过去完成时than过去时。例如： No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me. (3)by(the end of)过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如： The e

32、xperiment had been finished by 4 oclock yesterday afternoon.,七、将来完成时 将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by(the time/the end of)表示将来时间的短语或句子；before(the end of)表示将来时间的短语或句子；when，after 等表示将来动作的句子等。例如： By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai. I shall have

33、finished this composition before 9 oclock. When we get on the railway station，the train will probably have left.,4、状语从句中的时态问题 高考题点击： 1. - Can I join the club, Dad? - You can when you _ a bit older. (94 N) A. getB. will getC. are gettingD. will have got 2. In such dry weather, the flowers will have t

34、o be watered if they _. (2001上海) A. have survivedB. are to survive C. would surviveD. will survive,说明：时间状语从句中没有将来时，需用一般现在时替代一般将来时。,说明：条件状语从句中不用将来时，但 be to 结构不属于将来时态形式。,A,B,3. He will have learned English for eight years by the time he _ from the university next year. (2002上海) A. will graduateB. will

35、 have graduated C. graduatesD. is to graduate 4. It _ long before we _ the result of the experiment. (2002上海春季) A. will not be, will knowB. is, will know C. will not be, knowD. is, know,说明：by the time 引导的是时间状语从句，故不能使用将来时。D选项虽可考虑，但 be to 结构大多用来表示“义务、决定、职责、约定”等，与句意不合。,说明：before 引导的是时间状语从句，无将来时，而主句应该用将

36、来时。,C,C,5、祈使句中的动词问题 高考题点击： 1. _ it with me and Ill see what I can do. (98 N) A. When leftB. LeavingC. If you leaveD. Leave 2. _ some of this juice - perhaps youll like it. (2000 北京春季) A. TryingB. TryC. To tryD. Have tried 3. _ at the door before entering, please. (01 北京春季) A. knockedB. To knockC. Kn

37、ockingD. Knock 4. _ blood if you can and many lives will be saved. (2001上海) A. GivingB. GiveC. GivenD. To give,D,B,D,B,八、各种时态下的被动语态形式 一般现在时is/am/are done 一般过去时was/were done 一般将来时 will be done 现在进行时is/am/are being done 过去进行时was/were being done 现在完成时have/has been done 过去完成时had been done 过去将来时would be

38、done,即时练,Six days of spring rain had created a wild river running by Nancy Browns farm. As she tried to drive her cows to higher ground, she 17 (slip) and hit her head on a fallen tree trunk. Nancy was badly hurt and could only walk with great difficulties. The water 19 (rise). “Start out that end,” she said, “Just go along the line and pick out