找准文本切入点

1、找准文本切入点 找准文本切入点，成就课堂小练笔摘要要使随文练笔练到实处，教师首先应充分把握教材，找准合适的训练点，如文章重点内容处、可模仿的语言片段处、情感喷发处、空白补充处、文本拓展处、技能迁移处、意象还原处等精心设计练笔训练点，可以是情动辞发处的批注，可以给课文的空白点补写（省略号、语言的拓展），可以模仿课文的范式仿写（仿片段、仿语句修辞等），可以紧扣情节的发散点续写，可以捕捉语言的聚焦点创写总之，教师在备课中要多考虑学生实际，多给学生广阔的练笔空间，让学生在随文练笔这片天空下尽情彰显自我、张扬个性、驰骋思维、释放表达的潜能。关键词文本切入点 拓展延伸 角色体验 迁移应用 个性表达叶圣陶先

2、生说：“阅读是吸收，写作是倾吐，倾吐能否合乎法度，显然与吸收有密切的联系。”可见阅读和写作之间有着密不可分的联系，阅读教学是学生积累语言的主要途径，课堂练笔是阅读教学过程中落实语言文字训练，促进读写结合的一项有效措施。因此，指导学生写好课堂内的小练笔，能更好地落实课程标准中的读写目标，使阅读教学得到进一步深化。但在实际教学中，由于小练笔设计的随意性，练笔的时机、方法、难易度把握不当等，往往导致训练低效甚至无效。如何充分挖掘教材写作因素，把写的训练有机融合于阅读教学之中，做到读写结合，相得益彰呢？结合多年的教学经验，笔者认为：潜心会文，找准文本切入点，是提高小练笔有效性的重要前提与保证。一、于文

3、本空白处拓展延伸? 有些课文结尾（或中间）的语言嘎然而止，耐人寻味，有一种余音缭绕之感。这种“余音”正是作者“言虽尽而意无穷”的地方。在教学中，我们就可以把这种“余音”挖掘出来，把课文中情节跳跃的空白处补上，使文章内容更具体、完整。如教学苏教版第十二册的孔子游春一课时，我引导学生学完孔子对泗水的一番宏论后，引导学生想象水还有什么样的特点？然后让学生发挥想象进行练笔：水?，?，它好像?；水?，?，它好像?。这样学生通过给课文补白，延伸了对课文的理解，加深了对“水是真君子”的感悟。我在执教苏教版第十册的再见了，亲人一课，在第一课时带领学生初步学习之后，在第二课时，我一开始就说：“既然是话别，就应该

4、是双方的，但是课文只写了志愿军说的话。此时此刻，朝鲜人民会说什么呢？如果你是大娘、小金花、大嫂，听了志愿军说的话，会说什么呢？现在，请你们分成三组，第一组以大娘的身份，第二组以小金花的身份，第三组以大嫂的身份，分别写一段向志愿军告别的话，好不好？”接下去我跟学生进行了具体的讨论，然后就放手让学生写。这一课的练笔，凭借课文留下的语言空白，引导学生变换角色，根据志愿军怎样说的，推测朝鲜人民会说什么，从而再现当时话别的动人情景。这样，原先仅仅是志愿军和朝鲜人民的话别，就变成了志愿军和朝鲜人民的互相话别，充分表达了中朝人民用鲜血凝成的深情厚谊，文章的主题也得以升华。二、于角色体验中感悟文本 “感人心者

5、，莫先乎情”。教师要善于捕捉文章的“动情点”，以拨动学生的心灵之弦。一旦文本的情与学生的情交融在一起时，便会产生巨大的“情感磁场”。苏教版第七册的虎门销烟课后设计了一道写话题目：以“我站在林则徐塑像前”为题，抒写自己阅读课文之后的感想。学完本课后，学生的心情时激动的，有许多话要表达出来，这个写话训练给学生提供了表达的平台。有的学生写到：我站在林则徐的塑像前，凝视着这位民族英雄，心潮澎湃。他那炯炯有神的双目眺望着远方，充满了坚定，充满了力量，让敌人胆寒苏教版第六册的恐龙是一篇知识性短文，课文介绍了恐龙的种类、形态及生活习性，字里行间流露出作者对恐龙的喜爱之情。在带领品读课文2、3、4自然段后，学

6、生不但感受了恐龙的类型及外形特点，还初步感知打比方、作比较、列数据等说明事物的方法后，我便设计了一个随文练笔：“恐龙的种类很多，假如你是恐龙博物馆的一名解说员，你还想向游客介绍哪一种恐龙？请仿照课文上的说明方法，也来为大家介绍恐龙家族中的一员。”由于学生对恐龙十分感兴趣，课外已通过各种途径积累了丰富的恐龙资料，所以这样的设计不但为学生创造了表达交流的机会，也符合儿童“模仿迁移”的学习心理，一举两得的仿写设计，成就了课堂的精彩。三、于精彩典型处迁移运用? 儿童都有天生的模仿才能。仿写是训练小学生写作的一种重要途径，它在小学生从阅读到独立写作这一过程中起着桥梁作用。在阅读教学中，遇到好的文章或精彩

7、、典型的片段，我们就不应该错失学习和模仿的机会。教师要善于发掘那些典范的语言表达范式，引导学生阅读、体会，进而设计迁移性的练习，鼓励学生模仿写话。苏教版第七册的老师，您好！一诗中，用“春蚕、甘露”比喻老师，形象地凸显老师的无私与辛劳。“老师还好在哪里？”教学时，我组织学生联系自己的认识议一议，然后请学生模仿课文中的比喻手法，写一两个恰当的比喻，体现出老师这个职业的可敬与可爱。这样的练笔，学生在议论中有了深刻的认识，在阅读中有了模仿的句式，写一两个句子就变得容易了。当然，句式不能满足于学生写的一两个比喻，而要在学生交流的基础上，鼓励学生写三个、四个不同的比喻，连成一首小诗，使学生在原先的水平上有

8、新的提高。苏教版第七册的但愿人长久一文中，重点描写了苏轼在中秋之夜因思念弟弟而“心绪不宁”，尤其是将苏轼心中的所思所想，或直接或间接地表述于文字中。阅读教学要触及学生的情感世界，课后我设计了这样的练笔：你有没有“心绪不宁”的时候？为了什么事？当时心里会有哪些想法？请你将当时的所思所想有条理地写下来。四、于思辨争议显个性表达? 抓住文本中人物的特点，挖掘其内心复杂的心理，多视角剖析和描画是引导学生走出心理误区，强化个性化表达的突破口。苏教版第七册的九色鹿一文中，国王听了九色鹿的话非常惭愧，他斥责调达，并重重地惩罚了他，还下令全国臣民永远不许伤害九色鹿。理解了国王这么做的原因，也就领悟了课文“贬斥

9、贪婪与负义、颂扬善良与正义”的主题含义。我设计这样一个小练笔：假如你就是那个国王，听了九色鹿一番义正词严的话，你会为什么而感到惭愧？会怎样斥责调达？会怎样命令臣民？请你拿些笔，写一段话。在学生写话的时候，我又建议恰当地选用课文中的词语：背信弃义、见利忘义、灵魂肮脏、恩将仇报学生的思路被打开，有的学生写到：国王指着调达斥责道：“调达，你这个灵魂肮脏的小人！竟然出卖你的救命恩人？你知不知道什么叫忘恩负义？什么叫恩将仇报？你就是这样的小人！卑鄙无耻！来啊，将调达重打一百军棍，发配边疆终身服役，用你的余生赎罪吧！全班掌声一片。五、于激励理答中创个性表达随文练笔是指向于技能层面的练习，因而教师的“理答”

10、在这个环节中显得尤为重要，教师应对学生的表达方式、方法给予积极的回应和指导，积极创设对话的情境，引起学生学习的意向，唤醒学生的学习需要，开启学生的心智，挖掘学生的潜能，使学生敢于交流、善于表达。?善于倾听，及时鼓励。新课程标准指出：“阅读教学是学生、教师、文本之间的对话过程。”新课标提倡个性化阅读，要求老师与学生在课堂上直接对话，取得心灵沟通。语文教师就应善于倾听学生的声音，教师在课堂上要善于倾听，只有听清学生所表达的内容，才能对学生所说的话给以正确的回应，生成课堂的精彩。案例：当我与学生一起品读完苏教版第十二册的半截蜡烛，屏幕上出现：半截蜡烛一文中，伯诺德夫人一家三口用自己的机智和聪慧保护了

11、半截蜡烛中的绝密情报，给你留下深刻印象的是?，原因是?。（请写下来）生：（动笔写）生：给我留下深刻印象的是伯诺德夫人，原因是她不怕危险，机智、勇敢，令人佩服。师：微笑着点头示意坐下。生：给我留下深刻印象的是杰克，他是一个聪明的孩子，当妈妈保护蜡烛的计划失败后，他马上动脑筋想办法，以出去搬柴为借口来转移半截蜡烛，令我佩服。师：你的话说得既完整又有条理，一听就明白！生：（听到老师对同学的一番肯定，高举的手越来越多，表达的语式越来越规范。）生：伯诺德夫人给我留下了深刻的印象。她是一个伟大的母亲。她为了把德国强盗赶出自己的国家，让自己两个年幼的孩子一起参加到秘密情报的传递工作中，她这种大公无私的高尚品

12、格令人敬佩。由于我给予学生充分的时间写，充分的时间说，这样的小练笔在我常态的课堂中经常可见。这是一个多元开放的练笔形式，我在认真听完学生的发言后，及时提炼表达的亮点并给予积极性的理答，激发了学生想写好，求完美的欲望。学生边听边修改自己的答案，不但所写的内容有各自的独特角度，语言表达更是完整充实。“随文练笔”的切入点皆于文本中，只要我们潜心会文，找准读写结合点，定能架起阅读与写作的桥梁，使阅读课成为学生写作方法习得的主渠道和习作训练的练兵场；学生通过随文练笔不仅发展了语言，同时提升了理解课文内容的能力、情感体验能力、思维能力、语感素养和人文精神。真正把阅读教学与写作训练有机地结合起来。参考文献薛

13、法根，教学目标的定位（小学语文教师）周晓芳写小练笔要活周仁儿童认知发展与教育鲁雪凤用“小练笔”，提高写作能力 manufacturing transformation and development planning1 comprehensive strength of the manufacturing industry to upgraderelying on good traffic conditions and location advantages of the industrial base, the manufacturing industry comprehensive str

14、ength steadily, the total size of the total, technical level, economic benefits and so on in the country has become the cornerstone of the precedent, the citys economic and social development and an important support. 12th five-year period, the total industrial added value, the average annual growth

15、 rate of dada%, the amount of the total amount of investment of the citys industrial enterprises with an average annual growth rate%, above scale industrial enterprises realized a total profit of the average annual growth rate of%.xx years, the citys above scale industrial output mode billion yuan o

16、utput value of over 80 billion yuan of industrial dada to 8, above scale industrial added value billion yuan, industrial growth. added value accounted for gddp%, the resident population per capita gdp reached million, ranked second in xxx province, the national large and medium-sized cities in the f

17、orefront.2 continuous optimization of industrial structurethe benefit oriented, high end orientation and the direction of intensive development, gradually increase efforts to promote the transformation of industrial structure adjustment and optimization of industry has made remarkable achievements.

18、as to xx, machinery, textile, petrochemical, metallurgy and electronics and other 55 pillar industries above scale industrial output value at current prices billion yuan, accounting for the proportion of for the high-tech industry output value accounted for%. the proportion of above scale industrial

19、 output value reached%, one percentage point increase over x. sensor network innovation shows the construction of the demonstration zone to promote the smooth, emerging industry gradually expand the scale of production is expected to total output average growth rate, new energy, new materials, energ

20、y saving and environmental protection, internet of things, the rapid development of microelectronics and other emerging industries, has become an important field of xx industrial transformation and upgrading.3 innovation capacity significantly improvedseize the new round of the wave of technological

21、 innovation brings plenty of historical opportunity, in-depth implementation of innovation driven development strategy for the manufacturing industrys innovation and transformation and upgrading provides a strong intellectual support for the.xx year, r d expenditure accounting for the main business

22、service income ratio reached%, among the provinces first patent. the application amounted to 224197, the right amount of invention patents reached 5480, 000 people obviously patent has reached 25, are located in the forefront of the province of.xx has a provincial engineering technology research cen

23、ters heart 506, country, provincial high technology research key laboratory 10, international cooperation base, 9 national, provincial, foreign r d center 41, provincial and international technology transfer center 8, selected research research institutions key enterprises xx 84. tsinghua university

24、, south, fudan university, harbin institute of technology, huazhong university of science and technology, northeastern university and other colleges and universities have been set up in the xxx research institute.4 green manufacturing results significantlyxxx water crisis, energy saving and environm

25、ent protection increasing pressure, vigorously promote the green, low-carbon, circular ring production mode, adhere to energy-saving emission reduction, the implementation of energy control, improve the energy source utilization rate of.xx years, the city unit of gdp energy consumption decreased 20%

26、, increase the added value of industrial energy consumption per ton standard coal / million. 12th five-year period, the cumulative unit of gdpp energy consumption decreased percent, energy consumption consumption value xx lowest decline of xx south, south first. the elimination of backward productio

27、n capacity can work orderly, shut down 8823 enterprises, 852 enterprises for rectification of family, eliminate backward production capacity of cement 75 million 770 thousand tons, dyeing 244 million 600 thousand meters, 100 thousand tons of chemical fiber, leather 3 million standard sheets, paper m

28、illion tons, 2 million 280 thousand tons of steel, 106 battery wanqianqian kva, 200 thousand tons of steel casting, resolve the production capacity of 3 million 370 thousand tons, cement production capacity of 710 thousand tons, completed ahead of schedule into 12th five-year planning objectives.5 e

29、nterprise vitality is increasingthe emergence of a number of key enterprises in the industry a lot of industries, some have developed into the world class level leading enterprises and leading enterprises. the key point of enterprises in technological innovation, product development, market developm

30、ent, has played an important leading role for.xx and other aspects of social responsibility, listed 15 companies around the top 500 enterprises chinese listed 221 companies chinese manufacturing enterprise 500 strong, all year for nine consecutive years, ranking first in the province. the citys dome

31、stic and foreign listed enterprises amounted to 94, ranked in the prefecture level city in the forefront. the integration of military and civilian combined to accelerate, the number of the citys participation in scientific research and production of weapons equipment industry the advantages of priva

32、te enterprises year after year, through the confidential qualification certification enterprises ranked 22 in the province.two 6 integration steadily intoas a national integration of the two test area, has been to two of the depth of financial integration and enhance the core competitiveness of ente

33、rprises as an important starting point, to accelerate the transformation of development mode. the information of all business to achieve the citys more than 80% large-scale enterprises, a total of at or above the provincial level demonstration pilot enterprises, 250 enterprises, including 22 nationa

34、l. fusion demonstration of 4 enterprises, the provincial demonstration integration of the two test, park 8. baidu and alibaba, pakistan, chinese manufacturing network, china network library and so on enterprises to carry out in-depth cooperation, support enterprises with the development of electroni

35、c commerce, there have been 4 enterprises selected for the national e-commerce service integrated innovation pilot .in a comprehensive summary of the 12th five-year achievement at the same time, should also see some problems still exist in the development of xx manufacturing industry, difficulties a

36、nd contradictions, need to be solved in the shisansanwu period. the main is: not many major industrial projects, lack of a group with strong power, high output level large projects the industrial economic growth. lack of weak industrial products to the intermediate product, the added value is not hi

37、gh. the emerging industry is small, difficult to support the citys economic growth. science and technology innovation ability is not strong, high dependence on foreign technology, high level talent shortage. excess capacity in some industries, some enterprise production and management difficulties.

38、these difficulties all urgent need to be addressed in the future development of the exhibition.1 from the global perspective, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and the rise of industrial change, to bring significant strategic opportunities for the transformation of the xxx indus

39、trythe development mode of the industry will undergo profound changes. when a new round of technological revolution in the application of the new generation of information technology integration as the core feature, internet plus has become an important direction of industrial development. the high-

40、end, smart, green, as the service has become a new trend of industrial development; the internet network to break the constraints of time, the world famous enterprises and enterprises to achieve global collaborative design and production; intelligent manufacturing technology in the design, developme

41、nt, application, manufacturing and other aspects of the daily trend of generalization deepening; based on fusion, and services, new formats and new model into a platform for the new form of industry.the industrial division of labor and competition face remodeling. europe and other developed countrie

42、s to implement the re industrialization strategy, trying to consolidate its leading position; emerging economies have focused on the implementation of catch-up strategy, competition to seize the high-end manufacturing areas to accelerate the end of a space for one person. to developed countries reve

43、rse transfer, emerging countries rely on information the comparative advantage of labor resources, to attract international investment led shunt. significant changes in global trade investment system, the united states actively promote the tpp and ttiip as the core of the trade and investment heavy

44、order reconstruction, the future of chinas foreign trade and absorbing the international direct investment is facing greater pressure.at present, the development of the xx industry development level in the nation, with the foundation and conditions follow a new round of revolution of science and tec

45、hnology revolution and industry industry, to seize the great opportunities in grasping the concept of development, innovation, production mode and format to change the strain, the first action, to create new competitive advantages of industry competition. at the same time. despite the change of inte

46、rnational trade and investment will lead to industrial growth slowed to put xxx of export-oriented industries, jobs and social challenges, increase the risk of wind, but also bring down forced backward industries and low added value of industry chain, promote industrial restructuring and upgrading o

47、pportunities.2 from across the country, chinas economic development has entered a new normal norm, put forward urgent requirements of development quality and efficiency of quality industry in xx citythe industrial economy is facing multiple conversion speed, structure and power. chinas economic deve

48、lopment has entered a new norm, is to form a higher division of advanced, more complex, more reasonable structure can decrease the growth rate of stage evolution. it may lead some challenges to theres no telling war, a variety of factors, constraints tightening, road development the traditional expa

49、nsion gets narrower. must take the innovation as the new engine driven by economic development, speeding up the drive to convert from elements of the scale of investment driven development to the development of innovation driven development based principal.the supply and demand of the market environ

50、ment has changed greatly. different from the demand side, the grade and residents demand structure has undergone significant changes, the basic medium has been close to the level of developed countries, the individuality has become the competitiveness of products to reflect the heavy, large quantity

51、 of products demand is gradually being customized by small batch of personality replace. see from the aspect of supply, supply of existing products can not meet the rapid escalation of market demand, the lack of effective supply, supply mode and become the deep level reason of industrial economic do

52、wnturn. through product innovation arousing potential consumer market, stimulate investment demand, increase effective supply, has it has become an important direction to boost chinas industrial economy.industrial transformation and upgrading by elements to resource constraints more urgent. i chinas

53、 per capita fresh water, arable land, forest resources is only the world average level of 28%, 40%, 25%, oil, iron ore, copper and other important mineral resources per capita reserves respectively for the world average level%. 117%, 17%, the traditional industry has been difficult to support resour

54、ces and high energy consumption. the long-term accumulation of environmental conflicts are concentrated, serious pollution of the atmosphere pollution has become a national environmental and social problems, water pollution, soil pollution is more prominent, increasingly, the industry restructuring

55、and development to put forward urgent pray.to deepen the reform, formation and development of new power will be the 13th five-year industrial development in china. the theme of the next five years, xx industry development must establish the new ideas of thinking, to adapt to and guide the new norm a

56、s macro logic of industrial development, breaking the current resource bottleneck was completed, speed, actively and steadily. the structural change, multiple motive etc. to make good use of the big deployment of national level of the market and institutional environment of product of positive influ

57、ence, seize the opportunity to expand the space of domestic development, focus on structural optimization, attention to enhance the quality, focus on environmental improvement, fully activate the development of energy industry xx, provide continuous power for industrial upgrading.3 from the city to

58、see, xx course of economic development, natural endowment and location, determine the xx must take industrial strong city roadraise the level of independent innovation opportunities of the industrial structure of.xxx is two, three, and a heavy chemical characteristics of industrial scale manufacturi

59、ng characteristic is apparent, especially in the equipment manufacturing sector, in the province and even the whole country has comparative advantage. to firmly firmly grasp the national independent innovation demonstration in south xx area xx sensor network innovation demonstration zone construction in a major strategic opportunity, per