anxietyb.ppt

1、Anxiety Disorders,Different aspects of Anxiety,Phenomenological Affective: dread, tension, worry Cognitive: expectations of an inability to cope, impaired cognitive ability Behavioural Impaired motor functioning and avoidance Physiological increased blood pressure, heart rate, breathing; disruptions

2、 in GI functioning and dizziness,Types of Anxiety Disorders,Panic Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder Phobias Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder,Panic Disorder,Panic Attack Cued (situationally bound) v.s. Uncued (unexpected) panic attacks Panic Disorder,Panic Disorder: Ago

3、raphobia,Fear of being in a situation where having a panic attack would be dangerous or where escape would be impossible,Generalized Anxiety Disorder,Chronic state of diffuse anxiety,Phobias,Phobias involve intense, persistent fear of something that poses no real threat avoidance of the feared objec

4、t/situation Specific Phobia fear of circumscribed objects or situations,Phobias,Algophobia-pain Astraphobia-thunderstorms Pathophobia-disease Monophobia-being alone Mysophobia-contamination Nyctophobia-darkness Ochlophobia-crowds,Phobias: Social Phobia,Fear of social embarrassment or humiliation pub

5、lic speaking eating in public using public bathrooms Impact on self confidence and restricts social activity,Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,Intense fear and helplessness in response to events involving actual or threatened death or serious injury. Acute Stress Disorder symptoms last for 2 days - 4 we

6、eks Posttraumatic Stress Disorder symptoms last at least 1 month,Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder,Obsession unwanted thought or image that keeps intruding into awareness Compulsion an action that a person feels compelled to repeat again and again despite a lack of desire to do so,The Psychodynamic Appr

7、oach to Anxiety,Anxiety is a signal that the ego is having a hard time mediating between reality, id and superego. Different anxiety disorders are the result of different defense mechanisms used to cope.,The Psychodynamic Approach to Anxiety: Attachment Theories,Bowlby disturbances in parent-child b

8、ond leads to “anxious attachment” and a vulnerability to anxiety disorders later in life,The Behavioural Approach to Anxiety,Mowrer (1948) Avoidance learning 1) classical (respondent) conditioning 2) negative reinforcement,The Behavioural Approach to Anxiety,Barlow (1988) Anxiety Sensitivity or “Fea

9、r of Fear”,The Behavioural Approach to Anxiety,Treatment: systematic desensitization exposure flooding,The Biological Approach to Anxiety,Genetic Component family and twin studies suggest a genetic component in most anxiety disorders panic disorder shows the strongest genetic component and generaliz

10、ed anxiety disorder the least,The Biological Approach to Anxiety,“Suffocation false alarm hypothesis” of panic disorder serotonin and basal ganglia abnormalities in OCD hormonal theory of PTSD State-dependent learning,The Cognitive Approach to Anxiety,Individuals misperceive and misinterpret interna

11、l and external stimuli,Cognitive Appraisal,Stimulus-Appraisal- Response evaluation of stimulus based on memories, beliefs, and expectations,Information Processing,Schema how we understand the information we take in from the environment Selective Attention what information we take in,Cognitive Approa

12、ch to Panic Disorder,Catastrophic interpretations of bodily sensations Feeling of control Some Problems: panic attacks during sleep why do catastrophic interpretations develop,Anxiety and Selective Attention,Bodybags Nam Firefight Landmine Explosion Airlift,Several cognitive models of anxiety sugges

13、t that attentional biases to threat cues cause and maintain anxiety disorders. Empirical findings: Lavy and van den Hout (1993), individuals with spider phobia show an attentional bias to spiders Ehlers and Breuer (1995), individuals with panic disorder show an attentional bias towards unpleasant bo

14、dy cues,Attentional bias in Social Phobia,Pair of Pictures: 500ms,Fixation Cross: 1000ms,F / E judgement,Temporal sequence of events for each trial,J,+,E,Probe Display: until response,Participants,Two kinds of participants (high and low social anxiety) Participants were university students selected

15、for high and low social anxiety (FNE, also measured trait anxiety),Experimental Conditions,Two kinds of experimental conditions (threat and no threat) Threat: Half of the participants were told the experiment was an assessment of social skills and public speaking ability.,Picture Displays,Three kind

16、s of picture displays (positive, negative and neutral face, each paired with a household object),Experimental Design,Two kinds of participants (high and low social anxiety) Two kinds of experimental conditions (threat and no threat) Three kinds of faces (negative, neutral and positive) each displaye

17、d with a household object (clocks, chairs etc.),Bias Score,Bias Score =,RT to identify probe when the face and probe are in opposite positions,RT to identify probe when the face and probe are in the same position,-,Pair of Pictures: 500ms,Fixation Cross: 1000ms,F / E judgement,Temporal sequence of e

18、vents for each trial,J,+,E,Probe Display: until response,Results,In the social threat condition, the high socially anxious participants avoided negative and positive faces, whereas the low socially anxious participants showed no bias.,Discussion of Results,Lavy and van den Hout (1993) found that spider phobics show an attentional bias towards pictures of spiders. Why are spider phobics an