引起线损原因及有效降低线损措施分析

1、引起线损原因及有效降低线损措施分析 引起线损原因及有效降低线损措施分析摘要：线损率是供电企业一项综合性的技术经济指标，反映能源的有效利用及供电企业的经营管理水平。农网改造投入了大量的资金，一旦规划不周，直接影响到长期的经济效益， 降低线损是供电企业提高经济效益的一条重要途径，从线损的构成谈起，找到电能损耗产生的根源，才能采取有效的办法来降低线损率。关键词：降低；线损；线损率；措施abstract: the line loss rate is a power supply enterprises comprehensive technical and economic indicators re

2、flect the efficient use of energy and the power supply enterprise operating management level. rural power grids into a lot of money, once the poor planning, a direct impact on the long-term economic benefits, reduce line losses is an important way to improve economic efficiency of the power supply e

3、nterprise constitutes a loss from the line talking about, to find the energy loss root causes in order to take effective way to reduce line losses.key words: lower; line loss; line loss rate; measures中图分类号：tm726文献标识码：a前言在电力系统中，电能是通过消耗一次能源由发电机转化产生，通过电网输送到千家万户的，在这个过程中，从发电机到电网中的线路、变压器、无功设备、调相及调压设备、绝缘介质

4、、测量、计量设备、保护装置等输送和变换元件要消耗电能。此外，还有一些不明损失如窃电、漏电、表计误差、抄表影响等也将引起线损率的波动。随着电力市场的规范化，电力企业为获得更大的社会效益和经济效益，采取的措施之一是降损节能。1 引起线损过高的原因分析1.1技术原因分析1.1.1线路损耗过高。电网规划不合理，电源点远离负荷中心，长距离输电使损耗升高；或因线路布局不合理，近电远供，迂回供电，供电半径过长等原因使损耗升高；导线截面过大或过小，线路长期轻载、空载或过负荷运行，不能达到最佳经济运行状态引起损耗升高。线路老化，缺陷严重，瓷件污秽等原因引起绝缘等级降低，阻抗、泄漏增大，损耗升高。无功补偿不足或过

5、补偿，致使无功穿越，影响了供电能力，使线路损耗升高。1.1.2变电主设备损耗过高。高耗能主变压器不能及时更新改造。运行方式不科学，致使主变压器不能按经济运行曲线运行，造成主变过负荷运行或轻载运行。无功补偿容量不足，无功穿越严重，通过线路、变压器传输，造成功率因数低，电压质量差，有功损耗增加。主设备老化，缺陷不及时消除等原因使介质损耗和瓷瓶、瓷套泄漏增大，导线接头设备线夹接触电阻增大，损耗增加。1.1.3配网损耗过高。配电变压器容量与负荷不匹配，造成“大马拉小车”或“小马拉大车”，引起损耗增加。配电变压器安装位置不在偏离负荷中心。低压无功补偿不合理，高峰欠补，低谷过补。电压等级设置不合理。高耗能

6、配电变压器没有及时更换。低压线路三相负荷不平衡，引起中性线电流增大，损耗增加；因低压线路过长引起末段压降过高使损耗增加；接户线过细、过长，破损严重使损耗升高。1 .1.4计量误差大。电流互感器角误差不符合规定要求，精度不够。二次线截面过小，二次压降过大。用电负荷小，计量设备容量大，长期轻载或空载计量，使计量误差增大。1.2管理原因分析。营业工作中抄、核、收管理不到位，漏抄、估抄、漏计、错计现象严重。内部生活、生产用电无表计计量。对排灌、供热等季节性供电配变不能及时停运。计量设备不按周期检修、校验、轮换。用户违章用电、窃电。2降低线损率的措施 为了保护经营成果，降低线损，提高企业的经济效益，针对

7、造成线损率过高的具体原因，分别从技术和管理两方面制订降损措施。2.1技术措施。降低线损的技术措施包括需要增加一定投资对电网进行技术改造的措施和不需要增加投资仅需改善电网运行方式的措施。2.1.1改善网络中的功率分布。为了降低网络功率损耗，可以采取改变系统运行方式，调整运行参数和负荷率等措施使网络的功率分布接近经济分布，使网络运行更经济，功率损耗为最小。在有功功率合理分配的同时，还应做到无功功率的合理分布。按照就近的原则安排补偿，减少无功远距离输送。增设无功补偿装置，并合理配置，以提高负荷的功率因数，改变无功潮流分布，可以减少有功损耗和电压损耗，可以减少发电机送出的无功功率和通过线路、变压器传输

8、的无功功率，使线损大为降低，而且还可以改善电压质量、提高线路和变压器的输送能力。2.1.2合理安排运行方式。电力系统和电力网的经济运行电力系统的经济运行主要是确定机组的最佳组合和经济地分配负荷。在系统有功负荷经济分配的前提下，做到电力网及其设备的经济运行是降低线损的有效措施。而变电站的经济运行主要是确定最佳的变压器运行组合方式和最佳负荷率。调整负荷曲线、平衡三项负荷负荷峰谷差大，在供电量相同的情况下损耗大，变压器三相负荷不平衡时，特别是低压网络，既影响变压器的安全运行又增加了线损。对于峰谷差较大的负荷，应采取双回路供电方式。而对三相不平衡的负荷,调整负荷是主要技术手段。通过调整三相不平衡电流,

9、减少中线的电流,达到降低线损和安全运行的目的。2.1.3变压器的经济运行。据统计，电力网中变压器的损耗占全系统线损总量的30%60%，降低变压器的损耗是电网降损的重要内容。根据负荷的变化适当调整投入运行的变压器台数，可以减少功率损耗。当负荷小于临界负荷时，减少一台变压器运行较为经济；反之，当负荷大于临界负荷时，并联运行较为经济。一般在变电站内应设计安装两台以上的变压器为改变系统运行方式的技术基础。这样既提高了供电的可靠性，又可以根据负荷合理停用并联运行变压器的台数，降低变压器损耗。同时变压器一般要选用节能型。对于负荷受季节变化影响大的农配电变压器，可以采用子母变压器，可根据不同季节的负荷情况，

10、选择投切容量降低空载损耗。2 .1.4进行电网改造。由于各种原因导致的电网规划不合理，如送变电容量不足，出现“卡脖子”现象；或电源点远离负荷中心，长距离输电；因线路布局不合理，近电远供，迂回供电，供电半径过长等现象，不但影响了供电的安全和可靠性，还使电网损耗升高。调整不合理的网络结构：进行电网改造，通过架设新的输配电线路，改造旧线路，在考虑电压降、建设投资、机械强度和发热等条件下根据经济电流密度适当加大导线截面，改造迂回线路，消除“卡脖子”现象。制定按期发展建设的电网规划，确保电网安全经济运行。进行电网升压改造：对电网进行升压改造，简化电压等级和变电层次，减少重复和变电容量，既提高了供电能力，

11、还可以收到很好的降损效果。优化电源分布：电源布置方式不同，电能损失和电压损失会有很大的差异。电源应尽量布置在负荷中心，对负荷密度高，供电范围大的重负荷区，优先考虑两点或多点布置。这样不但有显著的降损节能效益，同时有效地改善了电压质量。推广应用新技术、新工艺、新设备和新材料：如采用新型节能型变压器，新型合金导线等都会收到显著的节能效果。2.2管理措施 2.2.1健全线损管理体系。线损工作是全员、全过程、全方位的工作，强化线损管理首先要从强化领导体系入手。供电企业应建立健全由主管局长亲自挂帅，生技、调度、计量、营业等部门领导和线损专责人以及各供电所线损专责人参加的三级线损管理网络，并定期召开线损分

12、析例会，重点问题重点分析，专项议题随时讨论，使信息反馈及时、准确，分析研究渠道畅通。形成降损措施迅速落实，快捷、高效的管理体系。2.2.3管理措施。完善管理制度，大力开展营业普查，查处违章用电和窃电现象，针对重点用户可加装防窃电的电能表，可根据不同用户和不同用电性质的负荷采用高、低压计量箱，加强计量点的管理。更换零值、破损的瓷瓶，清扫污秽瓷瓶，适当处理线路通道规定范围内的树木，提高线路绝缘水平。严格防止和及时纠正电量、电费抄、核、收工作中“估、漏、送”现象，健全用电管理制度，进一步加强营业管理，规范用电市场。在经济合理的情况下，理论线损中的固定损耗和可变损耗基本相等，当固定损耗大于可变损耗时，

13、则说明该线路处于轻负荷运行状态，未达到经济合理值，结果造成理论线损值和实际线损值都较大，所以应努力增加线路的用电负荷；在负荷没有开发潜力的情况下调整“大马拉小车”的变压器，提高变压器的综合负载率，减少空载损耗。3 结束语 降低线损是供电企业提高经济效益的一条重要途径，线损管理工作者要将加强管理和技术降损有机地结合起来，即在加强线损管理的同时还要根据本地电网的实际需要，选择合适的技术措施，以取得更高的社会效益和经济效益。 staff and workers representativesThe representatives of the staff and workers from the u

14、nit or away from retirement, on behalf of automatically disqualified, on behalf of the delegation to the original vacancy shall be in accordance with the provisions of the election.Replace the fourteenth representatives of the staff and workersThere are the representatives of the employees, who have

15、 the right to change the unit:1, due to illegal law and discipline punishment;2, often without reason not to participate in the activities of the staff representatives of the staff and the organization of the work of the organization, a serious dereliction of duty;3, because of unpaid leave, sick le

16、ave and long-term, full-time study and so on, not to participate in the activities of the post of the staff and workers congress;4, removed from the unit, from the original delegation.The rights of the representatives of the fifteenth employeesFirst, the incumbent will have the right to vote in the

17、election, the right to vote and the right to vote.Two, have the right to participate in the Congress and its working mechanism in the company. Check all relevant departments to carry out the workers congress resolution and proposal to implement the situation, have the right to the right to participa

18、te in the personnel of the company leadership question.Three, to participate in the organization of the staff and workers Congress of the activities of the organization and occupy production or work hours, according to the normal attendance to enjoy the treatment of the case.Four, the exercise of de

19、mocratic rights of workers representatives. Any organization or individual person shall stop, obstruct and take revenge complex.Five, during the term of office workers, in addition to personal serious negligence, enterprises may not perform their duties on behalf of the reasons for the lifting of th

20、e labor contract or employment changes.Obligations of the sixteenth employees representativesOne, to study the principles, policies, laws and regulations of the party and the state, and constantly improve the political consciousness, technical and technical level and the ability to participate in th

21、e management.Two, in close contact with the masses, representing the legitimate rights and interests of workers, truthfully reflect the opinions and demands of the masses, workers, seriously implement the Congress resolution. To do good work, Congress gave the patience to do ideological education of

22、 the masses education work.Three, adhere to the basic principles of the four basic principles, and abide by the national laws, regulations and rules and regulations, labor discipline, do their own work.Four, do a business owner, actively participate in the democratic management of enterprises, as we

23、ll as to their own political obligations, really play the role of staff representatives.The fourth chapter organization systemThe twenty-seventh Congress Chairman presided over the meeting. All the members of the presidium shall have the workers, technical staff, management staff and leading cadres.

24、 The technical workers, technical personnel, management personnel should be more than Banbanshu.The eighteenth Congress will be held once a year. Each meeting will be there must be more than 2/3 of workers representatives.In case of major events, the proposal by the general manager, a trade union or

25、 more than one of the staff representatives of three points, cocoa held a provisional meeting.Behalf of the general assembly of the representatives of the general assembly to elect and make a resolution, must be approved by the majority of all representatives of the staff and workers.The nineteenth

26、Congress should focus on enhancing enterprise vitality, promote technological progress, improve the economic benefit for enterprise management, an important problem of the distribution system and other aspects of the life of workers to determine the issue.Twentieth items will function in its decisio

27、n within the scope of its powers, not by the workers Congress agrees not to repair.Twenty-first post Congress may according to the needs, set up a number of dry matters related to the special committee, complete the staff assigned by clubs.Article Erershier a Congress session, an important issue to

28、be a temporary solution, by the trade union congress convened the meeting on behalf of the table, the head of a negotiation process, and a downward, the workers congress report confirmed.Joint conference may be based on the contents of the meeting to invite Party and government officials or other re

29、levant personnel to participate.The fifth chapter Congress and trade unionArticle twenty-third the trade union committee of the public company shall, as the working organization of the staff and workers representative assembly, undertake the following work:One, the organization staff elected represe

30、ntatives;Two, the proposal on the issue of the staff and workers Congress is put forward, and the main task is to organize the work of the preparatory work of the staff and workers Congress and to organize the work of the conference.33, presided over the meeting, the representatives of the employees

31、 association;Four, the special committee of the organization will carry out investigation and study, to make recommendations to the Congress on behalf of the general assembly, inspection and supervision to promote the implementation of the resolution of the general assembly, the implementation of th

32、e staff and workers to implement the decision of the general assembly;Five, to promote the democratic management of the staff and workers of the publicity and education, the organization of staff and workers on behalf of the study policy, business and management knowledge, improve the quality of sta

33、ff representatives;Six, to accept and deal with the complaints and suggestions of workers and staff representatives, to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the representatives of the staff and workers;77, the organization of democratic management of other work.The sixth chapter, the dem

34、ocratic management of teams and groupsPrinciple of democratic management of the thirty-fourth departments, basically presided over by the branch to carry out. And should take leadership of the Department for the nuclear core absorption of employee representatives and branch Chairman chairman and mem

35、bers to participate in democratic management organization into the core management, carry out democratic management in enterprises and the work.Twenty-fifth actively carry out the democratic management team management, should be the administrative team as a unit, the absorption and absorption of tra

36、de unions and representatives of the small group of staff to participate in, to carry out the work of democratic management team.The seventh chapter supplementary provisionsThe twenty-sixth Congress and the special committee of the fund and paid by the administrative and incentive fund.The twenty-se

37、venth article of this Ordinance by Congress through the implementation, by the company responsible for the interpretation of trade unions.The Ershibaba Ordinance such as inconsistent with the provisions of relevant provisions and closed to superiors concerned shall prevail.Twenty-ninth all roads lea

38、d to the implementation of the regulations from the date of promulgation.The system of joint meeting of the workers Congress,According to the relevant provisions of the implementation of rules and regulations of the workers Congress is . To enable the company to post the workers congress system of j

39、oint conference system, programmed and standardized. Important problems need to be solved with the provisional Congress and timely and effective, making books system.Two, consideration (discussion) is determined by the question of the authority and scope of theThe joint meeting of the workers Congre

40、ss is an important question consultation workers congress during the meeting will need a temporary solution, which includes two aspects: one is the important problem of fan of employees within the scope of Congress; two is an important problem for workers congress in the daily work.1, the trial sche

41、me of distribution system and the important rules and regulations. The collective contract enterprise modification and involving important reform involves the vital interests of the workers and wage adjustment scheme, bonus allocation, insurance industry, labor protection measures, rules and regulat

42、ions.2, the use of some of the benefits of the program, and other important matters of life and welfare of workers.3, according to the General Assembly authorized by the staff and workers, to deal with the principle of the General Assembly on behalf of the staff agreed, but also need to step by step

43、 to supplement the major issues of the decision and the resolution of the program.4, to discuss the study of corporate governance in the work of the democratic management of the question, to consider the work of the union president on behalf of the General Assembly on behalf of the General Assembly

44、on the work of the democratic management of the report.5, the company and the union that need to submit administrative staff on behalf of the joint meeting agreed will.6, the major decisions of the above-mentioned enterprises, the problem should be submitted to the representative assembly of the wor

45、kers Congress.Three, issues raised and identified by the programThere are about 1, involving the vital interests of workers is an important problem and important enterprise reform and important rules and regulations, according to the relevant provisions of the Congress will act by the general manage

46、r, and brought the company Party branch Department of soliciting opinions, the union office to send completion, submitted to the Congress for deliberation and decision or joint meeting through the discussion.In 2, the union office received the general manager of company submitted bill (draft draft),

47、 pay the Congress to discuss special door working group responsible for the organization, the on-the-job generation will held a joint meeting of 100 days prior to the representatives of the employees or post staff representatives and special working group for long discussion, such as the motion invo

48、lved workers the immediate personal interests, should be sent to the various departments, teams, extensive collection, take to listen to the opinions and suggestions of the employees, and employees will post comments and suggestions feedback to the company general manager or the person in charge of

49、the proposed bill (Department), according to their opinions and advice on the bill, the formation of a further amendment The Congress, submitted to the joint meeting will be decided or through.3, the workers Congress authorized matters, led by the labor union of the company, and the relevant adminis

50、trative personnel called to convene, discuss on it, within the scope of authorization scheme changes, the formation of the bill, submitted to the joint decision or by the joint meeting.4, the company administrative or trade union congress should be required to submit a joint meeting agreed to decide

51、 the motion, proposed separately by the company general manager or trade union committee, submitted a joint meeting of Congress decided to consider or through.Four, the meeting held a time, to participate in personnel, host1, the joint meeting of Congress on principle to convene a quarterly, in case

52、 of a particular situation can be held temporarily, each meeting must have more than 2/3 members.2, the joint meeting of Congress involved in personnel: the company trade union committee committee member, the company employee congress represent each leader, company employee congress will the special

53、 work group leader.3, in order to make the Congress a joint meeting to discuss the problem to be solved properly, according to the meeting content can invite negative company party responsible person or concerned personnel to participate in.4, Congress joint meeting convened by the company trade uni

54、on committee, company chairman of the trade union chair.Five, a joint meeting of the procedures and principles1, the consideration of the decision or the issue must be subject to compliance with state laws, regulations and superiors have the relevant provisions of the joint meeting of the democratic

55、 consultation system.2, the general manager of the company and the trade union shall not be allowed to move the provisional motion of the subject without prior to the meeting when the joint conference is held.3, when meeting, according to the motion of the case by clinging to the person in charge of

56、 the formulation of the bill, the main content and purpose, requirements, and serious discussion, each express express their views, on the basis of consensus on the formation of the resolution.4, a joint meeting to discuss the problem of disagreement from time to time, can be adjourned, the understa

57、nding of all aspects of general agreement, to submit joint meeting consultation.5, the company will be meeting with views of general manager and administrative aspects disagree, make a decision to suspend the cocoa, as far as possible by the sign of general manager of the company or the relevant adm

58、inistrative approval with consent, Party branch of company, make coordination, processing according to the coordination situation.Negotiate a joint meeting to deal with the problem of the general manager to the company by the general manager of the company, or the general manager instructed the rele

59、vant departments responsible for the implementation, and by the representative leader to convey to the representatives of the employees or position of the masses of workers.6, an important issue of the joint meeting of the consultative process, the companys trade union committee to report on behalf of the General Assembly on behalf of the general assembly, to be confirmed.Inspection and Implementati