CT灌注成像【研究材料】

1、反映组织的血管化程度及血流灌注情况，获得血液动力学方面的信息。 方法：快速造影剂团注后(5ml/s以上)，在首次经过受检组织的过程中对某一选定的层面进行快速动态扫描，获得一系列动态图像，分析造影剂通过每个像素所对应的体素密度的差异，从而得到反映血流灌注情况的参数。,CT灌注成像 (Perfusion),1,峰谷书屋,脑梗塞 肝、肾血流灌注及肿瘤的诊断 肾移植的血流灌注的评价，了解移植血管的情况 电子束CT的灌注可了解心脏灌注，有助于缺血性心肌病的早期诊断,CT Perfusion应用,2,峰谷书屋,由脑局部缺血而阻碍血液扩散是导致中风，占脑中风70%。用血纤维蛋白可溶解闭塞的血管。 发生中风后

2、，有效治疗的时间为3小时左右。要尽快了解病情类型、发病时间和局部缺血的程度。 在这段时间内常规CT检查较难发现，而灌注CT可应用于急性中风检查。,CT 灌注,3,峰谷书屋,前动脉供血区,中动脉供血区,后动脉供血区,外则内侧底面,脑动脉系统,4,峰谷书屋,脑动脉系统,5,峰谷书屋,在快速注射造影剂后，计算和脑的扩散有关的参数，从不同侧面提供中风的灌注分布情况： 脑血液流量Cerebral Blood Flow, CBF 脑血液容量Cerebral Blood Volume, CBV 造影剂达到各点最大值的时间Time Peak，TP 平均通过时间Mean transit time，MTT 通过

3、CBV 与 MTT 可获得 CBF,CT Perfusion,6,峰谷书屋,常规CT通过组织对X线不同衰减来显示图像 CTA通过造影剂在血管内流动来显示血管结构 灌注CT利用血液流动有关的参数CBF信号强示流速大；造影剂到达高峰的时间分布图TP，愈大意味着造影到达晚。 CBF直接把它和向脑组织提供氧的总量联系起来，同时也与血液动力学方面有关。,CT Perfusion,7,峰谷书屋,紫色区域为血流量少,大脑急性中风区域,红色区域血流量大,CBF,8,峰谷书屋,71岁妇女在症状开始90分钟后进行检查。CT平扫示无反常情况，但CBF示脑左侧(中脑和左半动脉供血)大部分，(前脑动脉)提供地区严重局部

4、缺血，示头颅内颈动脉的双枝闭塞。,CT Perfusion,9,峰谷书屋,左半脑症状出现60分钟后，CT平扫无脑异常血液流动，(b)示左侧半脑广泛性和右前部的局部缺血。 原因：左颈内动脉闭塞。,10,峰谷书屋,CBF CBV Time-to-peak image,男44岁右脑中风约2小时，CBF在脑岛的脑皮层和豆状核后部，示严重扩散障碍(接近零)。与左边半球比较，中脑动脉血液供应相当少。CBV显示同样情况，但在右侧MCA其他地方血液容量接近正常。与左边区域比较，达到顶点时间图在延长(造影剂延迟到达)。MCA MI段栓塞和小脑膜血液供应良好，,11,峰谷书屋,CBF Time-to-peak i

5、mage 3天后 CT,上述病例进行动脉血纤维蛋白溶解处理，治疗后一天，用扩散CT成像显示了治疗效果，3天以后CT平扫，示梗塞形成，核心区域与CBF和CBV图像相似。,12,峰谷书屋,在梗塞核心区域范围确定方面，CT灌注能提供重要信息，可绘局部缺血轮廓，用高密度来显示。 用于辨认梗塞灶核心和周围梗塞局部缺血(阴影)，为外科提供治疗方法。 通常CBV的梗塞灶小于CBF和TP，MRI也如此，一般认为CBV提供的信息较正确。早期CBV减少 与随后梗塞形成程度较接近。,CT Perfusion应用,13,峰谷书屋,与CBV(b)相比CBF (a)、TP(c)在MCA中局部缺血间不匹配。 在脑岛脑皮层背

6、部(箭)有一梗塞灶。 再通治疗法后24小时(d)在MCA同样位置示受限梗塞区。,14,峰谷书屋,71-year-old female patient with right-sided hemiplegia(偏瘫) and global aphasia(失语). Plain CT (90 minutes later) reveals no early signs of an ischemia(局部缺血).,The parameter images display the entire extent of the ischemia with a high-grade reduction of CB

7、F and CBV, a lacking detection of the contrast bolus in the time-to-peak image. The infarction(梗塞) includes the region of the anterior cerebral artery and large portions of the region supplied by the middle cerebral artery, both features indicative of an occlusion of the intracranial carotid bifurca

8、tion.,Case 1,15,峰谷书屋,16,峰谷书屋,Patient (male 44) with a right-sided ischemia in the region of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) which began 160 minutes ago. Typical findings of a high-grade disturbance in perfusion in the insular cortex and the posterior portion of the lentiform nucleus with a reductio

9、n in CBF and CBV as a result of an embolic occlusion in the distal M1 segment. The other regions supplied by the MCA demonstrated good leptomeningeal collateral blood supply which only showed moderately reduced CBF and CBV values, as well as a prolongation of the time-to-peak.,Case 2,17,峰谷书屋,In the

10、calculation of relative perfusion indices from CBF values in ischemic areas and in mirrorred ROIs within the unaffected hemisphere proved to be a valuable method for the prognostic evaluation of a region with reduced perfusion. The core of the infarct and the ischemic marginal zones demonstrate clea

11、rly different CBF perfusion indices (green-marked ROI = 0.17 versus red-marked ROI = 0.69 ).,18,峰谷书屋,The findings of perfusion CT could be verified by DSA with regard to the type of occlusion and the condition of the collateral blood supply . The follow-up CT after a successful intra-arterial fibrin

12、olysis shows the infarct in dimensions comparable to the infarct core seen with perfusion CT.,19,峰谷书屋,70 minutes after the occurrence of the infarction, the CBF image revealed a highgrade ischemia in the frontal region of the supply area of the MCA and in the lentiform nucleus (Fig. 3a) with a perfu

13、sion index in the greenmarked ROI of 0.07 (Fig. 3b). As a result of the good collateral flow, the disturbance in perfusion in the remaining region of the MCA, with a perfusion index of 0.82, is not seen to be very extensive (red-marked ROI in Fig. 3b).,36-year-old male patient with an embolic occlus

14、ion in the M1 segment of the left MCA and a simultaneous occlusion of the left internal carotid artery as a result of dissection.,Case 3,20,峰谷书屋,Because of the partially high-grade ischemia on the one hand and the excellent collateral blood supply of the marginal region on the other, fibrinolysis wa

15、s not performed in spite of the short time interval. As expected, the follow-up CT revealed the development of an infarction in the area which had primarily demonstrated a high-grade ischemia.,21,峰谷书屋,灌注CT与颅脑CT扫描和颅脑CT血管造影术结合为脑梗塞早期检查提供了一种有用工具。 常规CT可检查梗塞区域的形成 灌注CT可决定局部缺血的区域，提供了局部缺血组织的位置和潜在病变区域 CT血管造影术

16、为诊断提供了相应病灶区域的形态。 为临床工作人员决定进一步治疗的方案提供了重要信息。,22,峰谷书屋,CT Perfusion前景,目前认为中风处理的最佳时间在60分钟。通过对造影剂注入位置与方式的研究，灌注CT在不到15分钟中完成中风评价过程。,23,峰谷书屋,In the course of an investigation performed on 33 patients, an attempt was made to carry out a quantitative evaluation of the severity of the ischemia with the aid of a

17、n ROI-evaluation of the CBF images.,the calculation of relative perfusion indices from CBF values in ischemic areas and in mirrorred ROIs within the unaffected hemisphere proved to be a valuable method for the prognostic evaluation of a region with reduced perfusion.,24,峰谷书屋,Ischemias with a mild to

18、 moderate degree of severity (CBF perfusion index: 0.35- 0.9) progressed well under fibrinolytic therapy. Even in ischemic regions with a CBF index of 0.35, intra-arterial fibrinolysis could prevent the development of an infarct in more than half of the cases, as long as the index did not fall below a critical value of 0.2. Otherwise, as could be verified with follow-up investigations carried out with computed tomography and magnetic resonance tomography, ischemic necroses were seen to develop without exception.