定语从句 (2)

1、定语从句在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who（宾格whom，所有格whose）和关系副词when, where, why. 关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。一、关系代词的选择关系代词的选择，主要是指that和who，that和which，as和which这三对关系代词的选择。1关系代词that的使用场合（1）一般说来，先行词是all, anything, everything, nothing, much, little

2、, few等，关系代词应用that。如： Thats all(that) I know. Everything that can be done is done.（2）先行词之前有all, any, every, no, little, much, only, very等修饰时，关系代词应用that。如： Hell read all the books that are sold here. Ask any questions (that) you dont understand.（3）在以疑问句who开始的句子中，避免两个who重复，用that。如： Who is the man that

3、is shouting there? 正在那边叫喊的那个人是谁？（4）当先行词是to be的表语，或关系代词本身是从句的表语时，关系代词应用that。如： Its a song that is very popular. 它是一首很流行的歌。 My hometown is no longer the place that it used to be. 我的家乡已不是过去那样的地方了。 She is not the girl that she was three years ago. 她已不是三年前的那个女孩了。（5）先行词被形容词最高级、only等修饰时，应用that。如； Tang Guoq

4、iang has become one of the best actors that appear on Chinese screens. 唐国强已成为中国荧屏上最好的演员之一。（6）先行词人和物两者都有时，要用that。如； He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. 他谈起他拜访过的老师和学校。（7）当主句以There be开头时，关系代词应用that。如： There is a seat in the corner that is still free.（8）关系代词与the same(指同一人/物)连用时

5、，只能用that。如： This is the same person that I met yesterday. 这就是我昨天遇到过的同一个人。 This is the same museum that you once visited. 注意：the samethat结构中的that不能用as代替，因为the sameas与the samethat的含义不同。（9）一个句子中有两个定语从句时，如第一个从句中已用who，第二个从句中宜用that。如： The man who is at table is his brother that has been serving in the arm

6、y. 桌边的那个人是他曾当过兵的哥哥。（10）当一个句子中含有两个定语从句时，如前一个已用关系代词which，后一个关系代词宜用that。如； Ill borrow a book which tells about the heroic deeds that the PLA did in the battles against the invaders. 但两个定语从句的结构如果平行，一个定语从句用关系代词that，另一个定语从句也应重复that。如： He told me to read a book that is very short, and that is very interest

7、ing.2关系代词who的使用场合（1）who可以代表人、人格化了的动物、神话故事中的人物或有生命的事物。如： The dog who is barking is our pet. Those who want to go please sign their names here.（2）在从句中，作主语倾向于用who。如： The girl who danced beautifully gave us a performance that day. Do you know the comrade who spoke just now?（3）当先行词泛指代词he，they或指示代词those等时

8、，常用who。如： He who does no work gets no pay. We are badly in need of those who can work in real earnest.（4）先行词前出现不定冠词时，多用who。如： I have found a man who can do this work. He is a man who should learn from others.（5）在there be句型中，既作主语又表示人时多用who，或省略。如： There is someone outside the office who wants to see y

9、ou. Theres a man who lives in that village.（6）不定代词one, ones, anyone等作先行词时，多用who。如： One who works without complain is welcome here.（7）定语从句和先行词分隔，用that可能引起歧义时，应用who。如： I saw a man in the street who was surrounded by many people. 这个句子如用that，就可能被人认为是定语从句修饰street.（8）在非限制性定语从句中，一般要用who，不用that。如： The soldi

10、ers, who may have felt sorry for the boy, had him stand with his back to his father.（9）有两个定语从句出现在一个句子中，第一个关系代词用that的话，第二个就用who。如： The man that I like is the one who is both competent and diligent. 但在平行结构中，应根据平行结构的原则重复同一个关系代词。如： I met a Greek who traveled a lot in the world, but who knew very little

11、about his own country. 注意：关系代词前如有介词或在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词要用whom。如： In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help. The brave man, whom the tiger was shot by, is a good hunter.3关系代词which的使用场合（1）如果先行词是that，关系代词应用which。如： What was that which you said about him? 你所说的关于他们的都是

12、些什么呀？（2）先行词和定语从句之间被其它较长的成分分隔，用which较好。如： I have some interests outside my professional work which give me great pleasure. 我有一些本职工作以外的兴趣，这给了我很大的乐趣。（3）一个句子中如有两个定语从句，第一个定语从句用了关系代词that，第二个从句宜用which。如： This is the book that you borrowed which you have lost. 这就是你借过又丢了的那本书。 但在平行结构中，应重复同一个关系代词。如： I have a h

13、ouse which is located on the hillside, which faces the south. 我有一座坐落在山边的面朝南的房子。（4）非限制性定语从句中关系代词一般要用which。如； I will buy a book, which tells about the use of English idioms. 我要买一本书，是讲英文习语用法的。（5）相当于并列句和状语从句的定语从句，用which引导。如： We went to the nearest port which we reached safely. 我们去了我们能安全到达的最近的港口。 He pers

14、isted in having a bicycle which he actually had no use for. 他坚持要拥有一辆自行车，尽管他压根儿也不用。（6）关系代词前如有介词，关系代词要用which。如： They had a meeting at which he spoke on the current economic situation. 他们开了一个会，会上他谈到了当前的经济形势。 如把介词移至句末，可用that（或省略）。如： This is the book(that) she was looking for. 这就是她在找的那本书。4关系代词as和which的选择

15、关系代词as和which的选择是指它们引导非限制性定语从句的区别。尽管都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，代表整个主句的意思，但两者的用法上是有区别的。as引导的非限制性定语从句常用来表示说话人关于某事的依据、态度、解释或评论等，含有“正如”的意思。as从句放在主句的前面、中间或句末都可以。如：She is working hard, as everyone can see. 或：As everyone can see, she is working hard.which引导的非限制性定语从句，一般表示某事的状况或结果，只能放在主句的后面。如：She married him, which was

16、natural.但不能说：Which was natural, she married him.二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1Restrictive Attributive Clause and Non-restrictive Attributive Clause:How do you apologize to your friend whose bike you lost?The knife and fork that are closest to your plate are bigger than the ones beside them.Dinner starts with a

17、 small dish, which is often called a starter.2Explanations in Chinese限制性和非限制性定语从句（1）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如： This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.

18、 这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）（2）当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很

19、动人，我已经读了三遍。（3）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。三、如何判断关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.判断改错：1This is the mountain village where I visited last year.2I will never forget th