外文翻译--太阳能.doc

SolarpowerSolarenergyforseveralbillionsofyears,solarenergyisthesolarradiationenergytotheEarth.Solarenergycanbedirectlyorindirectlyconvertedtootherformsofenergy,suchasheatandelectricity.Themaindisadvantage(question,orproblemtobeovercome)ofsolarenergyare:(1)intermittentmodeGettheEarthssurface,(2)alargeareatogatherinalargecontainer.Witheconomicdevelopment,socialprogress,peoplesenergytoever-increasingdemands,findnewsourcesofenergyhasbecomeanurgentissuefacinghumanity.Existingenergymajorhasthreekinds,namely,thermalpower,hydropowerandnuclearpower.Waterandelectricitytoalargenumberofsubmergedland,thatcouldleadtoecologicaldestructionandthecollapseoflargereservoirsoncethecollapse,theconsequenceswouldbedisastrous.Inaddition,acountryswaterresourcesisalsolimited,butalsobytheimpactoftheseason.Nuclearpowerundernormalcircumstancesisclean,butunlikelyeventofanuclearleak,theconsequencesareterriblesame.TheformerSovietUnion,theChernobylnuclearpowerplantaccident,hasninemillionpeoplehavebeenvaryingdegreesofdamage,andthisimpacthasnotbeenterminated.Thesearecompellingpeopletogolookingfornewenergy.Newenergytosimultaneouslysatisfytwoconditions:First,notdepletionofrich；IIaresafe,clean,notathreattohumansanddamagetheenvironment.Currentlyfoundinthemain,twonewenergy,solarenergyfirst,andsecond,thefuelcell.Inaddition,windpowercouldalsoberegardedassupportingthenewenergy.OneofthemostidealformofnewenergysourcesareabletoDayang.SolarpowergenerationarethebestnewenergyRadiationintheEarthssolarenergyisverystrong,about40minutesexposureintheEarthssolarenergy,wouldbesufficientfortheglobalhumanenergyconsumptionforoneyear.Itcanbesaidthatsolarenergyistrulyinexhaustiblesourceofenergy.Andsolarpowerisabsolutelyclean,nopollution.Solarpowergenerationarethereforeknownastheidealsourceofenergy.Obtainedfromsolarpower,sunthroughphotovoltaiccellstransformtoachieve.Itwithotherpowergenerationprincipleofthepast,entirelydifferent,withthefollowingcharacteristics:nodangerofdepletion；absolutelyclean(free)；notsubjecttogeographicaldistributionoftheresourcesconstraints；nearestDepartmentinelectricitygeneration；energy,high-quality；usersemotionallyreceptive；accesstoenergytospendashorttime.Inadequaciesare:exposureenergydistributiondensity,whichwastooccupyahugearea；energyobtainedwiththefourseasons,dayandnightandtheclearone,suchasmeteorologicalconditions.Overall,however,asanewenergy,solarenergyhasgreatadvantages,sotheimportanceattachedbycountriesintheworld.SolarpowerapplicationsAlthoughsolarpowerbydayandnight,barometer,seasonalimpact,butcanbedispersedmanner,soitissuitableforfamiliestocarryoutsub-excitongeneration,butalsotoconnecttotheelectricitynetwork,makingthefamilyrichinthepowermaybesoldtopowercompanies,canbelessthanwhenboughtfromthepowercompanies.Implementationofthistechnologyisnotdifficulttoresolve,thekeyistohavetheappropriatelegalprotection.NowtheUnitedStates,Japanandotherdevelopedcountrieshaveenactedappropriatelegislation,toensuretheconductofdomesticsolarpowergenerationbenefitstoencouragefamiliestocarryoutsolarpowergeneration.TheprospectsforsolarpowergenerationSolarpowergenerationhasmoreexcitingplans.First,JapanplanstoGenesis.Readyuseofthegroundareaofdesertandoceantogenerateelectricity,andthroughthesuperconductingcablewillbetheworldssolarpowerstationsintoaunifiedpowergridtotheglobalsupply.Itisestimatedthatby2000,2050,2100,evenifthewholesolarpowerwithglobalenergysupply,butalsoasanareaof651,100squarekm,1.8679millionsquarekilometers,8.2919millionsquarekilometers.8.2919millionsquarekilometersaccountedforonly2.3percentofallmarineareaorallofthedesert51.4%,andeventheSaharadesertis91.5%.Thereforethisprogramarepossible.Anothergenerationprogramsareinheaven.Asearlyas1980,NASAandtheDepartmentofEnergyhasproposedbuildingasolarpowerstationinspacetheideaofready-synchronousorbitinplacealong10kilometerswideand5kilometersoflargeflat-panel,thetopcoveredwithsolarcellssoastoprovidefivemillionkilowattsofelectricity.However,thisneedstobeaddressedtotheterrestrialwirelesstransmissionproblem.Havebeenproposedbymicrowavebeam,laserbeam,suchasavarietyofprograms.Modelplanewiththecurrentimplementationhasashort-range,short-term,low-powermicrowavewirelesspowertransmission,butthereisstillalongawayfromtherealutilityofthedistance.AsChinastechnologicaldevelopment,in2006,Chinahasthreecompaniesintotheglobaltopten,indicatesthatChinawillbecometheworldsnewenergytechnologycentersintheworld,theworldswiderangeofphotovoltaicapplications,hasledtothecurrentlackofarerawmaterialsupplyandprices,weneedtechnologytopromoteatthesametime,wemustadoptanewtechnologyinordertosubstantiallyreducecosts,forthisnewenergytoprovidethedrivingforcebehindthelong-termdevelopment!Theuseofsolarenergyisdividedintoseveralmainareas:familieswithsmallsolarpowerplants,large-scalegridandpowerplants,buildingintegratedphotovoltaiccurtainwalls,solarstreetlamps,streetlampscomplementaryscenery,beautifulcomplementarypowersupplysystemandsoon,nowthemainapplicationforbuildingcomplementarysystemsintegrationandscenery.Principlesofsolarpowergeneration:Solarcellsareonehastorespondtolightandcanconvertlightenergyintoelectricpowerdevices.Photovoltaiceffecttoproducethematerialhasmanytypessuchas:silicon,polysilicon,amorphoussilicon,galliumarsenide,copperindiumselenium.Theirpowerisbasicallythesameprinciple,itiscrystalasanexampletodescribetheprocessoflightgeneration.P-typecrystallinesilicondopedphosphorusavailablethroughN-typesilicon,theformationofP-Njunction.Whenthelightirradiationsurfaceofsolarcells,siliconmaterialwaspartofphotonabsorption；photonenergytransfertothesiliconatom,sothatelectrontransferoccurredinVietnam,afreeelectronintheP-Njunctionformedonbothsidesofagglomerationpotentialdifference,whentheexternalWhenconnectedtothecircuit,inwhichtheroleofvoltage,therewillbecurrentflowthroughexternalcircuitryproduceacertainoutputpower.Thesubstanceofthisprocessare:photonenergyintoelectricalenergyconversionprocess.Theapplicationofsolarcells:the60soflastcentury,scientistshaveappliedtothespacesolarcelltechnology-communicationsatellitepowersupply,theendoflastcentury,constantlyinthehumansoul-searchingprocess,thephotovoltaicpowergenerationsuchacleananddirectformsofenergyhavebeenmorecordial,notonlyinspaceapplications,inmanyareasisalsotoshowtheirtalents.Suchas:solarGardenlights,solarhouseholdpowersystem,theindependentvillagepowersupplysystems,photovoltaicpumping(drinkingwaterorirrigation),communicationspowersupply,theoilpipelinecathodicprotection,fiberopticcommunicationspowersupplypumpingstations,desalinationsystems,citiesandtownsinroadsigns,highwayroadsignsandsoon.AdvancedEuropeancountriesandAmericawillbeincorporatedintothecityofphotovoltaicpowersystemsandremoteareasofthenaturalworldintothevillagepowersupplysystemdevelopment.Solarcellswithacombinationofbuildingsystemshasbecomethetrendofindustrialization太阳能太阳产生能量已有数十亿年，太阳能是太阳辐射到地球的能量。太阳能可以直接或间接地转换为其他形式的能源，如热能和电能。主要缺点(问题，或者问题有待克服)太阳能是：(1)间歇方式到达地球表面，(2)大面积收集在一个大容器中。随着经济的发展、社会的进步，人们对能源提出越来越高的要求，寻找新能源成为当前人类面临的迫切课题。现有能源主要有3种，即火电、水电和核电。水电要淹没大量土地，有可能导致生态环境破坏，而且大型水库一旦塌崩，后果将不堪设想。另外，一个国家的水力资源也是有限的，而且还要受季节的影响。核电在正常情况下固然是干净的，但万一发生核泄漏，后果同样是可怕的。前苏联切尔诺贝利核电站事故，已使900万人受到了不同程度的损害，而且这一影响并未终止。这些都迫使人们去寻找新能源。新能源要同时符合两个条件：一是蕴藏丰富不会枯竭；二是安全、干净，不会威胁人类和破坏环境。目前找到的新能源主要有两种，一是太阳能，二是燃料电池。另外，风力发电也可算是辅助性的新能源。其中，最理想的新能源是大阳能。太阳能发电是最理想的新能源照射在地球上的太阳能非常巨大，大约40分钟照射在地球上的太阳能，便足以供全球人类一年能量的消费。可以说，太阳能是真正取之不尽、用之不竭的能源。而且太阳能发电绝对干净，不产生公害。所以太阳能发电被誉为是理想的能源。从太阳能获得电力，需通过大阳电池进行光电变换来实现。它同以往其他电源发电原理完全不同，具有以下特点：无枯竭危险；绝对干净（无公害）；不受资源分布地域的限制；可在用电处就近发电；能源质量高；使用者从感情上容易接受；获取能源花费的时间短。不足之处是：照射的能量分布密度小，即要占用巨大面积；获得的能源同四季、昼夜及阴晴等气象条件有关。但总的说来，瑕不掩瑜，作为新能源，太阳能具有极大优点，因此受到世界各国的重视。太阳能发电的应用太阳能发电虽受昼夜、晴雨、季节的影响，但可以分散地进行，所以它适于各家各户分激进行发电，而且要联接到供电网络上，使得各个家庭在电力富裕时可将其卖给电力公司，不足时又可从电力公司买入。实现这一点的技术不难解决，关键在于要有相应的法律保障。现在美国、日本等发达国家都已制定了相应法律，保证进行太阳能发电的家庭利益，鼓励家庭进行太阳能发电。太阳能发电的前景太阳能发电有更加激动人心的计划。一是日本提出的创世纪计划。准备利用地面上沙漠和海洋面积进行发电，并通过超导电缆将全球太阳能发电站联成统一电网以便向全球供电。据测算，到2000年、2050年、2100年，即使全用太阳能发电供给全球能源，占地也不过为65.11万平方公里、186.79万平方公里、829.19万平方公里。829.19万平方公里才占全部海洋