外文翻译--机械齿轮.doc

英文原文Machinery,MachinaMechinederivedfromtheGreekandLatin,Mechanicalgear(figure1)means"cleverdesign",asageneralmechanicalconcept,canbetracedbacktotheRomanperiod,mainistodistinguishandhandtools.OfmodernChineselanguagetheword"Machine"isorganizationis(Mechanism)oftheEnglishandthefloorboardoftheMachine(theMachine).Mechanicalcharacteristicsare:machineryisacombinationofphysicalcomponents.Todeterminetherelativemotionofmechanicalparts.SotheMachinecanconvertmechanicalenergyoraccomplishusefulmechanicalwork,isthemostbasicconceptinmodernmechanicalprinciple,themodernconceptofChinesemachinerymorederivedfromtheword"Machine"oftheJapanese,Japanesemachineryshouldsuppliestodothefollowingdefinition(thatis,inaccordancewiththefollowingthreecharacteristicsiscalledmechanicalMachine):1,themachineryisacollectionofobjects,concentrationtothevariouspartsarealsodifficulttodeformation.2,theobjectmustimplementthemutualmovement,single,regulations.3,toexertenergyintoausefulform,orconvertedintomechanicalworkeffectively.Mechanismandmachinedefinitionisderivedfromthemechanicalengineering,belongstothemostbasicconceptofmodernmechanicalprinciples,mechanicalmoremodernconceptsderivedfromChineseoftheword"machine"inJapanese.Allhavecertainsportsmachineandthefloorboardofthesystem.Suchasmachinetools,tractors,etc.Mechanicalengineeringisrelatedtothetheoreticalbasisofnaturalscienceandtechnology,Mechanicalgear(figure2)combinedwiththeaccumulationoftechnicalexperienceintheproductionpractice,studyandsolveinthedevelopment,design,manufacture,installation,useandrepairofallkindsofmachineryanappliedsubjectoftheoreticalandpracticalproblems.Everydevelopmentinthefieldofengineeringrequirementsinmechanicalengineeringhasadaptedtothedevelopment,needmechanicalengineeringprovidesthenecessarymachinery.Somemechanicalinventionandimprovement,andcouldleadtonewengineeringtechnologyandtheemergenceanddevelopmentofnewindustry.Largemachinerymanufacturingsuccess,forexample,ledtotheestablishmentofelectricpowersystem；Theinventionofthelocomotiveledtotheriseofrailwayengineeringandrailwayundertakings；Theinventionoftheinternalcombustionengines,gasturbines,rocketengines,etcandprogress,aswellasthesuccessfuldevelopmentofaircraftandspacecrafthasledtotheriseofaviationandaerospacebusiness；Thedevelopmentofhighvoltageequipmentleadtothesuccessofmanynewsyntheticchemicalengineeringandsoon.Mechanicalengineeringisinallrespectsunderthepressureofrisingdemandfordevelopment,atthesametimefromdifferentdisciplinesandtheadvancementofthetechnologyimprovedandinnovativeability.Machineryisasimpledevice,itcantransferenergy,forcefromoneplacetoanotherplace.Mechanicalgear(FIG.3)itcanchangetheshapeoftheobjectstructurestocreatenewobjects.Inlife,allaroundustherearethousandsofdifferentkindsofmachineryintheworkforus.Everydayunderstandingofmechanicalisamechanicaldevice,whichisallkindsofmachinesandequipment.Fromthepointofviewofmechanicalprofessional:machineryhasaveryimportantbasicposition.Machineryisamodernsocietythefivefactorsofproductionandservice(thatis,people,money,energy,materialsandmachinery).WhenMarxtoindustrialsociety,industrialsociety,especiallyinbigindustrialsociety,whichismachineproductionmachineage.Whetherfromlifeincontactwithallkindsofphysicaldevices,suchastelephones,electriclights,television,refrigerator,elevatorandsooncontainsthemachine,orincludedinthegeneralmachinery,andfromthepointofproduction,allkindsofmachinetools,automationequipment,aircraft,ships,godfive,six,andsoon,areshortofmachinery.So,machineryisoneofthefoundationsofmodernsociety.Ifsomeonesayagricultureisthefoundation,alsounderstandable,butinmodernsociety,mechanicalserveasthebasisfortherestoftheindustryandengineering,itisnoexaggerationtothinkisthebigpillarinsociety.Anymodernindustrialandengineeringapplicationsrequiremachinery,isthePeoplesDailylife,areincreasinglyusedallkindsofmachinery,suchascars,bicycles,watchesandclocks,cameras,washingmachine,refrigerator,airconditioner,vacuumcleaners,etc.Thefirst"machine"isdefinedastheRomanarchitectvitruviuspollio(Vitruvii)initMechanicalgear(figure4)forbuildingtenbookmainlyforcarryingheavythingsworkmachineryandtools:thedifferencebetween"mechanical(machane)andtools(organon)seemtohavethefollowingdifferencesbetween.Themachineismostartificialandverybigpowerandeffect,suchasheavyballistaandgrapespress.Whilethetoolisamanipulationofthestaffcarefullyprocessing,toachievethepurposeofsuchasweretheshapeoflightrangeballistaorcircularspiraldevice.Thus,toolsandmachineryareusedintheindispensablething."TheancientGreekforcylindricalgears.Alexandria,MrHiro(HeronofAlexandria)inthe1stcenturyfirstdiscussedthebasicelementsofmachinery,mechanicalelementsconsideredtobefiveclasses:wheelandshaft,lever,pulley,wedge,spiral.Hirosdiscoursereflectstheclassicalmechanicalcharacteristics.BCChinahasguidelinesontheapplicationofcomplexgearsystem,theincenseburnerintheapplicationofthepermanent"controllevelofthebogieandotherpartsofacross."Annotations",said:"themachine,thecrossbowtooth；enclosed,thearrowaround."Saidwenjiezi"explanationof"machine"is"machine,themainmover",referstothecrossbow.Mechanicalinleipzig,Germanyin1724andliaopoulter(Leopold)isdefinedas"machinesortoolsisakindofartificialdevice,useittoproducefavorablemovement；atthesametimecantuseotherwaystosavetimeandpower,itcansave".Britishmechanics,Willis(trulyillis)inits"agencytheory"(ThePrincipleofMechanism,1841)giveThedefinitionof:Machinerygearspeedreducer"anymachine(machine)aremadeinavarietyofdifferentwaysofconnectingasetofartifactsthatmakeitacomponent,thecomponentwillhappeninacertainsport,theseartifactsandtheinitialmovementofthecomponentsofrelativemotionrelationshipdependsonthenatureoftheconnectionsbetweenthem."Germanmachineryatleloro(F.Reuleaux)inthetheoryofkinematics(TheoretischeKinematik,GrundzugeeinerTheorieChinaistheworldsfirstnationalmachinerydevelopment.ChinesemechanicalengineeringtechnologynotonlyhasalonghistoryandsplendidachievementsinChineseisnotonlythematerialcultureandsocialeconomicdevelopmentplaysanimportantroleintheworld,andtopromotetheprogressofcivilization,technologyhasmadegreatcontributiontoChinesetraditionalmachine.Andinalongperiodaheadintheworld.Inmoderntimes,especiallyfromtheearly18thcentury,duetothenineteenforties,duetotheeconomicandsocialreasons,suchastheChinamachineryindustry,stagnation,inthe100yearsiswesternbourgeoispoliticalrevolutionandindustrialrevolution,mechanicalscienceandtechnologyisdevelopingrapidly,andfarmorethanthelevelofChina.So,Chinamechanicaldevelopmentlevelandthewesterngapwidens,sharplytothe19thcenturymiddlebehindwesternonehundredyears.AfterthefoundingofnewChina,especiallyinthepast30years,ourcountrysmechanicalscienceandtechnologydevelopmentspeed.Tothemechanicalproductlarge-scale,precision,automationanddiscussesthetrendofdevelopment.Insomeaspectshasreachedorexceededtheworldadvancedlevel.Generallyspeaking,currentlyChinamechanicalscienceandtechnologyachievementishuge,developingfast,highlevelofunprecedented.Inthisperiod,Chinahasnoendofmechanicalscienceandtechnologywilldeveloptoahigherlevel.Aslongaswecanadoptthecorrectpolicy,withgoodtechnologydevelopmentandinnovation,ourmachineryindustryandmechanicaltechnologycanrevitalize,leadingtothedevelopmenttrendofmechanicalindustry.Justsmallrammingmachinery:Inthe1960s,Chinamechanicalverysmalltamplack,manysmallvenuesrammingbasicallyUSESartificialramming.Early1960s,changshaconstructionmachineryinstituteandBeijingarchitecturalengineeringinstitute,etc.,thetechnicalinnovationachievementsinmassonthebasisofsummingupChinesecharacteristicinventedthebreaststrokerammingmachine,1962exceedednationalscienceandtechnology.Thebreaststrokerammingmachinestructureissimple,easytouseandmaintenancein1960s,soonbecamethedominantproductstoconsolidatemachinery.Accordingtonotcompletecountbreaststroketampcumulativeyieldreachedmorethan50,000machine,intheeconomicdevelopmentofourcountryhasplayedanimportantrole.Since1970s,thebreaststrokerammingmachinewasgraduallymoreadvancedperformanceofvibrationshockramandvibratingplateram,nowreplacedbylayingmachinehasrarelybreaststroke,basicallybeeliminated.In1964,changshaconstructionmachineryinstituteHB120developedmovabletype,typeofShanghaibeganlayingmachine,engineeringmachineproductionmainlybytianjinmunicipallater,annualproductionengineeringmachinerydongtingabout200.Inthe1980s,movabletyperammingmachineproductqualityhasincreasedgreatly,haveexportedtosoutheastAsiaandAfrica.Since1990s,internal-combustiontyperammingmachineproductionsales,andgraduallydecreasedinonlyafewsmallprivateenterpriseproduction.In1977,changshaconstructionmachineryfactorybuildingsanddevelopedinliuzhouHZR250typeandtheHZR70typevibratingplateram,thesetwokindsofproductsin1979and1982passedbytheministryofconstructionoftheorganization.Thenyiwubuildingconstructionmachineryfactory,siping,anyangvibratorsfactory,tianjinmunicipalengineeringmachinerydongtingandotherenterpriseshavestartedproducingvibratingplateram.In1986,changshaconstructionmachineryresearchanddevelopalargerHZR450typeofvibratingplateram.Since1990s,vibratingplateraminourcountryhasdevelopedveryquickly,varietiesofproducts,specificationsandincreaseproductionenterprises,foreignvibratingplateramgraduallytoentertheChinesemarket.In1983,changshaconstructionmachineryinstituteandthejointdevelopmentofhubeivibrationinthefirstHZR70typevibrationshockramming,1984,passedbytheministryofconstruction,organizationconstructiontechnologyprogressin1985wonprizes.Duetothevibrationimpactcompactionresulthasgoodramming,productivity,highvolumeandweightofsmall,lightweightflexibleoutstandingcharacteristics,deeplyuseretc,obtainedarapidpromotion,andsoonZiJiangdevelopmenttothefactory,xinxiangmunicipalengineeringmachinetoolplantandtianjindozens